J-A33014-15
2017 PA Super 96
JOHN M. PERGOLESE AND PEGGY DOUG IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PERGOLESE PENNSYLVANIA
v.
THE STANDARD FIRE INSURANCE CO.,
ONE OF THE TRAVELERS INSURANCE
COMPANIES D/B/A TRAVELERS
PROPERTY CASUALTY AND TRAVELERS
GROUP
APPEAL OF: THE STANDARD FIRE
INSURANCE CO.
No. 1467 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment Entered April 11, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County
Civil Division at No: 10-36947
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., STABILE, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
DISSENTING OPINION BY STABILE, J.: FILED APRIL 11, 2017
Appellees possess two insurance policies, a multi-vehicle policy and a
single-vehicle policy, under which they executed stacking waivers for
uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage (“UM/UIM”). The issue in
this case is whether Appellant, Standard Fire Insurance Company (“Standard
Fire”), was required to secure a new stacking waiver from Appellees when
they added a 1990 Ford F-150 vehicle to their multi-vehicle policy by
amending the policy’s declaration pages at the time they assumed ownership
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A33014-15
of the vehicle. In Sackett v. Nationwide, 940 A.2d 329 (Pa. 2007)
(“Sackett II”), our Supreme Court held that the addition of a vehicle to an
existing policy under an after-acquired vehicle clause that extends coverage
on a continuous basis does not constitute the “purchase” of “new” insurance
that requires the execution of a new waiver form under Section 1738(c) of
the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (“MVFRL”).1 Sackett II
notwithstanding, the Majority concludes that Appellees are entitled to stack
across their two policies, since the new vehicle was added by way of
amended declaration pages that made the policy’s after-acquired vehicle
clause inapplicable. In my opinion, the Majority unnecessarily limits the
Sackett II holding and is at odds with the underlying rationale of our
Supreme Court in that case. For purposes of construing Section 1738(c),
there is no difference between adding a new vehicle to an existing policy by
way of amending the declaration pages and adding a vehicle under an after-
acquired vehicle clause, where both provide extension of coverage from time
of acquisition of the vehicle on a continuous basis. Neither constitutes the
purchase of new insurance that requires the execution of a new waiver form
under Section 1738(c) as interpreted by our Supreme Court in Sackett II.
I, therefore, respectfully dissent.
____________________________________________
1
75 Pa.C.S.A. §1701 et seq.
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Appellees possess two insurance policies issued through Standard Fire.
The first is a multi-vehicle policy that insures four vehicles, including the
Mazda MX-6 that was involved in a July 23, 2001 accident. The second is a
single-vehicle policy that insures a 1992 Toyota pickup. Both policies
provide coverage for uninsured and underinsured coverage, but had signed
waivers rejecting stacking of those benefits. In November 1996, Appellees
removed a 1988 Plymouth Voyager from the multi-vehicle policy and
replaced it with a 1993 Nissan Pathfinder. In February 1998, Appellees
removed the 1989 Mazda B-2200 from their multi-vehicle policy, noting it
had been “junked,” and did not add a replacement at that time. Shortly
thereafter, in April 1998, Appellees requested coverage under their multi-
vehicle policy for a 1990 Ford F-150. Appellees notified their agent of this
new vehicle and requested proof of coverage before they completed their
purchase. Their agent faxed a copy of the insurance card and issued
amended declaration pages reflecting coverage for this new vehicle and an
increase in premium to the policy. At all times, Appellees’ insurance policies
reflected the benefit of lower premiums for unstacked UM/UIM motorist
coverage. In fact, Appellees initially waived the amount of UM/UIM coverage
that they now seek to stack.
As a result of the July 23, 2001 accident involving the Mazda MX-6,
Appellees made a claim against Standard Fire for stacked underinsured
motorist benefits under both policies after they received the liability policy
limits from the driver who caused the collision. Appellees contend that
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Standard Fire was required to obtain new waivers for stacked underinsured
benefits under the Sackett trilogy of cases2 each time a vehicle replaced
another under their policies of insurance. Since Standard Fire did not secure
new waivers for stacked underinsured benefits when the 1990 Ford F-150
was added to the multi-vehicle policy, Appellees contend they now are
entitled to stack underinsured benefits under both policies.
In finding that Appellees were entitled to stack coverage under the two
policies, the trial court rejected Standard Fire’s contention that the policy’s
after-acquired clause is triggered every time a vehicle is added by an insurer
to an existing policy. Instead, relying upon this Court’s decision in
Bumbarger v. Peerless Indemnity Insurance Company, 93 A.3d 872
(Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc), the trial court determined that, since the 1990
Ford F-150 was added by way of amended declarations pages, the new
vehicle was covered under the “general terms of the policy” and the after-
acquired vehicle clause never was triggered. Alternatively, the trial court
offered if the after-acquired vehicle clause applied, the result would not
change because the language of the after-acquired clause distinguishes
between coverage for an added vehicle and a replacement vehicle. The trial
court held the after-acquired clause was non-finite (continuous) in duration
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2
The three cases are Sackett v. Nationwide, 919 A.2d 194 (Pa. 2007)
(Sackett I); Sackett v. Nationwide, 940 A.2d 329 (Pa. 2007) (Sackett
II); and Sackett v. Nationwide, 4 A.3d 637 (Pa. Super. 2010) (Sackett
III).
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only as it pertains to replacement vehicles. Because the addition of the
1990 Ford F-150 was added as an additional vehicle, Appellant was required
to offer or obtain a new stacking waiver from Appellees, assuming arguendo
that the clause applied.
On appeal, Appellant Standard Fire argues execution of a new waiver
form rejecting stacking was not required, since vehicles were replaced under
the continuous after-acquired vehicle provision of the Standard Fire policy
and not by endorsement or through the purchase of new insurance.
Alternatively, Standard Fire contends that even if the 1990 Ford F-150
vehicle was an additional vehicle under the policy, no new waiver was
required as the after-acquired vehicle provision provided for continuous
coverage. In response, Appellees agree with the trial court’s conclusion that
the addition of a new vehicle under their policy at the time they were
completing the vehicle purchase constituted new insurance requiring
Appellant to secure new waiver forms. Alternatively, Appellees maintain that
the after-acquired vehicle clause was finite in coverage for additional
vehicles and, therefore, new waiver forms were required under this scenario
as well.
As in Shipp v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 51 A.3d 219 (Pa. Super. 2012), the
Majority once again viewed the question here as involving the interpretation
of Section 1738(c), and whether the addition and/or substitution of a new
vehicle under the policy constitutes a purchase of additional UM/UIM
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coverage requiring the insurer to present the insured with a new opportunity
to waive stacked coverage. Finding Sackett I, Sackett III, and
Bumbarger to be controlling, the Majority concludes that the addition of the
1990 Ford F-150 vehicle to the policy did not trigger the after-acquired
vehicle clause. Citing Bumbarger in particular, the Majority concludes that
the after-acquired vehicle clause did not apply to vehicles shown in the
policy Declarations. Majority Opinion at 18. The 1990 Ford F-150 was not a
replacement vehicle, but rather, was added by way of amended declaration
pages some 44 days after another vehicle was removed from the policy.
Therefore, the addition of the 1990 Ford F-150 to the policy constituted a
new “purchase” of UM/UIM coverage under Section 1738 and required the
execution of a new UM/UIM stacking waiver. Id. As such, it was
unnecessary to discuss whether coverage was finite or continuous under the
after-acquired vehicle clause.
Section 1738 of the MVFRL provides:
Stacking of uninsured and underinsured benefits and
option to waive
(a) Limit for each vehicle.--When more than one vehicle is
insured under one or more policies providing uninsured or
underinsured motorist coverage, the stated limit for uninsured or
underinsured coverage shall apply separately to each vehicle so
insured. The limits of coverages available under this subchapter
for an insured shall be the sum of the limits for each motor
vehicle as to which the injured person is an insured.
(b) Waiver.--Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a),
a named insured may waive coverage providing stacking of
uninsured or underinsured coverages in which case the limits of
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coverage available under the policy for an insured shall be the
stated limits for the motor vehicle as to which the injured person
is an insured.
(c) More than one vehicle.--Each named insured purchasing
uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage for more than one
vehicle under a policy shall be provided the opportunity to waive
the stacked limits of coverage and instead purchase coverage as
described in subsection (b). The premiums for an insured who
exercises such waiver shall be reduced to reflect the different
cost of such coverage.
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1738 (emphasis added).
In Sackett I, our Supreme Court addressed the statutory
interpretation of Section 1738(c) to determine whether insureds must be
given the opportunity to waive stacking of UM/UIM coverage for each
instance an insured adds a vehicle to an existing policy. Based solely upon
its interpretation of the statutory language of 1738(c) (each named insured
purchasing uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage . . . shall be
provided the opportunity to waive the stacked limits of coverage), the Court
answered in the affirmative. The Court held that when an insured purchases
uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage for more than one vehicle
under a policy, the insurer has to provide a new stacking waiver each time a
new vehicle is added to a policy. The Court made certain, however, to
explain that its holding did not extend to instances where an insured
replaces a vehicle or renews a policy, as those instances are not considered
purchases of new insurance under Section 1738.
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Almost immediately after deciding Sackett I, the Court agreed to
grant reargument requested by the insurer after inviting and receiving an
amicus statement from the Insurance Commissioner of Pennsylvania. In his
statement, the Commissioner offered his disagreement with Sackett I’s
central conclusion that an addition of a new vehicle to an existing multi-
vehicle policy constitutes a new purchase of coverage. The Commissioner
explained that throughout Section 1738’s 17-year history, once policies are
put into place, the Department has not treated the addition of a new vehicle,
known as an “add-on,” as a new purchase of insurance. Rather, the
Department deems this to be an extension of pre-existing coverage and it
has not required carriers to issue, or policyholders to execute, serial waivers
when vehicles are added to multi-vehicle policies to reaffirm the continuation
of unstacked UM/UIM coverage. Implicit in this explanation is that Section
1738(c)’s mandate that an insured be offered an opportunity to execute a
stacking waiver applies only upon the initial purchase of an insurance policy.
The Commissioner further explained that the mechanism by which vehicles
generally are added to existing policies is via “newly-acquired vehicle
clauses,” which are practically necessary by the mandate of the MVFRL for
financial responsibility as a prerequisite to operating a motor vehicle. These
clauses universally are included within automobile insurance policies issued
in Pennsylvania. They permit consumers to extend existing coverage, with
the same applicable types of coverage and limits, to new and/or substitute
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vehicles with coverage applying automatically upon acquisition, subject to
various conditions, including timely subsequent notice to the insurer. This
procedure facilitates immediate consumer transactions and affords
predictability and certainty in terms of the availability and scope of
coverage. It was the Commissioner’s position that Sackett I effectively
nullifies newly-acquired vehicle clauses and policies and strips policyholders
of the associated benefits of these clauses. Sackett II, 940 A.2d at 331.
Upon re-argument, the Sackett II Court stated that it believed the
Insurance Commissioner’s argument that a UM/UIM stacking waiver remains
in effect upon the acquisition of a vehicle covered under contractual after-
acquired-vehicle provisions has substantial force. Id. at 333. The Court
was concerned that Sackett I could be read as negating the effect of after-
acquired-vehicle clauses, particularly since the mechanics of those provisions
were not meaningfully developed in the initial proceedings in the case. Id.
at 332. It thus clarified that Sackett I does not preclude enforcement of an
initial waiver of stacked UM/UIM coverage extended under after-acquired-
vehicle provisions of an existing multi-vehicle policy. Id. The Court
accepted the Insurance Commissioner’s position that the “purchase” of
UM/UIM coverage under Section 1738(c) is a term of art3 that does not
____________________________________________
3
In interpreting the after-acquired vehicle clause in Sackett II, the Court
was guided by two principles of statutory construction. The first, that words
and phrases are to be construed according to rules of grammar and their
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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include an extension of coverage under a contractual after-acquired-vehicle
provision. The Court therefore held that an extension of coverage under an
after-acquired-vehicle provision for a vehicle added to a pre-existing multi-
vehicle policy is not a new purchase of coverage under Section 1738(c) that
would trigger an obligation on the part of an insurer to obtain new or
supplemental stacking waivers. Sackett II, 940 A.2d at 334. The Court’s
inquiry, however, did not end with this conclusion. What remained to be
considered was the duration of the automatic coverage under a policy’s
after-acquired-vehicle provision. This was in recognition of the fact that
these clauses are contractual in nature and that the mechanics of each
clause has to be examined. Id. at 334, n.6.
Recognizing that after-acquired vehicle clauses may not always
provide continuous coverage upon notice of acquisition of another vehicle,
the Court instructed that only to the degree coverage under a particular
after-acquired vehicle provision continues in effect throughout the existing
policy, subject only to conditions such as notice and payment of premiums,
its decision in Sackett I should not disturb the effect of an initial UM/UIM
stacking waiver obtained in connection with a multi-vehicle policy. Id. at
334. It emphasized that the term “purchase” as used in Section 1738, did
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
common and approved usage. The second, that when technical words and
phrases have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning, they are to be
construed in accordance with such meaning or definition. Sackett II, 940
A.2d at 333.
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not include adjustments to the scope of an existing policy containing an
after-acquired vehicle clause that continues in effect throughout the existing
policy. Id. However, where coverage under such a clause is made
expressly finite by the terms of the policy, its decision in Sackett I controls
and requires the execution of a new UM/UIM stacking waiver upon expiration
of the automatic coverage for the unstacked coverage option to continue in
effect subsequent to the expiration of the finite coverage. Sackett II, 940
A.2d at 334.4
While it is true that the Supreme Court’s decision in Sackett II
concerned only whether new waiver forms had to be executed under Section
1738(c) when additional vehicles were added under an existing policy’s
after-acquired vehicle clause, nothing in the Court’s opinion suggests that its
rationale is limited only to after-acquired vehicle clauses. In fact, the
rationale in Sackett II is equally applicable, if not more compelling, when
vehicles are added under an existing policy’s declaration pages at the time of
a vehicle’s purchase.
As explained, an after-acquired vehicle clause allows an insured to
automatically extend existing coverage upon acquisition of a new vehicle
____________________________________________
4
As for its specific holding upon re-argument regarding the policy in
Sackett I, the Court noted that the general provisions of the insurer’s
policy, including the after-acquired-vehicle clause and its associated
definitions, were not in the record. It therefore could not determine the
duration of coverage extended under that particular after-acquired-vehicle
clause. In light of this, the result in Sackett I was reaffirmed.
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without the knowledge of the insurer, so long as notice is provided to the
insurer within a defined period of time. Under Sackett II, adding a vehicle
in this manner is not the purchase of new insurance that requires the
execution of a new waiver form. Notice to the insurer is required so that
coverage can be updated to reflect changes in the vehicles insured. 5 On the
other hand, when an insured advises an insurer of the purchase of a new
vehicle upon acquisition so that the policy’s declaration pages may
immediately be amended to reflect an extension of coverage, the grace
period for notice under an after-acquired vehicle clause is not necessary.
Continuous coverage is extended without this notice contingency. Under
either scenario, a vehicle is added to an existing policy that extends
continuous coverage upon acquisition of the vehicle. The only difference
between the addition of a vehicle under an after-acquired vehicle clause and
one added by way of amended declaration pages is the timing in which an
insurer learns the identity of the newly-acquired vehicle. The effect of
adding a vehicle either by invoking an after-acquired vehicle clause or by
amending the declaration pages presents a difference without a distinction
for purposes of examining Sackett II and Section 1738(c). Effectively,
adding new vehicles by way of amending declaration pages is a more
____________________________________________
5
At the time of application and every renewal, an insurer must provide an
insured a “declaration of coverage limits and premiums for the insured’s
existing coverages.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1791.1.
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efficient means of extending coverage than under an after-acquired vehicle
clause that requires subsequent notice to the insurer. Therefore, no reason
exists to consider differently the extension of coverage under either means
for purposes of determining whether new waiver forms are required under
Section 1738(c). Neither constitutes the purchase of new insurance and
both allow an insured to extend continuous coverage immediately upon
acquisition of a new vehicle. As explained in Sackett II, serial waiver forms
are not required under Section 1738(c) when continuous coverage is
extended for an additional vehicle under an existing policy.
The conclusion that new waiver forms are not required under Section
1738(c) when a vehicle is added to the declaration pages of an existing
policy, also is consistent with Section 1791 of the MVFRL and this Court’s
decision in Smith v. Hartford Ins. Co., 849 A.2d 277 (Pa. Super. 2004).
In Smith, the insured purchased automobile insurance in February
1990 which included $300,000 of UM/UIM motorist coverage. In June 1990,
the insured executed a waiver of UIM coverage. In 1994, the insured
increased liability coverage to $500,000. In 1999, the insured was involved
in a car accident with an alleged underinsured driver. In part, the insured
claimed entitlement to underinsured coverage6 based upon the argument
____________________________________________
6
The UIM claim stemmed from injuries to the insured’s wife who was
considered a “guest passenger” in his vehicle.
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that the insurer had not supplied new rejection forms at the time he
increased the limits of his liability coverage. The insured argued that by
increasing the policy limits for liability coverage, he had purchased a new
insurance policy thereby requiring that the insurer supply new rejection
forms. This Court disagreed, holding that no new rejection form was
required. Section 1791 provides in pertinent part as follows:
It shall be presumed that the insured has been advised of the
benefits and limits available under this chapter[7] provided the
following notice in bold print of at least 10 point type is given to
the applicant at the time of application for original coverage, and
no other notice or rejection shall be required.
75 Pa.C.S. § 1791 (emphasis added). As this Court explained,
The General Assembly in writing this certainly knew that the
purchase of an insurance policy was not a lifetime contract.
Policies are renewed, vehicles are bought and sold, amounts of
coverage change. Yet, in spite of this knowledge, the General
Assembly has specifically stated that once the applicant has
purchased the policy and been informed of the choices available,
no other notice or rejection shall be required.
Smith, 849 A.2d at 280 (emphasis added).
This Court also noted in Smith that its conclusion was consistent with
the statutory scheme outlined in Section 1705 of the MVFRL regarding
election of tort options. The full tort option is the default provision.
However, once an affirmative election is made, that election is presumed to
be in effect throughout the lifetime of that policy. See 75 Pa.C.S.A.
____________________________________________
7
The “chapter” referenced in this provision includes Section 1738.
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§ 1705(b)(1). This Court saw little difference in being able to waive the
right to seek non-economic damages and the ability to reject certain optional
coverages. Once an election is made, that decision carries forward until
affirmatively changed. I perceive no logical reason to distinguish our holding
in Smith that an increase in liability coverage does not constitute the
purchase of new insurance that would require the execution of new rejection
forms from the instant situation where we must decide if adding a vehicle
under an existing policy constitutes the purchase of new insurance that
would require the execution of a new waiver form. Section 1791
unambiguously states that no new notice or rejection8 is required after the
time of application for original coverage.
Turning now to the specifics of the Standard Fire policy, and in accord
with the Supreme Court’s instruction that the mechanics of a contractual
provision be examined to determine if new waiver forms are required, I
conclude that new waiver forms for UM/UIM coverage were not required
when Appellees added their 1990 Ford F-150 to their existing policy by way
of amending the policy’s declaration pages. The Standard Fire policy
provides as follows:
DEFINITIONS
J. “Your covered auto” means:
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8
In my opinion, a “rejection” is synonymous in this context with a “waiver”
that rejects stacking coverage.
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1. Any vehicle shown in the Declarations.
2. Any of the following types of vehicles on the
date you become the owner:
a. a private passenger auto; or
b. a pickup or van.
This provision (J.2.) applies only if:
a. you acquire the vehicle during the policy
period;
b. you ask us to insure it within 30 days after you
become the owner; and
c. with respect to a pickup or van, no other
insurance policy provides coverage for that
vehicle.
If the vehicle you acquire replaces one shown in the
Declarations, it will have the same coverage as the
vehicle it replaced. You must ask us to insure a
replacement vehicle within 30 days only if:
a. you wish to add or continue Damage to Your
Auto Coverages; or
b. it is a pickup or van used in any “business”
other than farming or ranching.
If the vehicle you acquire is in addition to any shown
in the Declarations, it will have the broadest
coverage we now provide for any vehicle shown in
the Declarations.
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(Policy No. 20185337, Personal Auto Policy at 1; Exhibit A to both Motions
for Summary Judgment) (emphasis added).9
Paragraph J.1 of this policy extends coverage to vehicles shown on the
policy’s Declarations. The policy contains no term that would deem this
coverage finite. When Appellees added their 1990 Ford F-150 to this
existing policy by way of amending the declaration pages, their vehicle was
insured immediately and continuously upon acquisition, subject, of course,
to the payment of premium. No further notice to the insurer was required.
The after-acquired vehicle clause at paragraph J.2, likewise provides
that an added vehicle to this existing policy is covered commencing on the
day of ownership subject to providing notice to the insurer within 30 days of
acquisition. There likewise is no finite contingency. Coverage is continuous,
and if the auto is in addition to any vehicle shown in the declarations,
coverage provided is the broadest for any vehicle shown in the declarations.
Under Sackett II, vehicles added under this after-acquired vehicle clause
would not require the execution of new waiver forms, since the mechanics of
this clause, like the amended declarations, extends coverage on a
continuous basis. Adjustments to the scope of coverage under an existing
policy do not deem the extension of that coverage the purchase of new
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9
This definition of a “covered auto” includes at paragraph J.2 what has been
referred to as the after-acquired vehicle clause. Autos included in the
declarations also are insured without reference to the after-acquired vehicle
clause.
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insurance under Section 1738(c). See Sackett II, 940 A.2d at 333; see
also Smith, supra. Ultimately, consistent with Sackett II, the mechanics
of both provisions accomplish the same objective to extend coverage to a
new vehicle under an existing policy on a continuous basis. Neither
constitutes the purchase of new UM/UIM coverage that would require the
execution of a new waiver form.
Citing Bumbarger, the Majority concludes that the after-acquired-
vehicle provision in the Standard Fire policy is inapplicable because that
clause does not apply to vehicles shown in the policy’s Declarations.
Majority Opinion at 18. The Majority further concludes that pursuant to
Sackett I, Sackett III, and Bumbarger, the addition of the 1990 Ford F-
150 to the policy by Appellees constituted a new “purchase” of UM/UIM
coverage under Section 1738 and required the execution of a new UM/UIM
stacking waiver. Majority Opinion at 18. In essence, the Majority reads
Sackett I, Sackett III, and Bumbarger to hold that the execution of a
new waiver form is unnecessary for UM/UIM coverage under an existing
policy only if the vehicle is added by way of an after-acquired vehicle clause.
The Majority applies this holding in a mechanical fashion without examining
the bases upon which our Supreme Court came to its conclusion in Sackett
II. As explained above, I believe this to be in error, since doing so blindly
ignores the rationale upon which the Court reached its decision in Sackett
II. The Majority errs by failing to examine the mechanics of this policy, and
in particular, how vehicles are added and insured by way of amending the
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policy’s declaration pages. In doing so, the Majority ignores the instruction
in Sackett II that the language of a policy and the mechanics of its clauses
must be examined when considering these stacking issues. Had the Majority
engaged in this exercise, it could have discerned that the addition of a new
vehicle by amendment to the declaration pages extends immediate coverage
on a continuous basis the same as adding a vehicle under an after-acquired
vehicle clause, thus satisfying the criteria under Sackett II that would not
require the execution of a new waiver form.
In Bumbarger, the insured added a third vehicle to her policy by way
of an “endorsement” and a fourth by way of an “amended declarations
page.” After discussing our decision in Sackett II and in Shipp, we
automatically concluded that because the additional cars were added under
the policy’s endorsement provision and placed on the policy’s declarations
page immediately after purchase, the after-acquired vehicle clause became
irrelevant.10 This Court held that because the insureds added their third
vehicle to the insurance policy by way of an endorsement, the new vehicle
was covered under the “general terms of the policy” and not its after-
acquired vehicle clause. This Court, however, did not disclose or discuss the
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10
Alternatively, this Court held that, since the vehicles were added and not
replacements, that the language of the newly-acquired vehicle clause did not
automatically extend coverage until and unless the insured requested
coverage within 14 days after becoming the vehicle owner. I take no issue
with this part of the Court’s decision.
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text of those provisions. It therefore is impossible to determine from
reading Bumbarger how the language of those provisions and the
remainder of the policy might produce the result reached in that case. This
Court simply borrowed the results from the Sackett cases and Shipp
without analyzing how those cases reached their conclusions based upon an
examination of the contractual terms of the policies at issue. This violates
what our Supreme Court said in Sackett II: that the mechanics of these
clauses must be examined. Our decision in Bumbarger, therefore, is of
limited usefulness in determining how a policy’s declarations, endorsements,
and general policy terms fit together to understand contractually how
coverage is provided and how that may affect the need to acquire new
waiver forms.
In my view, it also is error for the Majority and for this Court in
Bumbarger, to state that if a vehicle is added by way of an “endorsement,”
the vehicle is covered under the “general terms of the policy” and not the
after-acquired vehicle clause. See Majority Opinion at 16-17, citing
Bumbarger, 93 A.3d at 874, 879. The after-acquired vehicle clause is a
part of the general terms of the policy. It is a part of the policy’s definitions.
Endorsements generally amend a policy’s terms by adding or subtracting
terms from the policy’s general provisions. The general terms, declarations,
and any endorsements all comprise the policy and must be read together.
Each of these components has no meaning unless they are read in
conjunction with each other.
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I also take issue with the Majority’s characterization of Bumbarger.
The Majority states that, in Bumbarger, we held “[a]n after-acquired
vehicle provision merely extends existing coverage until the insured notifies
the insurer that he wishes to insure the new vehicle under his policy with the
insurer. The after-acquired vehicle clause extends temporary, stop-gap
coverage, thereby protecting the insured until the policy can be amended.”
Majority Opinion at 14 (citing Bumbarger, 93 A.3d at 877-878). This was
the interpretive position taken by the insureds in that case, but not adopted
as a general principle by this Court. Although I do not doubt that an after-
acquired vehicle provision may be written in such a manner, again, only an
examination of each policy’s provisions can determine if this in fact is the
effect of an after-acquired vehicle clause. In this case, it clearly is not, as
the after-acquired vehicle provision extends coverage continuously from the
date the insured becomes owner of a vehicle. Once a vehicle is added to the
policy, the coverage is continuous, not temporary. The after-acquired
vehicle clause only provides the mechanism by which the vehicle is added to
existing coverage.
The Majority’s reliance upon Sackett III is troubling for a number of
reasons as well. After remand to the trial court and appeal again to this
Court, we were called upon in Sackett III to determine whether the insurer
had a duty to provide stacked UIM motorist coverage to the insureds when
they added a Ford Windstar to their existing policy through an
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“endorsement.” This Court held that once the insureds added their Ford
Windstar to their policy through an “endorsement,” the insurer had to secure
a new waiver to prohibit the insureds from stacking UIM benefits. The after-
acquired vehicle clause in that case provided that coverage would apply to
the insureds’ motor vehicles “only if you do not have other collectible
insurance.” Sackett III, 4 A.3d at 640, n.2. This Court considered the
addition of the vehicle to the insurance policy by way of endorsement to be
other “collectible insurance.” It held that after the Ford Windstar was added
to the policy by way of an endorsement, the vehicle was covered under the
“general terms of the policy” and not its after-acquired vehicle clause. To be
certain, this Court also held that once the insureds added their vehicle by
way of endorsement, the after-acquired vehicle clause expressly terminated
coverage and nullified any coverage they may have had under the after-
acquired vehicle clause. Alternatively, this Court found that the after-
acquired vehicle clause in Sackett III was inherently finite, since it only
provided coverage during the first thirty days when a new vehicle was added
to the policy and required that the insureds take steps to insure the vehicle
after that time.
I believe this Court was in error in Sackett III in concluding that the
addition of a vehicle to an insurance policy by way of an “endorsement” was
other “collectible insurance” to defeat extension of coverage that might be
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applicable under an after-acquired vehicle clause.11 Regrettably, a more
critical examination of this part of the Sackett III decision is not possible,
since this Court did not include the language of the endorsement in its
discussion so that the mechanics of that clause, as per Sackett II, could be
examined. Be that as it may, I find it incredulous that the addition of a
vehicle by way of a policy “endorsement” would constitute other “collectible
insurance” when the added vehicle is at the same time subject to being
insured under the same policy to which the endorsement has been added.
Other “collectible insurance” limits an insurer’s liability when there is another
policy applicable to a claim for a loss. See Harstead v. Diamond State
Ins. Co., 723 A.2d 179 (Pa. 1999) (one type of another insurance clause is
an escape clause that seeks to avoid all liability were other coverage is
available). It is improper to speak of an “endorsement” as “other collectible
insurance” when an endorsement merely adds or subtracts terms to an
existing policy. An endorsement to a policy does not constitute a separate
policy of insurance. I believe this part of the Sackett III decision evidences
a fundamental misunderstanding of an insurance policy. Regrettably, the use
of labels like “endorsement,” “after-acquired,” and “declarations” after
____________________________________________
11
In my opinion, this Court in Sackett III correctly determined that the
after-acquired vehicle clause was finite in duration, thus requiring new
stacking waivers, since the insureds were required to purchase new
insurance after thirty days. The result is consistent with our Supreme
Court’s holding in Sackett II that new waiver forms are not required if the
after-acquired vehicle clause provides continuous coverage.
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Sackett III now have caused this Court, as here, in an almost mechanical
fashion, to decide stacking and waiver issues on the manner by which a
vehicle is added to a policy without an examination of the mechanics of a
policy’s terms and whether those comport with the rationale of the Sackett
II decision.12
In Bumbarger, this Court stated that when faced with analyzing a
stacking issue, it must focus on the following: “(1) how was the “new”
vehicle added onto the existing automobile policy (i.e., via endorsement or
newly-acquired auto clause); and (2) what is the specific language of the
relevant clauses found in the applicable insurance policy.” Id., 93 A.3d at
876. I believe the first inquiry as to how a vehicle is added to an existing
policy is misleading, as it potentially places form over substance. It invites
the application of labels (e.g., “endorsement,” “after-acquired vehicle
clause,” “declarations,” “general terms of a policy”) as being dispositive in a
case without analyzing the mechanics of the terms of a policy. Instead, I
believe a better approach is to ask first whether the newly-acquired vehicle
is covered under the existing policy regardless of how that occurs, and if so,
whether coverage is continuous from the date the vehicle is added to the
____________________________________________
12
Although I take issue with the manner in which Sackett III and
Bumbarger were decided, this dissent would not overrule the decisions in
those cases, since as stated, the terms of the endorsements that were
dispositive in those cases were not disclosed, thus preventing us now from
giving precedential effect to the interpretation of those provisions.
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policy. By necessity, the next inquiry would require that the specific
language of the policy be examined, as per the second line of inquiry
suggested in Bumbarger. This would eliminate the current confusion in
attempting to decide these stacking cases and interpreting insurance policies
by parsing labels such as “endorsements,” “declarations,” “after-acquired
clauses,” “replacement vehicles,” and “additional vehicles” to determine if a
new policy of insurance has been purchased.
In many of these stacking cases, we are faced initially with the
legislative direction under Section 1738(c) that an insured must be provided
an opportunity to waive stacked coverage of UM/UIM coverage when an
insured purchases coverage for more than one vehicle. Since Sackett II,
our Supreme Court has permitted this legislative directive to be considered
as affected by the mechanics of the contractual language of a policy. New
waivers are required when there has been a “new” purchase of insurance.
New insurance does not include additions to an existing policy that merely
extends coverage on a continuous basis. Ultimately, decisions in stacking
cases must rest upon an examination of contractual language. Interpreting
contracts is nothing new to our courts. The resolution of these cases can be
and will be made much simpler if we return to interpreting contracts, as
opposed to deciding cases based purely upon the manner in which a vehicle
is added to a policy. The latter ignores our duty to engage in contractual
analysis and prevents us from properly differentiating between cases.
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Instead, I would simply focus on the mechanics of a policy and whether the
insured has added a vehicle that continues to be covered under an existing
policy, or whether the vehicle is to be insured under a new policy of
insurance. This would facilitate easier administration of these policies by the
insurer and a simpler understanding of coverage by the insured.
Unlike the trial court, the Majority also concludes that Standard Fire’s
after-acquired vehicle clause does not apply here and, therefore, it did not
find the need to consider whether that clause provided continuous or finite
coverage. If it were necessary to address the after-acquired vehicle clause,
I would find that the trial court erred when it concluded the clause to be
continuous only as it pertains to replacement vehicles. It reached this
conclusion by considering that to do otherwise would render the first 30-day
notice requirement under the after-acquired vehicle clause superfluous.
Standard Fire’s after-acquired vehicle clause provides that a covered
auto is both one shown in the declarations or an auto on the day an insured
becomes its owner. However, a replacement or additional vehicle remains
only continuously insured if Standard Fire is asked within 30 days to insure
the vehicle. With respect to replacement vehicles, the clause provides that a
replacement vehicle will have the same coverage as the one it replaces,
unless within 30 days the insured desires to change amounts of coverage.
In the case of an additional vehicle, the clause provides that the replacement
vehicle will have the broadest coverage provided for any vehicles shown in
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the declarations. The 30-day provisions under this after-acquired vehicle
clause serve two separate functions and are not superfluous of each other.
With either a replacement or additional vehicle, the insured must notify
Standard Fire of the vehicle within 30 days to continue coverage. In the
case of a replacement vehicle, which automatically will have the same
coverage as the one replaced, the insured must within 30 days notify the
insurer if the insured desires not to have the same coverage as the one
replaced. The first 30-day period is a notice provision to continue coverage
from the date of ownership. The second 30-day provision applies only if the
insured desires to change coverage for a replacement vehicle which
otherwise would continue with the same coverage as the vehicle replaced.
Neither of these notice provisions defeats the continuous coverage provided
under the after-acquired vehicle clause. Accordingly, the first 30-day clause
does not render the second superfluous.
Finally, I agree with my learned colleague in his concurring opinion
that it does not make sense to require a new waiver of stacking when a
vehicle is added to a multi-vehicle policy, as there is no reason to believe a
policyholder who already has rejected stacking with its higher premium,
would have a change of heart and want stacking. I do, however,
respectfully disagree with the concurrence that when a single-vehicle policy
is purchased, there is nothing to stack because there only is one vehicle and
there is no reason for a policyholder to pay for stacked coverage that does
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him or her no good. The demand made by Appellees aptly demonstrates
why this supposition is not always true. Appellees are attempting to stack
their single-vehicle policy with their multi-vehicle policy. While on the face
of a single-vehicle policy it is tempting to come to the conclusion there is
nothing to stack, stacking under a single-vehicle policy was expressly
acknowledged by our Supreme Court in Craley v. State Farm Fire and
Casualty Company, 895 A.2d 530 (Pa. 2006), wherein the Court discussed
both inter- and intra-policy stacking. Again, taking guidance from our
Insurance Commissioner, the Court recognized that stacking was lawful
under a single-vehicle policy in at least two situations. First, where an
insured is injured in his own vehicle that has uninsured motorist coverage
and also is covered as an insured under another policy providing uninsured
motorist benefits. And second, where an individual is injured in a vehicle
other than his own insured vehicle and is an insured under the non-owned
vehicle’s policy, which also has uninsured motorist coverage (such as an
employer’s vehicle). Id. at 537. A waiver of stacking under a single-vehicle
policy indeed serves a salutary purpose. Waiving stacking under a single-
vehicle policy serves the intended purpose to limit coverage and to lower
premiums.
In conclusion, I would reverse the trial court’s decision that Appellant
here was required to obtain a new stacking waiver when Appellees added
their 1990 Ford F-150 vehicle to their multi-vehicle policy at the time of
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purchase by amending the declaration pages of their policy. Under the
terms of Appellees’ policy, coverage existed as of the day they purchased
the vehicle and became its owner. This coverage was continuous from
acquisition and did not constitute the purchase of “new” insurance under
Section 1738(c) that would require the execution of a new waiver form. I
reach this conclusion by giving effect to all the terms of the Standard Fire
policy in accord with interpretative principles our Supreme Court detailed in
Sackett II. In my opinion, the Majority errs by ignoring these principles
and by attempting to apply the holdings of previous cases without a proper
and full examination of the Standard Fire policy terms at issue in this case.
I, therefore, respectfully dissent.
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