J-A04035-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
TARA MARIE BURDETTE,
Appellant No. 1557 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 22, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-15-CR-0000068-2016
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., SOLANO, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED APRIL 11, 2017
Appellant, Tara Marie Burdette, appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed after her bench conviction of one count of possession of
drug paraphernalia, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32). Specifically, she challenges
the court’s April 14, 2016 order denying her motion to suppress evidence
obtained as the result of an investigative detention. We reverse the order,
vacate the judgment of sentence, and remand.
We take the following facts from the trial court’s April 14, 2016 order,
and our independent review of the certified record.
On October 23, 2015[,] the Tredyffrin Township Police
received a report of a suspicious vehicle in the area of
Brookmeade Road and Valley Forge Road in that township. A
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A04035-17
concerned citizen informed police that a white Toyota Camry,
unfamiliar to the caller and occupied by three individuals, drove
slowly past a residence in that neighborhood and then parked on
a nearby street[]corner. When the contents of the call were
dispatched on police radio at approximately 3:39 p.m., Officer
Neil Jackson of the Tredyffrin Township Police Department
responded to the dispatch and headed towards the area to
investigate. While stopped at a traffic light en route, Officer
Jackson observed a white Toyota Camry in the opposite lane. . .
. Although he observed no violations of the [] Vehicle Code,[ 1]
he chose to initiate a traffic stop at approximately 3:43 p.m. for
the purposes of investigating the report of a suspicious vehicle.
[Appellant] was a passenger in that vehicle, and her arrest arose
out of the circumstances of the stop.
(Trial Court Opinion, 4/14/16, at unnumbered pages 1-2 n.1).
The Commonwealth filed an information on January 22, 2016, charging
Appellant with one count of possession of drug paraphernalia. On March 3,
2016, Appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of the
investigative stop, on the basis that Officer Jackson lacked reasonable
suspicion that the occupants of the vehicle were engaged in criminal activity.
(See Motion for Suppression of Evidence, 3/03/16, at 1-2).
The trial court denied Appellant’s motion on April 14, 2016. On April
22, 2016, based on the denial of the suppression motion, the parties
stipulated to the facts and the court convicted Appellant of possession of
drug paraphernalia. The same day, the court sentenced her to one year of
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1
75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3101-3817.
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probation, and ordered her to undergo drug and alcohol evaluation and to
follow any recommended treatment. Appellant timely appealed.2
Appellant raises one issue for this Court’s review: “Did the trial court
err in denying [her] motion for suppression of physical evidence and or
statements?” (Appellant’s Brief, at 2).
Our standard of review of this matter is well-settled:
In reviewing a suppression ruling, we are
bound by the suppression court’s factual findings,
unless they are without support in the record. We
may reverse the legal conclusions reached by the
suppression court, however, if they are in error.
Thus, our standard of review of the legal conclusions
reached by the suppression court is de novo. Where,
as here, the defendant is appealing the ruling of the
suppression court, we consider only the evidence of
the prosecution, and so much of the evidence for the
defense which remains uncontradicted when fairly
read in the context of the [suppression] record.
It is within the suppression court’s sole province as
factfinder to pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight
to be given their testimony. This Court’s scope of review from a
suppression ruling is limited to the evidentiary record that was
created at the suppression hearing.
Commonwealth v. Roche, 2017 WL 34931, at *4 (Pa. Super. filed Jan. 4,
2017) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
An investigative detention occurs when a police officer
temporarily detains an individual by means of physical force or a
show of authority for investigative purposes. Such a detention
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2
On July 15, 2016, Appellant filed a timely concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal, pursuant to the court’s order. The court filed an
opinion on July 18, 2016, in which it relied on the reasons stated in its April
14, 2016 order denying the motion to suppress. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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constitutes a seizure of a person and thus activates the
protections of the Fourth Amendment and the requirements of
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889
(1968).
* * *
The appellate courts have mandated that law enforcement
officers, prior to subjecting a citizen to an investigatory
detention, must harbor at least a reasonable suspicion that the
person seized is then engaged in unlawful activity. To meet this
standard, the officer must point to specific and articulable facts
which, together with the rational inferences therefrom,
reasonably warrant the intrusion. In ascertaining the existence
of reasonable suspicion, we must look to the totality of the
circumstances to determine whether the officer had reasonable
suspicion that criminal activity was afoot.
To have reasonable suspicion, police officers need not
personally observe the illegal or suspicious conduct, but may rely
upon the information of third parties, including tips from citizens.
...
Commonwealth v. Barber, 889 A.2d 587, 592-93 (Pa. Super. 2005)
(quotation marks and most citations omitted).
In this case, at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer Jackson
testified that Tredyffrin Township is “very wealthy[,]” and that a lot of the
homes there, including “multiple” in the neighborhood in question, had been
subject to burglaries. (N.T. Hearing, 3/17/16, at 10-11). He stated that
some of the burglaries were perpetrated during the day, with individuals
casing the houses to determine if the residents were home, before breaking
into them. (See id. at 11).
On the day of the incident, Officer Jackson responded to a radio
dispatch about an unfamiliar white Toyota Camry with three occupants,
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which drove very slowly down the street, before stopping at the corner of
Brookmeade and Valley Forge Roads. (See id. at 14). On his way to the
scene, the officer was travelling north on Route 202, when he observed a
white “older model” Toyota Camry driving southbound on Route 202. (Id.
at 19). After observing the car, Officer Jackson called in to dispatch and
asked if the complainant could still see the Toyota Camry parked in her
neighborhood. (See id.). The complainant said the car had left, travelling
southbound on 202. (See id.).
Officer Jackson “did not see any traffic violation based on the totality
of the circumstances of the entire incident[.]” (Id. at 22). However, he
turned his vehicle around to get behind the Camry, and initiated a stop “to
establish [why the occupants] were back there in that residential
neighborhood because there is no reason for you to be back there unless
you live there. . . . It makes no sense to cut through that neighborhood to
cut off five minutes of your time.” (Id. at 22-23). On cross-examination,
Officer Jackson admitted that the Camry was not involved in any criminal
activity, and that there were several legitimate reasons to be in the subject
neighborhood, even if not a resident. (See id. at 27-29). However, he
explained that, if he had not stopped the Camry, he possibly would have lost
the opportunity to identify a burglary suspect. (See id. at 30).
We are constrained to conclude that the above facts do not establish
reasonable suspicion. The decisions in Commonwealth v. DeWitt, 608
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A.2d 1030 (Pa. 1992), and Commonwealth v. McClease, 750 A.2d 320
(Pa. Super. 2000), provide guidance to our disposition. In DeWitt:
. . . On May 13, 1989, at approximately 11:50 p.m., while on
routine patrol in South Manheim Township, State Troopers
Reichert and Hartzel observed an automobile parked partially on
the berm of the road and partially in the parking lot of St. Paul’s
Church. The vehicle was faced in the opposite direction of
travel. The vehicle’s interior lights were illuminated but the
exterior lights were not. Trooper Reichert testified that he was
concerned because he thought that the vehicle might be
disabled, and also because he had received notice from St. Paul’s
Church to check for suspicious vehicles. Trooper Reichert
testified that in order to investigate, he pulled alongside the
vehicle, whereupon the interior lights were extinguished and the
four occupants made furtive movements and suspicious
movements as if they were trying to hide something. The
vehicle then began to pull away from the scene. At that point,
Trooper Reichert became suspicious of criminal activity and
stopped the vehicle.
DeWitt, supra at 1031-32 (quotation marks and record citation omitted).
Based on the above facts, the trial court granted Appellant’s motion to
suppress, and the Commonwealth appealed. A panel of this Court reversed
the trial court, finding that, “[t]he combination of furtive movements, time of
night, previous notice from the property owner, potential parking violation,
and attempted movement from the scene when the police arrived,
sufficiently justified the legality of the stop.” Id. at 1034 (record citation
omitted). However, our Supreme Court concluded that this was error,
observing:
We find [the Superior Court’s] conclusion unsupported by
the record. Although the police had previous notice from the
property owner of criminal behavior in the church parking lot,[a]
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there was absolutely no evidence that the vehicle in question
was engaged in the type of activity complained of. . . .
[a]
Trooper Reichert testified that the police had
received notice from St. Paul’s Church to check for
suspicious vehicles, i.e., kids, underage drinking,
laying rubber, doing donuts in the parking lot and
[things of] that nature.
We hold, therefore, that the police did not have . . .
reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct to justify the stop made
in the instant case[.] . . .
Id. (quotation marks and record citation omitted).
Similarly, in McClease, supra:
. . . On October 24, 1998, shortly after midnight, Detective
Randy Morris and Officer Joseph Moors of the Bristol Borough
Police Department drove their police cruiser down Spruce Street,
a residential street within their jurisdiction. The car, although
unmarked, was readily identifiable as a police cruiser. Spruce
Street is a narrow one-way street with parking on both sides and
a narrow travel lane down the middle. As the officers drove
down Spruce Street, they observed McClease sitting alone in his
vehicle. McClease’s vehicle was legally parked under a railroad
overpass. The overpass causes this part of Spruce Street to be
darker than other parts of the street. The police had received
complaints about ongoing illegal activities around this part of
Spruce Street including persons drinking alcohol in public,
persons possessing and displaying weapons, and persons
involved in drug transactions.
McClease’s vehicle was parked on the left side of the road.
Detective Morris, who was driving, noticed that McClease’s head
was lowered as if he was looking at his hands. As the police
vehicle passed McClease’s vehicle, McClease raised his head and
looked at Detective Morris. As McClease did so, his eyebrows
raised, his eyes got wider, and he immediately lowered his body.
Upon observing these movements, Detective Morris stopped the
police cruiser and backed it up until it was abreast with
McClease’s vehicle. Detective Morris and Officer Moors exited
their vehicle and approached McClease’s vehicle.
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* * *
Upon further approaching the vehicle, Detective Morris
noticed an open container of alcohol in the vehicle and the blunt
on the street below the driver’s door. Detective Morris then
ordered McClease out of the vehicle so that Detective Morris
could pat McClease down. McClease complied. . . .
McClease, supra at 322-23.
Applying DeWitt to the above facts, this Court concluded that: “the
specific and articulable facts observed by Detective Morris and Officer Moors,
and any rational inferences drawn therefrom, are insufficient for us to
conclude that the officers possessed the requisite reasonable suspicion that
McClease was currently engaged in criminal activity. Consequently, the stop
of McClease was illegal.” Id. at 326.
Likewise, here, based on the binding caselaw of our Supreme Court,
we must conclude that Officer Jackson lacked reasonable suspicion to
conduct an investigatory detention. The only activity that the complainant
reported was that, in the middle of the afternoon, a car she did not
recognize slowly drove by her home in a wealthy residential neighborhood
and parked at the corner for a few moments. The vehicle then left the
location of its own accord, and moments later, when Officer Jackson
observed the car, he did not see any Vehicle Code violations. Finally, when
the officer initiated a traffic stop, the occupants immediately cooperated and
made no attempt to flee.
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We recognize that multiple burglaries had occurred in the
neighborhood in which the subject vehicle initially was observed. However,
to assume that passengers of a vehicle who were briefly stopped in a
wealthy residential neighborhood might be planning to burglarize a home at
some future time, or had done so previously, merely because burglary is a
common crime in the area, requires a degree of speculation that cannot
sustain reasonable suspicion. See DeWitt, supra at 1034; McClease,
supra at 326. In short, “there was absolutely no evidence that the vehicle
in question was engaged in the type of activity complained of.” DeWitt,
supra at 1034; see also Commonwealth v. Reppert, 814 A.2d 1196,
1204 (Pa. Super. 2002) (“Although a police officer’s knowledge and length of
experience weigh heavily in determining whether reasonable suspicion
existed, . . . [Our] inquiry will not be satisfied by an officer’s hunch or
unparticularized suspicion.) (emphasis and citation omitted);
Commonwealth v. Donaldson, 786 A.2d 279, 284 (Pa. Super. 2001),
appeal denied, 800 A.2d 931 (Pa. 2002) (police officer’s observation of
individual entering and exiting defendant’s vehicle in area known for drug
dealing might have been “fishy” or have created an “educated hunch” of
illegal activity, but this did not equate to reasonable suspicion justifying
investigative detention); McClease, supra at 326 (stop illegal where police
lacked reasonable suspicion that defendant “was currently engaged in
criminal activity”).
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Therefore, under the facts presented in this case, we are constrained
to conclude that the trial court erred in finding that Officer Jackson had
reasonable suspicion to effectuate a traffic stop, and in denying Appellant’s
motion to suppress any resulting evidence. Hence, we reverse the trial
court’s April 14, 2016 order, and, because the parties stipulated to the facts
of this case based on the trial court’s improper denial of the motion to
suppress, we vacate the judgment of sentence and remand for proceedings
consistent with this decision.
Order reversed. Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/11/2017
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