Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 242
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION II
CV-16-141
No.
JEFFERY PARKER AND SHEILA
Opinion Delivered: April 19, 2017
PARKER
APPELLANTS
APPEAL FROM THE SEBASTIAN
V. COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
FORT SMITH DISTRICT
JERRY D. PARKER AND SARAH JO [NO. 66FCV-14-0849]
PARKER, IN THEIR CAPACITIES AS
CO-TRUSTEES OF THE PARKER
FAMILY TRUST DATED AUGUST 14, HONORABLE J. MICHAEL
2014 FITZHUGH, JUDGE
APPELLEES
AFFIRMED
MIKE MURPHY, Judge
This appeal is from the decree in a foreclosure action entered in favor of appellees
Jerry D. Parker and Sarah Jo Parker as cotrustees of the Parker Family Trust against appellants
Jeffery Parker and Sheila Parker. 1 Although appellants argue four points for reversal, the
arguments lack merit. Accordingly, we affirm.
On February 3, 2006, appellants executed a note and mortgage in the face amount
of $165,000. The note provided for interest-only payments of $859 per month until
February 1, 2036, and provided for foreclosure upon default of a regular payment. The note
did not specify an interest rate. Payments were due on the third day of each month, without
1
Appellees are the parents of appellant Jeffery Parker.
Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 242
specification of when they were to begin. The note and mortgage were assigned to the
appellees’ family trust in August 2014.
On October 8, 2014, appellees filed their foreclosure complaint alleging that
appellants were in default under the terms of the note and mortgage on multiple grounds,
including being delinquent on the monthly payments, failing to maintain homeowners’
insurance coverage listing appellees as loss payees for the property, and allowing state and
federal tax liens to be filed against the property. They further alleged that a true and correct
copy of the note was attached as an exhibit. However, a blank, undated, and unsigned copy
of the note was attached. The copy of the mortgage had been executed and was file stamped
as recorded. Appellees sought judgment, both in personam and in rem, in the amount of
$165,000 plus $2,578 accrued interest, continuing interest, costs, reasonable attorney’s fees,
and postjudgment interest.
Appellants responded to the complaint with a motion to dismiss and compulsory
counterclaims. They argued that appellees’ complaint failed to state sufficient facts upon
which relief could be granted. This assertion was based on their claim that the note was
usurious because the note failed to specify a rate of interest and the Arkansas Constitution
provides that the rate of interest for contracts with no rate specified shall be 6 percent. When
the calculations were made of the payments required under the note ($859), the interest rate
was 6.25 percent and was, according to appellants, void.
Appellants’ counterclaim asserted claims for the torts of conversion and outrage,
violation of the Arkansas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (ADTPA), and for damages for
violations of Arkansas’s usury laws, and unjust enrichment. The ADTPA claim was based
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on the allegations that appellant Sheila Parker is a disabled person within the meaning of the
ADTPA. Appellees answered the counterclaim.
Following entry of an order denying appellants’ motion to dismiss, appellants
answered the foreclosure complaint, denying the existence of a legally enforceable note or
mortgage. They incorporated their earlier counterclaims by reference. They later amended
their counterclaims to specifically include usury.
Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment, attaching the note, mortgage,
assignment to their trust, proof regarding insurance coverage, default letter, and tax liens.
As mentioned earlier, the copy of the note attached to the motion was unsigned. Appellants
responded that appellees failed to produce the original promissory note, and they filed a
cross-motion for summary judgment seeking dismissal of the complaint for that failure.
Appellees replied that they were unable to locate the original promissory note but then
attached a copy of the original signed and notarized note they had obtained from appellants.
Appellees also submitted affidavits in support of their motion for summary judgment. In
those affidavits, appellees stated, among other things, that they had been able to locate the
original note. Appellants responded to this change of whether appellees were able to locate
the promissory note.
The court entered an order finding the word able in appellees’ affidavits was a
scrivener’s error and denying both sides’ motions for summary judgment. The court also
ruled that, although appellees failed to produce the original note, the note could still be
enforced pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section 4-3-309 (Supp. 2015).
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The case proceeded to a two-day bench trial in October 2015. At the conclusion of
the trial, the court ruled from the bench. The court repeated its pretrial finding that the rate
of interest was not usurious. On appellants’ conversion claim, the court found that there
was no evidence that appellees exercised dominion or control in violation of appellants’
rights because the money they paid appellees was to benefit themselves. On appellants’
ADTPA claims, the court found the appellants had not been damaged. The court also found
that there was no evidence that appellees used deception, fraud, or false pretenses to persuade
appellants to execute the note and mortgage. The court then dismissed appellants’ claims
with prejudice.
The court then turned to appellees’ complaint for foreclosure. The court found that
appellants were in default under the terms of the note and mortgage and that the entire
principal on the note plus accrued interest was due and owing; it granted appellees a
judgment for $165,000 and ordered that the property sold if the judgment was not
discharged within ten days. Specifically, the court found that appellants had allowed
insurance coverage to lapse for nonpayment of premiums in 2009 and 2011. The court also
found that the most recent policy had failed to list appellees as loss payees but that this was
cured shortly before trial. The court noted that appellees were charging a lower interest rate
than they were receiving on their money at the time of this transaction and that this was
pertinent to the issue of fraud or misrepresentation. The court also recounted testimony
concerning appellants’ payment of property taxes and the filing of federal and state tax liens
against the property.
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A decree of foreclosure and a separate judgment dismissing appellants’ amended
counterclaims were entered. The court later awarded appellees attorney’s fees of
approximately $16,000 and costs of $1,071. An amended decree of foreclosure was entered
addressing the affirmative defenses raised by appellants. The court found that there was
insufficient evidence to support appellants’ affirmative defenses and that the affirmative
defenses lacked merit under controlling Arkansas law. This appeal followed.
On appeal, appellants contend that the circuit court erred in (1) denying their motion
for summary judgment and instead allowing appellees to submit a second set of affidavits
that contradicted the dispositive language in their original affidavits; (2) granting foreclosure
because the documents upon which appellees relied lacked essential terms necessary to
support a legally enforceable contract; (3) dismissing appellants’ conversion counterclaim;
and (4) dismissing appellants’ claims under the ADTPA.
In civil bench trials, the standard of review on appeal is whether the circuit court’s
findings were clearly erroneous or clearly against a preponderance of the evidence. Waddell
v. Ferguson Home Builders, LLC, 2017 Ark. App. 66, ___ S.W.3d ___. A finding is clearly
erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court, on the entire
evidence, is left with a firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Id.
We need not spend much time with appellants’ first point in which they argue that
the circuit court erred in not granting their motion for summary judgment because appellees
could not produce the original note. Our courts have often written that the denial of a
motion for summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal. Ball v. Foehner, 326 Ark. 409,
931 S.W.2d 142 (1996); McElroy v. Grisham, 306 Ark. 4, 810 S.W.2d 933 (1991); Rick’s Pro
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Dive ’N Ski Shop v. Jennings-Lemon, 304 Ark. 671, 803 S.W.2d 934 (1991); Malone & Hyde,
Inc. v. West & Co. of LA, Inc., 300 Ark. 435, 780 S.W.2d 13 (1989). Such review is not
available even after a trial on the merits. Rick’s Pro Dive ’N Ski Shop, 304 Ark. at 672, 803
S.W.2d at 935.
For their second point, appellants argue that the circuit court erred in granting
foreclosure because the note lacked the essential terms necessary to form a legally enforceable
contract. Appellants argue that there was no legally enforceable contract because there are
several inconsistencies between the mortgage and the note. For example, the mortgage lists
the note as having been executed on February 3, 2006, while the signed copy of the note
is dated March 1, 2006, and the acknowledgement was taken on November 6, 2007. They
also point out that the mortgage describes the note as requiring appellants to pay the
principal of $165,000 plus interest, while the note states that appellants will pay “the interest
only sum of $859.38, and no principal amount.” They also argue that there is no total payoff
specified showing how much total money appellants owe or when payments will begin.
The circuit court held that both the note and mortgage were valid contracts between the
parties and that appellants were in default.
Whether the parties agreed to the terms of a contract is a factual question that is to
be determined by the circuit court. Price v. Willbanks, 2009 Ark. App. 849, 374 S.W.3d 28.
It is well settled that
[w]hen different instruments are executed at the same time, but are all parts of one
transaction, it is the duty of the court to suppose such a priority in the execution of
them as shall best effect the intention of the parties. The general rule is that in the
absence of anything to indicate a contrary intention, instruments executed at the
same time, by the same parties, for the same purpose, and in the course of the same
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transaction, are, in the eye[s] of the law, one instrument, and will be read and
construed together as if they were as much one in form as they are in substance.
Graves v. Graves, 7 Ark. App. 202, 204, 646 S.W.2d 26, 28 (1983) (second alteration in
original).
The note, while inartfully drawn, clearly sets forth the principal amount of the loan
($165,000), the date on which the payment was due each month (the 3rd of each month
beginning February 3, 2006), and a description of the property pledged as security for the
note. 2 The interest rate could be calculated from the face of the note and the mortgage.
Once the calculations are made, the interest rate is 6.25 percent. Although the promissory
note itself does not specify the time for payment, when the note and mortgage are read
together, it is clear that the note matures in 2036, or thirty years after the execution. Because
we cannot say that the circuit court’s finding that the note and mortgage constituted a valid
contract is clearly erroneous, Price, supra, we affirm on this point.
For their third point, appellants argue that the circuit court erred in dismissing their
conversion claim. Some additional background is necessary. The mortgage required
appellants to make periodic payments to appellees toward the real estate taxes for the
property. Appellants’ claim for conversion was based on their contention that appellees had
converted funds paid to them pursuant to the terms of the note and mortgage. Jeffery Parker
testified that he and his father reached an agreement regarding payment of property taxes.
According to Jeffery, they agreed that appellants would pay an extra $140.62 per month
2
The mortgage contained both a legal description and the street address of the
property. The designation of the premises by street address alone satisfied the statute of
frauds’ requirement that the contract provide a key to the property’s location. Sloop v. Kiker,
2016 Ark. App. 125, 484 S.W.3d 696.
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toward the property taxes and appellees would remit each payment to the tax collector on
a monthly basis. When appellants missed some of the monthly interest payments and
appellees sent a letter asking how appellants were going to make their monthly payments,
appellants sought to use the money they had paid toward the property taxes to catch up on
their delinquent interest payments. This reallocation was sought in a letter dated August 23,
2014.
We hold that the circuit court reached the correct result in finding that appellants
did not have a claim for conversion. However, we do so for a different reason. Ordinarily,
a debtor has a right to direct the application of his or her payments. Choctaw, Inc. v. Great
Am. Ins. Co., 235 Ark. 978, 980, 363 S.W.2d 410, 411 (1963); Harrison v. First Nat’l Bank,
117 Ark. 260, 174 S.W. 553 (1915); Bell v. Radcliff, 32 Ark. 645 (1878); see also Gosnell v.
Indep. Serv. Fin., Inc., 28 Ark. App. 334, 774 S.W.2d 430 (1989). Here, the gist of appellants’
complaint is that they made monthly payments to appellees for the property taxes, that
appellees held the money in escrow instead of remitting the taxes on a monthly basis, and
then refused appellants’ request to apply the accumulated funds being held for the taxes to
the balance due on the note when appellants became delinquent in their interest-only
payments. Appellants waived any right of reallocation because their request was not made
when the payments were made. Bell, supra. It was only after appellants had missed note
payments that they attempted to reallocate funds in an effort to extricate themselves from a
default under the note. Moreover, the money was ultimately applied to appellants’ taxes as
agreed.
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Finally, appellants argue that the circuit court erred in dismissing their ADTPA claim.
Specifically, they contend that appellees knowingly took advantage of a consumer who is
reasonably unable to protect his or her own interest because of physical infirmity. Ark. Code
Ann. § 4-88-107(a)(8)(A) (Repl. 2011). Additionally, they claim that appellees violated the
catchall provision of this statute by engaging in an unconscionable, false, or deceptive act or
practice in business, commerce, or trade. Ark. Code Ann. § 4-88-107(a)(10).
Appellees concede that Sheila Parker meets the ADTPA’s definition of “disabled
person” but argue that appellants have failed to show a violation of the ADTPA. We agree.
The catchall provision of the ADTPA making it unlawful to engage in “any other
unconscionable, false, or deceptive act or practice in business, commerce, or trade,” Ark.
Code Ann. § 4-88-107(a)(10), by its terms requires that the conduct occur in connection
with “business, commerce, or trade.” The elements of such a cause of action under Ark.
Code Ann. § 4–88–113(f) are (1) a deceptive consumer-oriented act or practice which is
misleading in a material respect and (2) injury resulting from such act. See Forever Green
Athletic Fields, Inc. v. Lasiter Constr., Inc., 2011 Ark. App. 347, 384 S.W.3d 450. There is no
showing that appellees were in the “business, commerce, or trade” of making loans. Instead,
there was testimony that appellants would not qualify for a conventional loan from a bank
and that this was simply a case of parents helping their child.
The circuit court found that appellants were not damaged, and actual damages are
required for a private right of action for an ADTPA violation. Ark. Code Ann. § 4-88-
113(f); Baptist Health v. Murphy, 2010 Ark. 358, 373 S.W.3d 269 (Baptist III); Hamby v.
Health Mgmt. Assocs., Inc., 2015 Ark. App. 298, 462 S.W.3d 346. A private cause of action
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does not arise absent a showing of both a violation and resultant damages. Wallis v. Ford
Motor Co., 362 Ark. 317, 208 S.W.3d 153 (2005). Appellants do not discuss how they were
damaged by the alleged ADTPA violations until their reply brief. Thus, it is too late. Rymor
Builders, Inc. v. Tanglewood Plumbing Co., 100 Ark. App. 141, 265 S.W.3d 151 (2007).
Affirmed.
ABRAMSON and HIXSON, JJ., agree.
Jimmie Carl Bush, for appellants.
Walters, Gaston, Allison & Parker, by: Veronica L. Bryant, for appellees.
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