THIRD DIVISION
ELLINGTON, P. J.,
ANDREWS and RICKMAN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
April 11, 2017
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A17A0534. MCCOY v. THE STATE. JE-016C
ELLINGTON, Presiding Judge.
Following a bench trial, the State Court of Henry County found Latisha McCoy
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of driving under the influence of marijuana to the
extent that it was less safe to drive, OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (2). McCoy appeals,
contending that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress evidence
seized during an allegedly unconstitutional roadblock. For the reasons explained
below, we affirm.
When a criminal defendant moves to suppress evidence on the basis that it was
obtained as a result of an illegal warrantless search, “the burden of proving that the
search and seizure were lawful shall be on the state.” OCGA § 17-5-30 (b). “Hence,
it is the state’s burden to establish the existence of circumstances constituting an
exception to the general prohibition against warrantless searches and seizures.”
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) State v. Castillo, 330 Ga. App. 828, 829 (769
SE2d 571) (2015). As an appellate court, we follow three fundamental principles
when reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress.
First, when a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge
sits as the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and his
findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of
a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any
evidence to support it. Second, the trial court’s decision with regard to
questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly
erroneous. Third, the reviewing court must construe the evidence most
favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Miller v. State, 288 Ga. 286, 286 (1) (702 SE2d
888) (2010). See also State v. Tousley, 271 Ga. App. 874 (611 SE2d 139) (2005)
(“With mixed questions of fact and law, the appellate court accepts the trial court’s
findings on disputed facts and witness credibility, unless clearly erroneous, and
independently applies applicable legal principles to the facts.”) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
2
Where a defendant moves to suppress evidence seized at a police checkpoint
or roadblock, the State, to carry its burden of proving that the seizure was
constitutional,
must show that the law enforcement agency’s checkpoint program had
an appropriate primary purpose other than ordinary crime control – a
purpose examined at [the] programmatic level, rather than by trying to
determine the motives of the supervisor who implemented and the
officers who conducted the particular checkpoint at issue. The State
must also prove that the particular checkpoint at which the defendant
was stopped was properly implemented and operated – that the five
requirements enumerated in LaFontaine[1] were met. LaFontaine
requires the State to show that: [1] the decision to implement the
roadblock was made by supervisory personnel rather than the officers in
the field; [2] all vehicles were stopped as opposed to random vehicle
stops; [3] the delay to motorists was minimal; [4] the roadblock
operation was well identified as a police checkpoint; and [5] the
“screening” officer’s training and experience was sufficient to qualify
him to make an initial determination as to which motorists should be
given field tests for intoxication.
1
LaFontaine v. State, 269 Ga. 251 (497 SE2d 367) (1998).
3
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Williams v. State, 293 Ga. 883, 886-887 (2) (750
SE2d 355) (2013).2 Importantly, “[t]he factors in LaFontaine are not general
guidelines but are minimum constitutional prerequisites with which perfunctory
compliance will not suffice.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Owens v. State, 308
Ga. App. 374, 376 (1) (707 SE2d 584) (2011).3 Further, as the Supreme Court of
Georgia has explained, “compliance with the Edmond[4] and LaFontaine
requirements does not necessarily end the Fourth Amendment analysis of a
checkpoint case. The ultimate question remains whether, under the totality of the
circumstances, the challenged stop was reasonable[,]” including considerations
whether the checkpoint stop was pretextual, the checkpoint was used to harass, or the
2
See also Brown v. State, 293 Ga. 787, 798-799 (2) (e) (750 SE2d 148) (2013)
(The requirement that a law enforcement agency’s checkpoint program, when viewed
at that programmatic level, have an appropriate primary purpose other than general
crime control must not be conflated with the requirement that the decision to
implement the specific checkpoint at issue be made by a supervisor in advance rather
than by an officer in the field.).
3
See Armentrout v. State, 332 Ga. App. 370, 373 (1) (772 SE2d 817) (2015)
(accord); State v. Conner, 322 Ga. App. 636, 638 (745 SE2d 837) (2013) (accord);
Jacobs v. State, 308 Ga. App. 117, 118 (706 SE2d 737) (2011) (accord); Thomas v.
State, 277 Ga. App. 88, 90 (625 SE2d 455) (2005) (accord).
4
City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U. S. 32 (121 SCt 447, 148 LEd2d 333)
(2000).
4
checkpoint was otherwise arbitrary or oppressive. Brown v. State, 293 Ga. 787, 797
(2) (d) (750 SE2d 148) (2013). In this case, McCoy challenges only the final
LaFontaine factor, contending that there was no evidence that the screening officer’s
training and experience was sufficient to qualify him to make the initial determination
as to which motorists should be given field tests for intoxication.
The record shows the following undisputed facts. On July 19, 2015, McCoy
stopped at a Henry County Police Department roadblock on the southbound exit ramp
off of I-75 at Exit 228. After speaking with McCoy, the screening officer suspected
that she was impaired from smoking marijuana. Another officer, who was part of a
“H.E.A.T. unit,” took over the investigation and ultimately arrested McCoy for DUI.5
The screening officer did not testify at the hearing on McCoy’s motion to
suppress. The only evidence regarding the screening officer’s training and experience
was the testimony of the police sergeant who authorized the roadblock. When asked
what training the screening officers who were involved in the roadblock had “to make
sure that they could determine that drivers need to be given field sobriety
5
See Williams v. State, 293 Ga. at 884 (1) (The “HEAT” acronym denotes a
state-subsidized Highway Enforcement of Aggressive Traffic unit.).
5
evaluations,” the sergeant responded that the screening officers “go through a
certification during their police academy, the Georgia POST.”
The trial court denied McCoy’s motion to suppress. On the issue of the
screening officer’s training and experience, the trial court found that
all officers present were [POST] certified, and therefore had authority
to be present at the roadblock and screen drivers. This certification and
training allows the officers to judge which drivers may or may not be
under the influence of alcohol and which need to be further investigated.
At a hearing on McCoy’s motion for reconsideration of the suppression order, the
trial court elaborated:
[T]here’s some things that I know from being on the bench for a lot of
years and I think it’s well known at least in the legal community by the
lawyers and the judges and the prosecutors and defense lawyers and
everybody that if an officer holds POST certification then he or she is
authorized to make arrests. . . . POST certification gives you the ability
to put a badge and gun on, drive a patrol car, pull people over and arrest
them. So I can’t see how POST certification is not sufficient for a
screening officer. . . . [T]he POST certification authorizes [an officer] I
think to be a screening officer just by that[.] . . . I can’t imagine that a
POST certified officer cannot act as a screening officer based on the
testimony that I’ve heard, the experience that I’ve had with these kind
of cases[.]
6
McCoy contends that, “[i]f POST Certification, without more, was sufficient
to satisfy the fifth LaFontaine requirement that the screening officer’s training and
experience be sufficient to qualify him to make an initial determination as to which
motorists should be given field tests for intoxication, such a requirement would be
superfluous and completely unnecessary since all police officers on the streets and
highways of this State must be POST Certified.” We note that the Supreme Court of
Georgia did not provide any express guidance in LaFontaine regarding how to
determine whether a screening officer has the requisite training and experience. 269
Ga. at 253 (3). It is instructive, however, to consider the context in which the
Supreme Court incorporated the final factor in the list of “specific factors to
determine when a roadblock is satisfactory.” Id.6 For all of the factors, the Supreme
6
See Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U. S. 444 (110 SCt 2481, 110
LEd2d 412) (1990) (A sobriety checkpoint stop is not unreasonably intrusive in a way
that outweighs the state’s legitimate interest in preventing drunk driving, where the
stoppage time for cars at the checkpoint is brief, the initial visual observation and
questioning of motorists is limited, the checkpoint is set up to avoid provoking fear
and surprise for law-abiding motorists, and the officers conducting the checkpoint are
not free to decide which motorists would be stopped and which would not.); 74
ALR5th 319, “Validity of police roadblocks or checkpoints for purpose of discovery
of alcoholic intoxication – post-Sitz cases,” §§ 4, 6, 8, 12.5 (Originally published in
1999) (summarizing 21 published Georgia cases requiring that the screening officer
have sufficient training and experience to make the initial determination as to which
motorists should be given field tests for intoxication; referencing no cases from the
federal courts or from any other state with this requirement).
7
Court cited this Court’s decision in State v. Golden, 171 Ga. App. 27 (318 SE2d 693)
(1984). In Golden, we found that the screening officer’s training and experience was
sufficient to enable him to make the initial determination as to which motorists should
be given the field tests for intoxication. 171 Ga. App. at 30 (2). We set the bar very
low for the requisite level of training and experience, however, noting the long-
standing rule in Georgia “that any person may testify, on the basis of personal
observation, as to whether another person did or did not appear to be intoxicated on
a given occasion.” (Citations omitted.) Id.7 We have reaffirmed this principle as
recently as one year ago.8 In this case, it is evident that the trial court took judicial
7
See Knight v. State, 271 Ga. 557, 562 (6) (521 SE2d 819) (1999) (“Any
individual may testify, on the basis of personal observation, about whether another
person did or did not appear to be intoxicated on a given occasion.”) (citation
omitted); Jones v. State, 168 Ga. App. 106 (2) (308 SE2d 209) (1983) (“Any witness
who has observed an individual may state, based on his observations whether or not
an individual was under the influence of alcohol.”) (citation and punctuation
omitted); Joiner v. State, 51 Ga. App. 463 (1) (180 SE 911) (1935) (“A witness who
had, and was able to improve, suitable opportunities for observation, may state
whether a person was intoxicated and the extent of his intoxication. Drunkenness is
easy of detection and difficult of explanation.”) (citations and punctuation omitted).
8
See Dagne v. Schroeder, 336 Ga. App. 36, 39 (3) (783 SE2d 426) (2016)
(“Georgia appellate courts have held that a witness may testify, on the basis of
personal observation, about whether another person did or did not appear to be
intoxicated on a given occasion.”) (citations omitted); see also Sweetenburg v. State,
197 Ga. App. 36, 37 (3) (397 SE2d 451) (1990) (accord); Luke v. State, 177 Ga. App.
518, 519 (2) (340 SE2d 30) (1986) (“[A] witness who satisfactorily shows that he had
8
notice of the fact that any POST-certified police officer in Georgia has training and
experience sufficient to qualify him to make an initial determination as to which
motorists stopped at a roadblock should be given field tests for intoxication.9 We
conclude that it is commonly known and cannot reasonably be questioned that any
police officer, to obtain certification in Georgia, has received training in law
enforcement activities that concern impaired drivers. See Knight, 271 Ga. at 562 (6)
(“[B]ecause of experience and training, a police officer can testify about the state of
opportunity to observe, and did observe, the condition of another, may testify whether
that person was under the influence of intoxicants and the extent thereof, stating the
facts upon which the opinion is based[.]”); see also Paul S. Milich, Georgia Rules of
Evidence § 15:2 at 491, n. 17 (2016-2017 ed.) (Under OCGA § 24-7-701 (a), a lay
witness may express an opinion about another person’s intoxication, so long as the
witness’s opinion is based on personal knowledge and the witness states the factual
basis for the opinion.).
9
See Graham v. State, 275 Ga. 290, 292 (2) (565 SE2d 467) (2002) (Judicial
notice “is not evidence, but takes the place of evidence. By taking judicial notice of
a fact [that is] commonly known, the court avoids the needless formality of
introducing evidence to prove an incontestable issue.”) (punctuation and footnotes
omitted); Paul S. Milich, Ga. Rules of Evidence, § 4:2 (database updated October
2016) (“The purpose of allowing judicial notice of adjudicative facts is economy. If
the fact in question is such a matter of public knowledge that its truth cannot
reasonably be questioned, it wastes valuable court time to require formal proof of
such a fact.”) (footnotes omitted); OCGA § 24-2-201 (b) (“A judicially noticed
[adjudicative] fact shall be a fact which is not subject to reasonable dispute in that it
is either: (1) Generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the court; or (2)
Capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned.”).
9
an individual’s sobriety.”) (citation omitted); OCGA § 35-8-1 et seq. (Georgia Peace
Officer Standards and Training Act). Given that any person may give an opinion, on
the basis of personal observation of another person on a given occasion, that the other
person did or did not appear to be intoxicated, and given that any POST-certified
officer will have had some training in law enforcement activities that concern
impaired drivers, we conclude based on the foregoing authorities that the trial court
in this case did not err in denying McCoy’s motion to suppress based on its finding
that the POST-certified screening officer had training and experience sufficient to
enable him to make the initial determination as to which motorists should be given
the field tests for intoxication.10
Judgment affirmed. Andrews and Rickman, JJ., concur.
10
See Hurt v. State, 307 Ga. App. 316, 317 (704 SE2d 434) (2010) (evidence
included the uncontradicted testimony of the supervisor who decided to conduct the
roadblock at issue that “all of the officers implementing the roadblock were POST-
certified and had training in DUI detection”); Golden, 171 Ga. App. at 30 (2)
(evidence showed that the screening officer had two and one-half years of police
service and had attended a DUI enforcement school operated by the North Georgia
Police Academy).
10