In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00150-CR
NATHANIEL NORRIS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 76th District Court
Morris County, Texas
Trial Court No. 11,421CR
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Nathaniel Norris was convicted by a jury of indecency with a child. Based on the jury’s
recommendation at punishment, the trial court sentenced Norris to five years’ imprisonment, but
suspended the imposition of the sentence in favor of placing Norris on community supervision for
a period of five years.1 On appeal, Norris argues that the trial court erred (1) in admitting allegedly
unauthenticated Facebook Messenger texts2 sent by cell phone and (2) in assessing court costs in
this case, and all companion cases, even though they were consolidated for trial.3
We overrule Norris’ first point of error because we find that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in overruling Norris’ objection of improper authentication. We further find that Norris’
second issue is moot, since the trial court entered a judgment nunc pro tunc removing the
assessment of court costs. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Admitting Facebook Messenger Texts
Norris objected to the introduction of Facebook Messenger texts which the victim had
received on her cell phone on the ground that they were not properly authenticated. The messages
contained the following discussion between the victim and a person alleged to be Norris:
1
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 4(a), (d)(5) (West Supp. 2016) (allowing jury to recommend
community supervision for indecency with a child if the victim of the offense was not younger than fourteen years
old).
2
“Facebook . . . has a private messaging service that works much like an email account, or text function on a smart
phone.” In re Colby II, 145 A.D.3d 1271, 1272 n.1 (N.Y. App. Div. 2016) (omission in original) (quoting In re 381
Search Warrants Directed to Facebook, Inc., 132 A.D.3d 11, 13 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015), lv granted, 26 N.Y.3d 914
(N.Y. 2015)).
3
Norris also appeals three convictions of sexual assault of a child entered in companion cause numbers 06-16-00151-
CR, 06-16-00152-CR, and 06-16-00153-CR, and one conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child entered in
companion cause number 06-16-00154-CR.
2
Person: Promise me ur not saying anything to anybody
Victim: Kristi is the only person i told. I had to.
Person: Plz keep this between us plz
Victim: I am. I still haven’t started though. Is it possible the test couldve
been wrong.?
Person: Me and Kristi think its all the stress ur under just relax and plz dnt
tell anyone out this
Victim: Okayy. I wont
Person: Promise
Person: Plz dnt tell mike
Victim: Okayy
Although each message from the person alleged to be Norris contained Norris’ profile picture from
his Facebook page, Norris argued that the Facebook Messenger texts could have come from
anyone, were not dated, and were thus not properly authenticated.
“The requirement of authentication or identification is a condition precedent to
admissibility . . . .” Butler v. State, 459 S.W.3d 595, 600 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting TEX.
R. EVID. 901(a)). “[T]ext messages may be authenticated by ‘evidence sufficient to support a
finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.’” Id. at 600–01 (Tex. Crim. App.
2015) (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 901(a)). “In a jury trial, it is the jury’s role ultimately to determine
whether an item of evidence is indeed what its proponent claims.” Id. at 600. Thus, “the trial court
need only make the preliminary determination that the proponent of the item has supplied facts
sufficient to support a reasonable jury determination that the proffered evidence is authentic.” Id.
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“In performing its Rule 104 gate-keeping function, the trial court itself need not be
persuaded that the proffered evidence is authentic.” Tienda v. State, 358 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012) (referencing TEX. R. EVID. 104). “The preliminary question for the trial court
to decide is simply whether the proponent of the evidence has supplied facts that are sufficient to
support a reasonable jury determination that the evidence he has proffered is authentic.” Id. “This
has been aptly described as a ‘liberal standard of admissibility.’” Butler, 459 S.W.3d at 600
(quoting Cathy Cochran, Texas Rules of Evidence Handbook 922 (7th ed. 2007–08)). “The trial
court’s determination of whether the proponent has met this threshold requirement is subject to
appellate review for an abuse of discretion and should not be countermanded so long as it is within
the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id.; Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638.
Authentication of a text message “can be accomplished in myriad ways, depending upon
the unique facts and circumstances of each case, including through the testimony of a witness with
knowledge[,] . . . through evidence showing distinctive characteristics,” or “by comparison with
other authenticated evidence.” Butler, 459 S.W.3d at 601; Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638. A witness
might have knowledge of the authorship of a text message if the witness was “the actual author of
the text message.” Butler, 459 S.W.3d at 601. While an association of a cell-phone number or a
Facebook account with a particular individual alone “might be too tenuous,” other evidence, such
as the text “message’s ‘appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive
characteristics’” can support a conclusion that the message was sent from a particular author. Id.
at 601, 602 (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 901(b)(1)).
4
Prior to their admission, the victim testified that she lived with her grandfather, Mike, when
she met Norris. According to the victim, Mike and Norris knew each other because they had once
worked together as firefighters and trusted each other. The victim testified that Norris forced her
to have sex with him, and she described the events to the jury in detail. Initially, she did not tell
anyone about the incident. However, after she missed her menstrual cycle, the victim became
scared that she might be pregnant and made an outcry to her friend’s mother, Kristi, who was also
Norris’ neighbor.
A few days later, the victim purchased a pregnancy test, which returned a negative result.
According to the victim, she told Norris that she had not yet menstruated when she saw Norris in
his yard, and Norris replied that her missed menstural cycle was likely the result of stress. While
speaking with her in person, Norris also asked the victim to keep the incident a secret.
The State then attempted to introduce the Facebook Messenger texts, which prompted a
hearing outside of the jury’s presence. During the hearing, the victim testified that she and Norris
had previously communicated about other matters on Facebook Messenger and that she engaged
in the exchange of messages referenced above on her cell phone with Norris on October 19, 2015.
The victim (who authored the messages attributed to her as set forth above) testified she was
“[p]ositive” that Norris was replying to those messages, which were later given to the police. She
pointed out that the messages were from Norris’ Facebook account and that each message
contained his profile picture. She also testified that the substance of the Facebook Messenger texts
was similar to the discussion she had previously had with Norris in his yard.
5
“Conversations and events that precede or follow the communications at issue, when
identified or referred to within the written communication, can provide contextual evidence
demonstrating the authenticity of such communications.” Butler, 459 S.W.3d at 604. Here, the
victim’s testimony and the messages themselves, revealing information only known to Norris and
Kristi at the time, constituted circumstantial evidence of the authenticity of the Facebook
Messenger texts. See id. at 603. Accordingly, we conclude that there was a sufficient showing to
allow the trial court to make the preliminary determination that the State had supplied facts
supporting a reasonable jury determination that the Facebook Messenger texts were authentic
messages from Norris. Finding no abuse of discretion, we overrule Norris’ first point of error.
II. Court Costs Issue is Moot
In his second point of error, Norris argues that the trial court erred in assessing court costs
in this case. In total, Norris has appealed from five separate convictions arising from five
indictments which were consolidated for trial. Initially, the trial court’s judgment assessed
$599.00 in court costs in each case. However, the trial court later entered judgments nunc pro tunc
eliminating the assessment of court costs in all but one case. Accordingly, Norris’ second point
of error is now moot and is overruled as such. See Johnson v. State, 432 S.W.3d 552, 554 n.2
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d).
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III. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: April 21, 2017
Date Decided: April 27, 2017
Do Not Publish
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