Nos. 115,887
115,888
115,889
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
JACOB J. MCALISTER, JR.,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
Whether a sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504 is a question
of law over which an appellate court has unlimited review. Also, whether a prior
conviction is properly classified as a person or nonperson crime for criminal history
purposes raises a question of law subject to unlimited review.
2.
The Kansas Supreme Court has defined an "illegal sentence" as (1) a sentence
imposed by the court without jurisdiction; (2) a sentence that does not conform to the
applicable statutory provision, either in the character or the term of authorized
punishment; or (3) a sentence that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in
which it is to be served.
3.
A sentence based on an incorrect criminal history score is an illegal sentence that
can be corrected at any time regardless of the procedural posture of the case.
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4.
The Kansas Supreme Court has explained that the proper classification of a prior
crime as a person or nonperson felony for criminal history purposes is a question of state
statutory law, not constitutional law.
5.
A defendant whose sentence is illegal based on the holding in State v. Dickey, 301
Kan. 1018, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015), is entitled to receive a corrected sentence at any time,
even if the sentence became final prior to the decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).
Appeal from Finney District Court; WENDEL W. WURST, judge. Opinion filed April 28, 2017.
Sentences vacated and case remanded with directions.
J. Scott James, of James Law Firm LLC, of Greensburg, for appellant.
Brian R. Sherwood, assistant county attorney, Susan Lynn Hillier Richmeier, county attorney, and
Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before HILL, P.J., MALONE and GARDNER, JJ.
MALONE, J.: Jacob J. McAlister, Jr., appeals the district court's decision denying
his motions to correct illegal sentences filed in three criminal cases from Finney County.
The district court dismissed the motions as procedurally barred, and McAlister claims on
appeal that the district court erred in doing so. Conversely, the State argues that the
district court did not err when it determined that McAlister's motions were procedurally
barred. Specifically, the State argues that McAlister is not entitled to retroactive relief on
his motions to correct his illegal sentences under State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 350
P.3d 1054 (2015) (Dickey I), because McAlister's sentences became final prior to the
decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435
2
(2000). We resolve this issue against the State and remand with directions for the district
court to revise McAlister's criminal history scores and correct his sentences pursuant to
the holding in Dickey I as more fully set forth in this opinion.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In early 1996, the State charged McAlister with multiple crimes in three separate
cases in Finney County. In 96CR40, the State charged McAlister with multiple counts of
possession of opiates, nonresidential burglary, conspiracy to commit burglary,
misdemeanor theft, and criminal damage to property. In 96CR41, the State charged
McAlister with two counts of aggravated robbery. Finally, in 96CR49, the State charged
McAlister with one count of aggravated robbery.
The three cases were never consolidated in district court and were presented to
different jury panels in August 1996. Ultimately, McAlister was convicted in 96CR40 of
one count each of possession of narcotics, nonresidential burglary, misdemeanor theft,
and criminal damage to property as well as three counts of conspiracy to commit
burglary. McAlister was convicted of both counts of aggravated robbery in 96CR41 and
one count of aggravated robbery in 96CR49.
The presentence investigation (PSI) report prepared in each case showed that
McAlister had been convicted of two counts of burglary and one count of conspiracy to
commit burglary in 92CR130, and each of these convictions was scored as a person
felony. This resulted in a criminal history score of A in all three cases.
McAlister was sentenced in all three cases on the same day, November 8, 1996. At
the sentencing hearing, McAlister objected to his criminal history score, challenging the
inclusion of the two 1992 burglary convictions and one 1992 conspiracy to commit
burglary conviction as person felonies. The district court overruled those objections and
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sentenced McAlister to a controlling prison term of 52 months in 96CR40, 257 months in
96CR41, and 206 months in 96CR49. The district court ordered that the sentences from
the three cases run consecutive to each other.
McAlister appealed each of his convictions and sentences to this court, and the
cases were consolidated on appeal. In addition to appealing various evidentiary rulings,
McAlister challenged the calculation of his sentences in the three cases, but this court
affirmed both his convictions and sentences. State v. McAlister, No. 78,378, 1998 WL
964855 (Kan. App. 1998), rev. denied 266 Kan. 1113 (1999). The mandate issued on
February 3, 1999.
On May 20, 2015, McAlister filed pro se motions to correct illegal sentences in
each of his cases. In addition to making other arguments, McAlister relied on the decision
in State v. Dickey, 50 Kan. App. 2d 468, 329 P.3d 1230 (2014) (subsequently affirmed in
Dickey I) to challenge the district court's inclusion of his 1992 burglary-related
convictions as person felonies in his criminal history. The State filed a written response
to each motion asserting multiple arguments why the holding in Dickey I did not apply to
McAlister's cases. Specifically, the State argued that McAlister's motions were barred by
res judicata because he had challenged his sentences in his direct appeal, and the State
also argued that the holding in Dickey I did not apply retroactively to McAlister's
sentences, which were final prior to the ruling in Dickey I.
The district court held a hearing on McAlister's motions on October 30, 2015.
After hearing arguments of counsel, the district court found that McAlister's motions
were procedurally barred by res judicata and also because the holding in Dickey I did not
apply retroactively to McAlister's sentences. McAlister timely filed a notice of appeal in
each case, and the cases again have been consolidated on appeal.
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WERE MCALISTER'S MOTIONS PROCEDURALLY BARRED?
On appeal, McAlister argues that his sentences were based on an incorrect
criminal history score and thus constituted an "illegal sentence" under K.S.A. 22-3504.
McAlister asserts that the district court erred in finding his motions were procedurally
barred under the doctrine of res judicata. He also claims that his motions were not
procedurally barred based on the application of retroactivity.
The State fails to address the res judicata issue. Instead, the State argues that the
district court correctly ruled that the holding in Dickey I does not apply retroactively to
McAlister's sentences, although the State essentially argues that the district court was
correct for the wrong reason. The State argues that the holding in Dickey I was an
application of the constitutional rule announced by the United States Supreme Court in
Apprendi and clarified in Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 186
L. Ed. 2d 438 (2013). As a result, the State contends that McAlister is not entitled to
retroactive relief under the holding in Dickey I because his sentences "were all final in
February of 1999, long before Apprendi was decided on June 26, 2000."
Whether a sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504 is a question
of law over which an appellate court has unlimited review. State v. Lee, 304 Kan. 416,
417, 372 P.3d 415 (2016). Also, whether a prior conviction is properly classified as a
person or nonperson crime for criminal history purposes raises a question of law subject
to unlimited review. Dickey I, 301 Kan. at 1034.
McAlister's essential argument is that his criminal history score was incorrectly
calculated in each of his three cases because his PSI report showed prior Kansas
convictions in 1992 of two counts of burglary and one count of conspiracy to commit
burglary, and each of these convictions was scored as a person felony in violation of the
holding in Dickey I. McAlister claims that a sentence based on an incorrect criminal
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history score constitutes an illegal sentence within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504. Our
Supreme Court has defined an "illegal sentence" as "(1) a sentence imposed by the court
without jurisdiction; (2) a sentence that does not conform to the applicable statutory
provision, either in the character or the term of authorized punishment; or (3) a sentence
that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in which it is to be served." State
v. Trotter, 296 Kan. 898, 902, 295 P.3d 1039 (2013). As McAlister points out, K.S.A. 22-
3504(1) specifically authorizes a court to "correct an illegal sentence at any time."
We review our Supreme Court's decision in Dickey I
We begin our analysis of McAlister's claim by reviewing the Kansas Supreme
Court's decision in Dickey I. In that case, the defendant argued that the district court
violated his constitutional rights under Descamps and Apprendi by classifying his prior
1992 Kansas juvenile adjudication for burglary as a person felony. In Apprendi, the
United States Supreme Court held, "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact
that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be
submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." 530 U.S. at 490. In
Descamps, the Court determined that Apprendi was implicated when a district court
enhanced a defendant's sentence based on a factual finding that went beyond the
existence of a prior conviction and the statutory elements that comprised the prior
conviction. 133 S. Ct. at 2282, 2288-89.
Our Supreme Court in Dickey I determined that the classification of a prior
burglary conviction or adjudication for criminal history purposes is controlled by K.S.A.
2014 Supp. 21-6811(d). 301 Kan. at 1021. Under that statute, in order to classify the
defendant's prior burglary adjudication as a person offense, the district court needed to
find that the prior burglary involved a "dwelling." See K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6811(d);
K.S.A. 21-3715(a); K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-5807(a)(1). However, the burglary statute that
formed the basis of the defendant's prior adjudication did not include an element that the
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burglarized structure be a "dwelling." See K.S.A. 1991 Supp. 21-3715. Thus, our
Supreme Court held that the district court was constitutionally prohibited from
classifying the defendant's prior burglary adjudication as a person felony because doing
so necessarily resulted from the district court making or adopting a factual finding (i.e.,
the prior burglary involved a dwelling) that went beyond simply identifying the statutory
elements that constituted the prior burglary adjudication. 301 Kan. 1018, Syl. ¶ 8. The
court further stated that "classifying [the defendant's] prior burglary adjudication as a
person felony violates his constitutional rights as described under Descamps and
Apprendi." 301 Kan. at 1021. Consequently, the court concluded that the defendant's
1992 burglary adjudication should have been classified as a nonperson felony for
criminal history purposes. 301 Kan. at 1021.
McAlister is in the same position as the defendant in Dickey I. McAlister argues
that just as in Dickey I, because the statute which was the basis of his prior burglary
convictions did not include an element that the burglarized structure be a "dwelling," the
district court was constitutionally prohibited under Descamps and Apprendi from
classifying the convictions as person crimes. McAlister's argument has merit assuming
that the holding in Dickey I applies to McAlister's sentences, which were final prior to the
ruling in Dickey I. However, the district court ruled that the holding in Dickey I, which
was a direct sentencing appeal, did not apply retroactively to McAlister's sentences.
Our Supreme Court's holding in Dickey I, based on the rationale expressed by the
court in its decision, appears to have been an application of the constitutional rule
announced in Apprendi and clarified in Descamps that a district court cannot enhance a
defendant's sentence based on a factual finding that went beyond the existence of a prior
conviction and the statutory elements that comprised the prior conviction. "Generally,
when an appellate court decision changes the law, that change acts prospectively and
applies only to all cases, state or federal, that are pending on direct review or not final yet
on the date of the appellate court decision." State v. Mitchell, 297 Kan. 118, Syl. ¶ 3, 298
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P.3d 349 (2013). Under this general rule, the holding in Dickey I would not be applied
retroactively to sentences that were final before Dickey I was decided and certainly not to
sentences that were final before Apprendi was decided.
Our Supreme Court clarifies its rationale in Dickey I with its decision in Dickey II
After McAlister filed his brief in this case, but before the State filed its brief, the
Kansas Supreme Court filed its decision in State v. Dickey, 305 Kan. 217, 380 P.3d 230
(2016) (Dickey II). Dickey II addressed the identical substantive legal question
concerning the proper classification of Dickey's prior 1992 juvenile adjudication of
burglary. Whereas Dickey I was a direct sentencing appeal, the decision in Dickey II was
an appeal of three probation revocations that occurred long after the initial sentences in
those underlying cases had passed. Dickey II, 305 Kan. at 219. The court observed that
the parties had spent significant time contesting whether the different procedural posture
of Dickey II dictated a different outcome from Dickey I. 305 Kan. at 219. The court held
that it did not because the misclassification of Dickey's 1992 burglary adjudication
resulted in an illegal sentence, and an illegal sentence can be corrected at any time under
K.S.A. 22-3504(1). 305 Kan. at 219. As such, the court determined that the procedural
distinctions the State relied on between Dickey I and Dickey II "fade to irrelevance and
the substantive holding of Dickey I must control." 305 Kan. at 219.
In Dickey II, the State argued that Dickey's assertion on appeal that his sentence is
illegal runs squarely into the hurdle imposed by prior Kansas Supreme Court caselaw that
"'"the definition of an illegal sentence does not include a claim that the sentence violates
a constitutional provision [and] a defendant may not file a motion to correct an illegal
sentence based on constitutional challenges to his or her sentence."'" 305 Kan. at 220
(quoting State v. Moncla, 301 Kan. 549, 553-54, 343 P.3d 1161 [2015]). In response to
this argument, the court clarified that "our holding in Dickey I was not a repudiation of
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the rule stated in Moncla that a motion to correct an illegal sentence is not a proper
vehicle to assert a constitutional challenge to a defendant's sentence." 305 Kan. at 221.
The court in Dickey II went on to explain that the holding in Dickey I was not
based on a constitutional challenge to the defendant's sentence because the proper
classification of a prior crime for criminal history purposes is purely a matter of statutory
law, not constitutional law. 305 Kan. at 221. In analyzing whether the holding in Dickey I
was based on constitutional principles or statutory interpretation, the court stated:
"The parties' framing of the question here as a question of constitutional law is
likewise understandable, but incorrect. It is true that the methodology utilized by the
State and the district court to find the additional fact that Dickey's prior burglary
conviction issue involved a dwelling turned out to be constitutionally infirm pursuant to
Apprendi and its progeny. The bulk of our opinion in Dickey I was spent resolving this
question. However, once that question was resolved, we returned to consider the question
of the proper classification of the prior crime purely as a matter of statutory law:
"'Under the facts of [Dickey I, which are also the facts of Dickey
II], the district court was constitutionally prohibited from classifying the
defendant's prior burglary adjudication as a person felony under K.S.A.
2014 Supp. 21-6811(d) because doing so necessarily resulted from the
district court making or adopting a factual finding (i.e., the prior burglary
involved a dwelling) that went beyond simply identifying the statutory
elements that constituted the prior burglary adjudication. Because
burglary of a "dwelling" (as that term is defined in K.S.A. 2014 Supp.
21-5111[k]) was not included within the statutory elements making up
the defendant's burglary adjudication under K.S.A. 1991 Supp. 21-3715,
the burglary adjudication should have been classified as a nonperson
felony for criminal history purposes.' Dickey I, 301 Kan. 1018, Syl. ¶ 8,
350 P.3d 1054.
"Our holding in Dickey I demonstrates that the proper classification of a prior
crime is exclusively a matter of state statutory law. Which is simply to reiterate that
'[b]ecause burglary of a "dwelling" . . . was not included within the statutory elements
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making up the defendant's burglary adjudication . . . [it] should have been classified as a
nonperson felony for criminal history purposes.'" Dickey II, 305 Kan. at 221.
Having clarified that the proper classification of a prior crime for criminal history
purposes is a matter of statutory law, the court concluded that despite the procedural
posture of the case, the claim in Dickey II was identical to, and controlled by, the court's
determination in Dickey I that Dickey's 1992 Kansas burglary adjudication was
misclassified as a person felony resulting in an illegal sentence. 305 Kan. at 222.
Specifically, the court stated: "The State's remaining efforts to impose a procedural bar
to the relief Dickey seeks—arguments concerning retroactivity and res judicata—are all
unavailing in the context of a motion to correct an illegal sentence which can be made at
any time." (Emphasis added.) 305 Kan. at 222.
Our Supreme Court in Dickey II makes clear that a sentence based on an incorrect
criminal history score is an illegal sentence that can be corrected at any time regardless of
the procedural posture of the case. Thus, the holding in Dickey I—that a prior burglary
adjudication based on a statute that does not include an element that the burglarized
structure be a dwelling must be scored as a nonperson felony—applies whether the issue
is raised on direct appeal or on collateral review of a sentence that is already final.
Likewise, our Supreme Court has explained that the proper classification of a prior crime
for criminal history purposes is a question of state statutory law, not constitutional law.
In Dickey II, our Supreme Court expressly reaffirmed the "Moncla rule" that the
definition of an illegal sentence does not include a claim that the sentence violates a
constitutional provision and a defendant may not file a motion to correct an illegal
sentence based on a constitutional challenge to his or her sentence. 305 Kan. at 221. The
Supreme Court means what it says in reaffirming this longstanding rule. For example, in
State v. Warrior, 303 Kan. 1008, 368 P.3d 1111 (2016), the defendant filed a motion to
correct illegal sentence claiming her hard 50 life sentence was unconstitutional in light of
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the United States Supreme Court's decision in Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. ___, 133
S. Ct. 2151, 2163, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013), which held that "'a person's right to a jury
trial under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires that any fact
increasing a mandatory minimum sentence for a crime must be proved to a jury beyond a
reasonable doubt.'" Warrior, 303 Kan. at 1008-09. The defendant asserted that based on
the holding in Alleyne, her hard 50 sentence was illegal because the aggravating factors
used to impose the sentence had been found by a judge, not a jury, and K.S.A. 22-
3504(1) empowered the court to correct an illegal sentence "at any time." Warrior, 303
Kan. at 1009. The district court summarily denied the defendant's motion and our
Supreme Court affirmed, noting that K.S.A. 22-3504(1) has very limited applicability and
it does not cover a claim that a sentence violates a constitutional provision. 303 Kan. at
1010.
However, the outcome is different when a sentencing challenge results in a
determination that the defendant's criminal history score is incorrect. For instance, in
State v. Neal, 292 Kan. 625, 627, 258 P.3d 365 (2011), Neal filed a motion to correct
illegal sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504(1) and raised a constitutional challenge to his
sentence, arguing that prior uncounseled misdemeanor convictions could not be
aggregated and included in calculating his criminal history score. Our Supreme Court led
off the opinion by discussing whether Neal's motion was procedurally barred, i.e.,
whether K.S.A. 22-3504(1) was a proper vehicle for his claim. The court noted that it has
defined an illegal sentence as one imposed by a court without jurisdiction; a sentence
which does not conform to the statutory provision, either in character or in the term of the
punishment authorized; or a sentence which is ambiguous with regard to the time and
manner in which it is to be served. 292 Kan. at 630. The court determined that if either
the crime severity level or the criminal history score is in error, a party can challenge the
resulting sentence as being illegal. 292 Kan. at 631. Specifically, the court concluded:
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"Here, Neal's challenge to his criminal history score is necessarily a challenge to
his sentence that the history score helped produce. If the history score is incorrect, it
follows that his resulting sentence cannot conform with the statutory provision in the
term of the punishment authorized [citation omitted], and, consequently, is an illegal
sentence. Accordingly, K.S.A. 22-3504 is the proper vehicle for his claim. [Citation
omitted.]" 292 Kan. at 631.
Interestingly, Neal initially was convicted and sentenced for his crimes in 2000.
His motion to correct illegal sentence, filed 7 years later, contended that the district court
had erred in aggregating his municipal misdemeanor convictions into a person felony
because two of the convictions—which had resulted in suspended jail sentences—were
uncounseled and therefore should not have been included in his criminal history. The
district court summarily denied Neal's motion and on appeal, a panel of this court rejected
Neal's claim, relying on State v. Delacruz, 25 Kan. 129, 899 P.2d 1042 (1995), which
held that uncounseled convictions could be included in a defendant's criminal history
provided the convictions did not result in incarceration even if the inclusion of these
convictions resulted in the enhancement of the defendant's sentence. State v. Neal, No.
100,366, 2009 WL 1140329, at *3 (Kan. App. 2009) (unpublished opinion).
However, our Supreme Court reversed, explaining that while our court had
correctly articulated the holding from Delacruz concerning the use of uncounseled
misdemeanors, the Supreme Court had "recently refined" some aspects of Delecruz'
holding in State v. Youngblood, 288 Kan. 659, 206 P.3d 518 (2009). Neal, 292 Kan. at
633. The Neal court noted that after considering the United States Supreme Court's
decision in Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654, 122 S. Ct. 1764, 152 L. Ed. 2d 888 (2002),
the Youngblood court had eliminated the Delecruz bright-line "actual imprisonment" rule
and found that a person accused of a misdemeanor has a Sixth Amendment right to
counsel if the sentence to be imposed upon conviction includes a term of imprisonment,
even if the jail time is suspended or conditioned upon a term of probation. Neal, 292 Kan.
at 633. As result, our Supreme Court held that because Neal's misdemeanor convictions
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had prison sentences imposed but were conditioned upon a term of probation, he had a
constitutional right to counsel in both cases. 292 Kan. at 635. Accordingly, our Supreme
Court remanded for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Neal had counsel in the
misdemeanor cases or whether he properly waived his right to counsel. 292 Kan. at 640.
The point of this discussion is that Neal's criminal history was correctly calculated
and his sentence was legal at the time it was imposed in 2000, based upon caselaw at the
time addressing uncounseled misdemeanor convictions. But based on appellate decisions
that were handed down after Neal's sentence was imposed and became final, our Supreme
Court allowed Neal to proceed with his motion to correct illegal sentence because the
decisions possibly affected his criminal history score. The court's decision in Neal does
not directly address the retroactivity argument raised by the State in this appeal. But the
analysis in Neal supports our Supreme Court's conclusion in Dickey II that retroactivity
analysis is not applicable when it is determined by a court that a constitutional error
affects the defendant's criminal history score resulting in an illegal sentence.
Does the holding in Dickey I apply to sentences that became final prior to Apprendi?
Returning to our facts, McAlister argues that his criminal history score was
incorrectly calculated in each of his three cases because the PSI report showed prior
Kansas convictions in 1992 of two counts of burglary and one count of conspiracy to
commit burglary, and each of these convictions was scored as a person felony in violation
of the holding in Dickey I. The district court ruled that McAlister's motions were
procedurally barred by res judicata because he had challenged his sentences in his direct
appeal and also because the holding in Dickey I did not apply retroactively to McAlister's
sentences, which were final prior to the ruling in Dickey I.
The State's brief, which was filed after the Kansas Supreme Court issued its
decision in Dickey II, makes no attempt to argue that McAlister's motions are
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procedurally barred by the doctrine of res judicata. Also, the State does not argue that the
holding in Dickey I only applies to cases that were pending or became final after our
Supreme Court's decision in that case, although this was the ruling made by the district
court. However, the State notes that in Dickey I and Dickey II, the cases reviewed on
appeal occurred after Apprendi was decided whereas McAlister's sentences were final
prior to Apprendi. Based on this distinction, the State argues that McAlister is not entitled
to retroactive relief on his motions to correct his illegal sentences based on the holding in
Dickey I because his sentences became final prior to the decision in Apprendi.
The State's argument has support in prior decisions from Kansas appellate courts.
As previously stated, our Supreme Court's holding in Dickey I, based on the rationale
expressed by the court in its decision, appears to have been an application of the
constitutional rule announced in Apprendi and clarified in Descamps. The Kansas
Supreme Court previously has ruled that constitutional claims based on Apprendi do not
apply to sentences that became final prior to the decision in Apprendi. In State v. Gould,
271 Kan. 394, 414, 23 P.3d 801 (2001), a case addressing the constitutionality of upward
departure sentences, our Supreme Court stated:
"Our holding on the constitutionality of upward departures under the [Kansas
Sentencing Guidelines Act] has no retroactive application to cases final as of June 26,
2000, the date Apprendi was decided. However, the new constitutional sentencing rule
established by Apprendi must be applied here and in all cases pending on direct appeal or
which are not yet final or which arose after June 26, 2000."
Also, as the State points out, opinions from our court have stated, at least in dicta,
that the holding in Dickey I does not apply retroactively to sentences that became final
prior to the decision in Apprendi. For instance, in State v. Thomas, 53 Kan. App. 2d 15,
24, 383 P.3d 152 (2016), rev. denied April 19, 2017, this court stated that "the court's
holding in Dickey [I] is not a 'change in the law' under that analysis, but rather an
application of the constitutional rule announced in Apprendi and clarified by Descamps.
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[Citations omitted.] Accordingly, the date Apprendi was decided is the relevant date for
purposes of the retroactivity analysis." See also State v. Sartin, No. 115,172, 2017 WL
462696, at *2 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion) (defendant's arguments based on
Apprendi/Descamps failed because direct appeal was final in 1997), petition for rev. filed
February 27, 2017; State v. Tauer, No. 114,432, 2016 WL 7032167, at *2 (Kan. App.
2016) (unpublished opinion) (defendant whose sentence became final before Apprendi
not entitled to relief under Dickey), petition for rev. filed January 2, 2017; State v. Nelson,
No. 113,895, 2016 WL 6821852, at *2 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion)
(defendant not entitled to relief under Dickey if sentence was final prior to Apprendi).
The prior decisions from this court that have stated that the holding in Dickey I
does not apply retroactively to sentences that became final prior to the decision in
Apprendi were either decided before our Supreme Court's decision in Dickey II, or the
decisions failed to consider the court's analysis in Dickey II. Our Supreme Court's holding
in Dickey I appears to have been an application of the constitutional rule announced in
Apprendi. Based on this analysis, it would make sense that the holding in Dickey I does
not apply retroactively to sentences that became final prior to the decision in Apprendi.
However, in Dickey II our Supreme Court explained that the proper classification of a
prior crime as a person or nonperson felony for criminal history purposes is based on
statutory law, not constitutional law. This distinction is significant in deciding whether
the holding in Dickey I applies to sentences that became final before Apprendi.
Here, McAlister's 1992 convictions of burglary and conspiracy to commit burglary
were committed at a time when the Kansas burglary statute did not include an element
that the burglarized structure be a dwelling. The classification of a prior burglary
conviction or adjudication for criminal history purposes is controlled by K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6811(d). Pursuant to that statute, McAlister's 1992 convictions of burglary and
conspiracy to commit burglary should have been scored as nonperson felonies. Because
McAlister's criminal history score was incorrect, the resulting sentence in each of his
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cases does not conform to the statutory provision in the term of the punishment
authorized and, consequently, is an illegal sentence. K.S.A. 22-3504(1) provides that an
illegal sentence can be corrected at any time. Under this analysis, it does not matter that
McAlister's sentences became final prior to the decision in Apprendi.
More fundamentally, it appears that our Supreme Court has adopted a position that
the legislative directive in K.S.A. 22-3504(1) that an illegal sentence can be corrected at
any time supersedes all procedural bars that, in the past, might normally have prevented a
defendant from seeking relief through a motion to correct an illegal sentence. As the
court explicitly stated in Dickey II: "The State's remaining efforts to impose a procedural
bar to the relief Dickey seeks—arguments concerning retroactivity and res judicata—are
all unavailing in the context of a motion to correct an illegal sentence which can be made
at any time." 305 Kan. at 222. The concurring opinion correctly illustrates that our
Supreme Court's treatment of this subject has not been consistent over the years. But
based on the court's most recent analysis in Dickey II including the explicit statement that
retroactivity analysis is not applicable in the context of a motion to correct an illegal
sentence, we must reject the State's argument that the holding in Dickey I does not apply
to sentences that were final prior to the decision in Apprendi.
To sum up, we conclude that the district court erred when it found that McAlister's
motions to correct his illegal sentences were procedurally barred. We remand with
directions for the district court to reclassify McAlister's 1992 burglary-related convictions
as nonperson felonies for criminal history purposes. As the State correctly points out in
its brief, even if the burglary-related convictions are reclassified as nonperson felonies,
McAlister remains in criminal history category A in 96CR40, and his current sentence in
that case is legal. However, the reclassification will affect McAlister's criminal history
score in 96CR41 and 96CR49. The sentences in those cases are vacated and we remand
for resentencing based on the correct criminal history score.
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Sentences vacated and case is remanded with directions.
***
GARDNER, J., concurring: I concur in the result, but write separately because I do
not read Dickey II as broadly as does the majority.
The Kansas Supreme Court did not hold in Dickey II that its Dickey I
Apprendi/Descamps analysis should no longer be applied. Instead, under Dickey II,
Apprendi remains a necessary foundational step in the classification of the prior burglary
convictions in this case.
The language in Dickey II is qualified. It does not dismiss Dickey I's Apprendi
analysis as irrelevant to the proper classification of the prior crime, but considers the
constitutional analysis a necessary precursor to the state statutory analysis.
"[T]he methodology utilized by the State and the district court to find the additional fact
that Dickey's prior burglary conviction issue involved a dwelling turned out to be
constitutionally infirm pursuant to Apprendi and its progeny. The bulk of our opinion in
Dickey I was spent resolving this question. However, once that question was resolved, we
returned to consider the question of the proper classification of the prior crime purely as
a matter of statutory law." State v. Dickey, 305 Kan. 217, 221, 380 P.3d 230 (2016)
The Apprendi analysis in Dickey I was the only reason the State was
constitutionally prohibited from classifying the defendant's prior burglary adjudication as
a person felony under K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6811(d). Nothing in our state statutory law
independently compelled that result. Dickey II's explanation of Dickey I, and Dickey I
itself, incorporate an "elements test," which is not part of our state statutory law regarding
the classification of prior burglaries.
17
"Our holding in Dickey I demonstrates that the proper classification of a prior
crime is exclusively a matter of state statutory law. Which is simply to reiterate that
'[b]ecause burglary of a "dwelling" . . . was not included within the statutory elements
making up the defendant's burglary adjudication . . . [it] should have been classified as a
nonperson felony for criminal history purposes.'" (Emphasis added.) Dickey II, 305 Kan.
at 221.
But nothing in our state statutory law regarding the classification of prior
burglaries requires a court to consider only "the statutory elements making up the
defendant's prior burglary adjudication," as do Dickey I and Dickey II. See K.S.A. 2014
Supp. 21-6811(d). Instead, our state statutory law provides that prior burglary convictions
will be scored as a prior person felony if the prior conviction was classified as a burglary
as defined in K.S.A. 21-3715(a), prior to its repeal, or K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-5807(a)(1),
and amendments thereto, and that "[t]he facts required to classify prior burglary adult
convictions and juvenile adjudications shall be established by the state by a
preponderance of the evidence." K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6811(d). It was Dickey I, not our
state statutory law, which found "the methods Descamps outlined for making this
determination in a constitutionally valid manner necessarily apply to determining whether
a prior burglary conviction should be classified as a person or nonperson felony under the
KSGA." State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 1038-39, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015).
Our pre-Descamps cases demonstrate that this elements test, adopted in Dickey I
and relied on in Dickey II, is based on Descamps and not on our state statutory law. "Prior
to Descamps, our court rejected the applicability of the Apprendi rule to the classification
of prior convictions and adjudications for purposes of determining a defendant's criminal
history score even when it was necessary for the sentencing judge to engage in additional
factfinding." State v. Goodman, No. 111,431, 2015 WL 1882149, at *5 (Kan. App.)
(unpublished opinion) rev. denied 303 Kan. 1080 (2015); see, e.g., State v. May, 39 Kan.
App. 2d 990, 997, 186 P.3d 847 ("whether [the defendant's] prior burglaries were of a
dwelling is a sentencing factor and not an element of the present crime so as to invoke the
18
provisions of Apprendi"), overruled on other grounds by State v. Daws, 303 Kan. 785,
786, 368 P.3d 1074 (2016); State v. Sloan, No. 105,145, 2012 WL 308537, at *3-4 (Kan.
App. 2012) (unpublished opinion) (defendant's criminal history does not implicate
Apprendi but is mere sentencing factor), rev. denied 296 Kan. 1135 (2013); State v.
Berwert, No. 100,226, 2009 WL 2436681, at *6 (Kan. App. 2009) (unpublished opinion)
(facts necessary to classify defendant's 1964 prior burglary need not be proven to jury
beyond reasonable doubt), rev. denied 290 Kan. 1096 (2010).
Dickey I and Dickey II demonstrate that although the ultimate decision regarding
the proper classification of a prior crime is exclusively a matter of state statutory law, that
conclusion cannot be reached, according to Kansas precedent, without first applying
Apprendi and its progeny. McAlister's motion is thus based on Apprendi. As the majority
acknowledges, slip op. at 14, the Kansas Supreme Court has previously ruled that claims
based on Apprendi do not apply to sentences that became final prior to the decision in
Apprendi.
"Our holding on the constitutionality of upward departures under the [Kansas
Sentencing Guidelines Act] has no retroactive application to cases final as of June 26,
2000, the date Apprendi was decided. However, the new constitutional sentencing rule
established by Apprendi must be applied here and in all cases pending on direct appeal or
which are not yet final or which arose after June 26, 2000." State v. Gould, 271 Kan. 394,
414, 23 P.3d 801 (2001).
As the State contends, this rule, if applied here, would bar McAlister's claim because his
cases were final before June 26, 2000. I would therefore agree with the prior decisions
from this court noted in the majority opinion that have found Dickey I does not apply
retroactively to sentences that became final prior to the decision in Apprendi.
19
But our court is duty bound to follow Kansas Supreme Court precedent, State v.
Ottinger, 46 Kan. App. 2d 647, 655, 264 P.3d 1027 (2011) rev. denied 294 Kan. 946
(2012), and Dickey II holds:
"The State's remaining efforts to impose a procedural bar to the relief Dickey seeks—
arguments concerning retroactivity and res judicata—are all unavailing in the context of a
motion to correct an illegal sentence which can be made at any time." Dickey II, 305 Kan.
at 222.
Dickey II makes no analysis of these procedural bars and ignores Gould.
This dismissive treatment of the State's procedural arguments flies in the face of
our Supreme Court's analysis in State v. Conley, 287 Kan. 696, 698, 197 P.3d 837 (2008),
which reached the opposite conclusion:
"Res judicata applies to motions to correct illegal sentence filed pursuant to
K.S.A. 22-3504. Such a motion may not be used to breathe new life into an appellate
issue previously adversely determined."
Otherwise, "the same issue could be endlessly raised despite adverse appellate
determinations." 287 Kan. at 698. This appears to be what has happened here. On direct
appeal, McAlister challenged the calculation of his sentences in all three cases, and we
held against him, affirming both his convictions and his sentences. McAlister's current
motion merely argues a different theory for the same sentencing issue that he previously
raised and we decided against him in his direct appeal. But the State has not preserved its
res judicata argument.
Nonetheless, Conley's analysis is relevant to the retroactivity argument the State
has preserved and to Dickey II's finding that retroactivity is unavailing because a motion
to correct an illegal sentence can be made at any time. As Conley recognizes, K.S.A. 22-
20
3504's provision that an illegal sentence can be corrected "at any time" merely means
that, unlike our other statutes providing post-conviction remedies, the legislature has
imposed no time limit in which to bring these motions. 287 Kan. at 698. See K.S.A. 60-
1507(f)(1) (providing a defendant has 1 year from when a conviction becomes final to
file a motion under K.S.A. 60-1507[a]); K.S.A. 60-1501(b) (stating a writ of habeas
corpus must be filed within 30 days from the date the action was final); K.S.A. 22-
3608(c) (providing a defendant has 14 days from the date the conviction becomes final to
file a notice of appeal). But as Conley finds, the fact that K.S.A. 22-3504 provides that
such a motion may be brought "at any time" is "not authorization for 'do-overs.'" 287
Kan. at 698, citing State v. Johnson, 269 Kan. 594, 602, 7 P.3d 294 (2000) (holding that
K.S.A. 22-3504 "may not be used as a vehicle to breathe new life into appellate issues
previously abandoned or adversely determined"); and State v. Neer, 247 Kan. 137,
Syl. ¶ 2, 795 P.2d 362 (1990) (holding "where an appeal is taken from the sentence
imposed and/or a conviction, the judgment of the reviewing court is res judicata as to all
issues actually raised, and those issues that could have been presented, but were not
presented, are deemed waived").
I do not believe that K.S.A. 22-3504's "at any time" language means that an illegal
sentence can be corrected in any manner, under any circumstances, or that the issue can
be relitigated time and time again. But Dickey II says that it does and we are bound by
that holding. Accordingly, for that reason, I concur in the result.
21