FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
May 4, 2017
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
Q. ILI-YAAS HAAKEEM
FARRAKHAN-MUHAMMAD,
Petitioner - Appellant,
No. 16-1367
v. (D.C. No. 1:15-CV-01880-PAB)
(D. Colo.)
JOHN OLIVER, Complex Warden,
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, HOLMES, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
I
In 2012, pro se 1 prisoner Q. Ili-Yaas Haakeem Farrakhan-Muhammad was
disciplined for possessing a weapon. He was sanctioned with the loss of forty-
one days’ worth of good-conduct credits. After exhausting his administrative
remedies, he filed an application for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
1
We construe a pro se litigant’s filings liberally, see Erickson v. Pardus, 551
U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam), but we do not serve as his advocate, see
Gallagher v. Shelton, 587 F.3d 1063, 1067 (10th Cir. 2009).
§ 2241, seeking expungement of his disciplinary record and restoration of his
good-conduct time. The district court denied the application on the merits.
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad now appeals from that ruling. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court’s denial of Mr.
Farrakhan-Muhammad’s § 2241 application, and deny his application to proceed
in forma pauperis.
II
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad is a federal inmate in the administrative-
maximum security prison in Florence, Colorado. 2 On July 10, 2012, prison staff
found a sharpened four-inch metal screw hidden in a sink fixture in his cell; a
small metal nail file, which had been snapped off of a set of fingernail clippers,
was taped to the screw. Officials searched Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad’s locker
and found a set of fingernail clippers that were missing a metal file like the one
that had been taped to the screw. Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad was the sole
occupant of the cell at the time of the search.
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad was charged with possessing a weapon in
violation of prison regulations. Prison officials informed him that he would be
2
Until 2013, Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad was known as Christopher Mitchell.
See R. at 141 n.1 (Dist. Ct. Order, dated Aug. 30, 2016); id. at 95 (Discipline
Hr’g Officer Report, dated July 15, 2013). Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad has also
been known as Q Ili-Yaas Haakeem Farrakhan-Muhammad, C. Eli-Jah Hakeem
Muhammad, Elijah Hakeem Muhammad, and Caliph Ili-Yas Az-Hakeem
Muhammad. Id. at 141.
2
subject to a disciplinary hearing as a result of the charge. The officials also gave
him a form that listed his rights relative to that hearing. Those rights included a
right to staff representation and a right to call witnesses. Mr. Farrakhan-
Muhammad declined staff representation at the hearing. But he requested that
Kenneth Crank, a prison employee who worked at the commissary, be called as a
witness. Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad wrote that Mr. Crank would testify that a
nail file is not attached to the nail clippers sold in the commissary.
Disciplinary Hearing Officer (“DHO”) Miedich conducted the disciplinary
hearing on July 30, 2012. During the hearing, Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad
“confirmed [that] he understood his rights” and that “he did not want a staff
representative.” R. at 137 (Decl. of [DHO] Miedich, dated Nov. 16, 2015). He
also “renew[ed] his request to call Mr. Crank as a witness.” Id.
Mr. Crank, however, did not appear as a witness at the hearing, but he
submitted a written statement to DHO Miedich. In that statement, Mr. Crank
asserted that “[t]he nail clippers sold in the Commissar[y] do not have a file
attached.” Id. at 126 (Email, dated July 19, 2012). Mr. Crank also stated that
“[i]t is prohibited by policy to sell nail clippers with files in the Commissary” and
pointed out that he “ha[d] never sold nail clippers with files in the Commissary.”
Id. Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad provided no other documentary evidence at the
hearing, nor did he call any other witnesses to testify.
3
DHO Miedich eventually found Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad guilty of
possessing a weapon. He was sanctioned with forty-one days’ loss of good-
conduct time, sixty days’ disciplinary segregation, and sixty days’ loss of
commissary and telephone privileges.
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad appealed from this decision. The North Central
Regional Director determined that a rehearing was warranted. 3 At the rehearing,
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad again confirmed that he understood his rights and
declined staff representation; then, he presented documentary evidence disputing
the 2012 incident report and the subsequent charge.
DHO Miedich again found Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad guilty of possessing
a weapon. In the rehearing report, DHO Miedich noted that, although Mr. Crank
“attest[ed] that this particular fingernail clipper might not be sold at the
[commissary], that d[id] not negate the fact that [Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad]
3
Specifically, the Regional Director noted that there were numerous
procedural errors in the July 30, 2012 hearing. For instance, the Director noted
that DHO Miedich had “documented the inmate did not request witnesses,”
despite the fact that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad had requested that Mr. Crank
testify. R. at 85 (Mem. for D. Berkebile Complex Warden, FCC Florence, dated
April 4, 2013). The Regional Director also pointed out that “[t]here is no
indication that [Mr. Crank] was asked if he could attend the hearing in-person.”
Id. at 84. And although “DHO [Miedich] stated [that] [Mr. Farrakhan-
Muhammad] denied the charge,” there was “no statement documented anywhere
in the DHO report.” Id. Finally, the Director observed that “DHO [Miedich] did
not explain why the greater weight of the evidence showed” that Mr. Farrakhan-
Muhammad had possessed a weapon, and “did not counter the witness statement.”
Id. at 85.
4
ha[d] a fingernail clipper in [his] locker,” and that “the piece missing from [the
fingernail clipper] was in fact attached to the screw.” R. at 95 (DHO Report on
Reh’g, dated July 15, 2013). As a result, DHO Miedich reasoned that “the greater
weight of the evidence” showed that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad “committed the
prohibited act.” Id.
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad appealed from this decision to the Regional
Director; his appeal was denied. He then appealed to the National Inmate
Appeals Administrator; that appeal was also denied.
On August 31, 2015, Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad filed a § 2241 application
in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado. In that application, he
claimed that (1) he was denied the opportunity to present a defense, (2) DHO
Miedich was biased against him, and (3) there was insufficient evidence to
support his disciplinary conviction. 4 For relief, he sought expungement of the
disciplinary conviction and restoration of lost good-time credits.
The district court rejected all three arguments. First, the court found that
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad had not shown that he was denied the opportunity to
4
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad also claimed that DHO Miedich failed to
provide him with a written statement of reasons supporting the conviction, R. at
169–70, and that prison officials failed to follow prison regulations, id. at 178.
The district court rejected both claims. Id. at 176–79. Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad
has not addressed either of those rulings in his appeal, so we need not address
them now. See United States v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858, 867–70 (10th Cir. 2012)
(“An issue or argument insufficiently raised in the opening brief is deemed
waived.” (quoting Becker v. Kroll, 494 F.3d 904, 913 n.6 (10th Cir. 2007))).
5
present a defense because he had “not identif[ied] the evidence he was foreclosed
from presenting.” R. at 172 (Dist. Ct. Order Den. Appl. for a Writ of Habeas
Corpus, dated Aug. 30, 2016). The court then noted that, although Mr.
Farrakhan-Muhammad alleged that he had been denied the opportunity to call Mr.
Crank as a witness, “the record reflects that [Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad] did not
request Mr. Crank as a witness for the rehearing.” Id. The court also pointed out
that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad had “plenty of time to prepare a defense” and
therefore “was provided adequate process . . . with regard to the opportunity to
present his defense.” Id. at 173.
The court also found that DHO Miedich’s disciplinary finding—i.e., that
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad constructively possessed the sharpened screw—was
supported by sufficient evidence; absent some exculpatory evidence, the court
explained, that finding was enough to support the disciplinary conviction. And
the court concluded that DHO Miedich was not biased against Mr. Farrakhan-
Muhammad, explaining that although DHO Miedich had already found Mr.
Farrakhan-Muhammad guilty in an earlier hearing, that fact alone did not show a
“high risk of unfairness to [Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad].” Id. at 178.
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad filed a notice of appeal on September 9, 2016.
III
On appeal, Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad argues that (1) his procedural due-
process rights were violated when DHO Miedich kept him from calling witnesses
6
or presenting evidence, (2) DHO Miedich was biased against him during the
rehearing, and (3) DHO Miedich’s decision was not supported by substantial
evidence. Like the district court, we reject each argument.
“It is well settled ‘that an inmate’s liberty interest in his earned good time
credits cannot be denied without the minimal safeguards afforded by the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.’” Mitchell v. Maynard, 80 F.3d
1433, 1444 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting Taylor v. Wallace, 931 F.2d 698, 700 (10th
Cir. 1991)). But “[p]rison disciplinary proceedings are not part of a criminal
prosecution, and the full panoply of rights due a defendant in such proceedings
does not apply.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974).
All three of Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad’s arguments involve questions of
law, so we review the district court’s rulings de novo. See, e.g., United States v.
Eccleston, 521 F.3d 1249, 1253 (10th Cir. 2008) (“[W]e review legal issues de
novo, and factual findings for clear error.” (citation omitted)).
A
When a prison disciplinary hearing might lead to the loss of good-time
credits, an inmate must receive “an opportunity, when consistent with institutional
safety and correctional goals, to call witnesses and present documentary evidence
in his defense.” Superintendent, Mass. Corr. Inst., Walpole v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445,
454 (1985); see also Ponte v. Real, 471 U.S. 491, 495 (1985) (“Chief among the
7
due process minima outlined in Wolff [is] the right of an inmate to call and
present witnesses and documentary evidence in his defense . . . .”).
Still, though prison officials must consider an inmate’s request “to call or
confront a particular witness . . . on an individualized basis,” Ramer v. Kerby, 936
F.2d 1102, 1105 (10th Cir. 1991), any “errors made by prison officials in denying
witness testimony at official hearings are subject to harmless error review,”
Grossman v. Bruce, 447 F.3d 801, 805 (10th Cir. 2006).
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad argues that DHO Miedich “unconstitutionally
precluded [him] from preparing a defense” and from “call[ing] witnesses [or]
provid[ing] documentary/ exculpatory evidence.” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 3
(capitalization altered). But this argument is unavailing.
First, it fails at the threshold because it is devoid of record citations and
conclusory and does not even explain what the district court did wrong. We have
repeatedly deemed such skeletal, “inadequately presented” arguments to be
waived. Bronson v. Swenson, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007); see also
Gray v. Univ. of Colo. Hosp. Auth., 672 F.3d 909, 915 (10th Cir. 2012) (noting
that an argument is waived when it was briefed “in a perfunctory manner”);
Grossman, 447 F.3d at 804 n.1 (“[The appellant] also makes conclusory
statements that he was improperly denied the right to present evidence . . . . [H]e
[does not] explain what evidence he was unable to introduce, making it
impossible to review this claim.”). In this regard, without record support, Mr.
8
Farrakhan-Muhammad simply asserts that “[t]here was evidence” in the record
that DHO Miedich “precluded [Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad] . . . from preparing a
defense” or from “present[ing] documentary evidence” at his hearing. Aplt.’s
Opening Br. at 3. Such bald averments are not enough. 5
Second, the record actually shows that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad did
present documentary evidence in his rehearing. In his declaration, DHO Miedich
stated that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad “provided several pages of documentary
evidence to [DHO Miedich] disputing the Incident Report.” R. at 139. The
rehearing report also noted that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad “provided several
pages of documentary evidence to dispute [DHO Miedich’s] report” in the
original hearing. Id. at 94.
Third, nothing in the record suggests that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad was
denied the opportunity to call witnesses in the rehearing. In fact, on the May 6,
2013 Notice of Disciplinary Hearing, Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad indicated that he
“d[id] not[] . . . wish to have witnesses” testify on his behalf. Id. at 98 (Notice of
Disciplinary Hr’g Before the [DHO], dated May 6, 2013). The rehearing report
reflected the same thing. Id. at 94 (“The inmate confirmed that he did not want a
5
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad’s § 2241 application—which was before the
district court—was similarly conclusory and barren of record support. It does not
identify the documentary or exculpatory evidence that he had sought to present at
the rehearing. Instead, the application asserts only that “[t]here was exculpatory
evidence [indicating] that [Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad] did not have exclusive or
substantial control over the area where the alleged weapon was found in the water
pipes.” R. at 7 (capitalization altered).
9
staff representative or witnesses.” (emphasis added)).
Finally, any “errors made by prison officials in denying witness testimony
at official hearings are subject to harmless error review.” Grossman, 447 F.3d at
805. The only witness that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad ever mentioned was Mr.
Crank, who submitted a witness statement asserting that “[t]he nail clippers sold
in the Commissar[y] do not have a file attached” and that he “ha[d] never sold
nail clippers with files in the Commissary.” R. at 126. And DHO Miedich
considered that written statement in both the first hearing and the rehearing. In
both hearings, DHO Miedich noted that the statement needed to be weighed
against the evidence that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad actually possessed the
sharpened screw and nail file. Any error in excluding that testimony was
therefore harmless. See Grossman, 447 F.3d at 805; see also Davis v. Cline, 525
F. App’x 658, 660 (10th Cir. 2013) (finding that any error in the exclusion of
evidence or witnesses “was harmless”).
B
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad argues that the district court erred in finding
that there was insufficient evidence of bias in his disciplinary proceedings.
Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 3.
Since “honesty and integrity are presumed on the part of a tribunal, there
must be some substantial countervailing reason to conclude that a decisionmaker
is actually biased with respect to factual issues being adjudicated.” Tonkovich v.
10
Kan. Bd. of Regents, 159 F.3d 504, 518 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting Mangels v.
Pena, 789 F.2d 836, 838 (10th Cir. 1986)). And “mere exposure to evidence
presented in nonadversary investigative procedures is insufficient in itself to
impugn the fairness’ of a later adversary hearing.” Mangels, 789 F.2d at 838
(quoting Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 55 (1975)). Instead, “[d]ue process is
violated only when ‘the risk of unfairness is intolerably high’ under the
circumstances of a particular case.” Id. (quoting Withrow, 421 U.S. at 58).
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad never explains why DHO Miedich was biased
against him, let alone how that bias led to an “intolerably high” risk of unfairness
in his disciplinary rehearing. Id. (quoting Withrow, 421 U.S. at 58). Instead, he
offers only bare, conclusory assertions that DHO Miedich “prejudged the factual
disciplinary issues” and thus “should have been disqualified” from the
proceedings. Aplt.’s Reply Br. at 6 (capitalization altered). Without more, this
argument is “inadequately presented,” and therefore waived. Bronson, 500 F.3d
at 1104; see also Gray, 672 F.3d at 915; Gwinn v. Awmiller, 354 F.3d 1211,
1220–21 (10th Cir. 2004) (“[C]ourts should be alert not to sustain routine or pro
forma claims of disqualification.” (quoting Malek v. Camp, 822 F.2d 812, 817
(8th Cir. 1987))).
C
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad argues that there was insufficient evidence that
the weapon found in his cell belonged to him. Specifically, he argues that “there
11
w[as] no corroborating or direct evidence” showing that he had constructive
possession of the weapon. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 4 (capitalization altered).
To comport with due process, there must be “some evidence in the record”
to support a disciplinary conviction. Hill, 472 U.S. at 454. In determining
whether this standard has been met, “the relevant question is whether there is any
evidence in the record that could support the conclusion reached by the
disciplinary board.” Id. at 455–56. A disciplinary board’s decision can be upheld
by a reviewing court “even if the evidence supporting the decision is ‘meager.’”
Mitchell, 80 F.3d at 1445 (quoting Hill, 472 U.S. at 457).
In the rehearing report, DHO Miedich laid out the evidence supporting the
conviction. He pointed out that officials had found “a long metal screw with a
sharpened fingernail clipper fashioned to it” that could “be used as a weapon.” R.
at 95. He also noted that Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad “ha[d] a fingernail clipper in
[his] locker” and the “piece missing from [the clipper] was in fact attached to the
screw.” Id. DHO Miedich concluded that this was sufficient to show that Mr.
Farrakhan-Muhammad had “actual constructive possession of [the] weapon.” Id.
This was enough to support the disciplinary decision. In general, a person
has constructive possession of an object when (though not actually possessing it)
he knowingly has the power and ability to exercise dominion or control over it
and “intent to exercise that control.” United States v. Little, 829 F.3d 1177, 1182
(10th Cir. 2016); accord United States v. Simpson, 845 F.3d 1039, 1060 (10th Cir.
12
2017). When a person has exclusive access to an area, we usually infer “knowing
dominion and control” over the items within that area. See United States v.
Hishaw, 235 F.3d 565, 571 (10th Cir. 2000) (“In most cases, the defendant’s
dominion, control, and knowledge may be inferred if he has exclusive possession
of the premises on which the object was found.”). “The same is true as
to . . . intent to exercise command over [the items in that] location.” Little, 829
F.3d at 1183; see United States v. Griffin, 684 F.3d 691, 695 (7th Cir. 2012)
(“Exclusive control over the premises allows the jury to infer the knowledge and
intent to control objects within those premises . . . .”). Furthermore, where the
accused has exclusive access to the premises, this latter inference of intent to
exercise dominion and control over the item would seemingly be fortified by the
fact that the item had been hidden or secreted on the premises.
Based on the record, there was ample evidence that Mr. Farrakhan-
Muhammad had constructive possession of the fingernail clippers. Several
officers pointed out that he was “the sole occupant of the cell [at the time of the
search] and he [was] responsible for ensuring his cell [wa]s free of contraband.”
R. at 85. And though Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad presented evidence that he
could not have purchased fingernail clippers from the commissary, he never
disputed the fact that a set of fingernail clippers—missing a metal file that was
taped to the sharpened screw—was found inside his cell locker. This conclusion
is consistent with our resolution of past cases involving prison disciplinary
13
decisions. See, e.g., Howard v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 487 F.3d 808, 812 (10th
Cir. 2007) (concluding that, where an incident report indicated that prison officers
discovered a hypodermic syringe among an inmate’s legal papers, there was
evidence to support the disciplinary conviction despite the fact that the inmate
“did not have actual possession of the” syringe).
Taken together, the record shows that there was “some evidence” to support
the disciplinary conviction on a theory of constructive possession. See Howard,
487 F.3d at 812. The district court did not err in coming to that conclusion.
IV
Finally, we address Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad’s request to proceed in
forma pauperis. The district court denied Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad’s request
for in forma pauperis status, finding that an appeal would not be taken in good
faith. Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad now renews his request before this court, but
because he has not shown “a reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and
facts in support of the issues raised on appeal,” McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Comm’n,
115 F.3d 809, 812 (10th Cir. 1997) (quoting DeBardeleben v. Quinlan, 937 F.2d
502, 505 (10th Cir. 1991)), we deny his application to proceed in forma pauperis.
14
V
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s ruling, and deny
Mr. Farrakhan-Muhammad’s application to proceed in forma pauperis.
Entered for the Court
JEROME A. HOLMES
Circuit Judge
15