NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1567-15T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
GUNNAR WAHLSTROM,
Defendant-Respondent.
_________________________________
Submitted April 24, 2017 – Decided May 11, 2017
Before Judges Nugent and Haas.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Morris County, Municipal Appeal
No. 14-056.
O'Donnell McCord, P.C., attorneys for
appellant (Gregory D. Emond, of counsel and
on the brief).
Gunnar Wahlstrom, respondent pro se.
PER CURIAM
The State appeals from an October 27, 2015 Law Division order
dismissing on trial de novo four municipal complaints citing
defendant Gunnar Wahlstrom for violations of a property
maintenance ordinance. The Law Division judge dismissed the
complaints after finding they provided inadequate notice of the
alleged violations, thus depriving defendant of due process.
Because defendant never argued he had been deprived of due process,
and because the Law Division judge decided the case on due process
grounds sua sponte, we reverse and remand the matter to afford the
parties the opportunity to brief and orally argue the issue.
This action has a protracted procedural history. In July
2014, an East Hanover Township code enforcement officer issued a
complaint to defendant charging him with a violation of the
Township's property maintenance ordinance. The following month,
the Township's municipal court judge (JMC) dismissed the complaint
as procedurally deficient.1 When the JMC dismissed the complaint
he told defendant, "he is going to do it right the next time
. . . . [H]e's going to refile . . . the complaint."
In October 2014, the code enforcement officer filed four more
property maintenance complaints against defendant. Each form
complaint contained a section requiring the officer to provide a
description of the offense. In that section of each complaint was
handwritten, "Violation of Property Maintenance." Each complaint
1 The record on this appeal does not precisely identify the
procedural defect in the complaint. During argument before the
Law Division, the municipal prosecutor said the complaint
consisted of "one single ticket and it had all four violations
listed on it."
2 A-1567-15T4
also cited a section of the Township Code: Complaint No. 00391
cited 119A-13-F-6; Complaint No. 00392 cited 119A-13-F-8;
Complaint No. 00393 cited 119A-13-E; and Complaint No. 000394
cited 119A-13-F-3. None of the complaints included a factual
description of the violations.
Defendant moved to dismiss the new complaints, contending his
prosecution following the dismissal of the original complaint
placed him in double jeopardy. The JMC denied the motion. At
trial, the JMC found defendant guilty of all four offenses.
However, the trial proceedings were not recorded due to a
malfunctioning recording device. Accordingly, on appeal, the Law
Division remanded the matter to municipal court to reconstruct the
record or, if the record could not be reconstructed, for a new
trial. On remand to municipal court, the cased was tried again.
One week before the new trial, defendant filed a second motion
to dismiss the complaints based on double jeopardy. On February
26, 2015, the JMC denied defendant's motion but nonetheless granted
defendant an adjournment to review the State's opposing brief.
The trial took place on March 17, 2015.
At trial, the only witness was the code enforcement officer
who testified the first complaint charged defendant with violating
Ordinance § 119A-13-F-6, prohibiting the storage of trailers and
construction equipment on residential property. He introduced
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photographs of a trailer and a car jack beneath a vehicle's flat
tire as evidence that defendant violated the ordinance.
The second complaint charged defendant with violating
Ordinance § 119A-13-F-8, which prohibits parking an uninspected
vehicle on residential property. The code enforcement officer
introduced photographs of vehicles with overdue inspection
stickers parked on defendant's lawn as evidence of the ordinance
violation.
The third complaint charged defendant with violating
Ordinance § 119A-13-E, which governs residential property
maintenance. As evidence that defendant violated this ordinance,
the code enforcement officer introduced photographs of defendant's
property depicting a loose-hanging gutter, a rusty door, and no
gutter on defendant's garage. The code enforcement officer used
the photographs to show that soffits, leaders, and gutters needed
to be installed and the garage needed paint.
The fourth complaint charged defendant with violating
Ordinance § 119A-13-F-3, which requires stored vehicles to be in
operating condition and prohibits the performance of mechanical
and body repair work on residential property. The code enforcement
officer introduced a photograph of an inoperable vehicle on a car
jack to show that defendant had engaged in mechanical or body
repair work on his property in violation of this ordinance.
4 A-1567-15T4
Defendant declined to testify. The JMC reserved decision.
On April 2, 2015, the JMC issued a written opinion and read his
findings into the record. He found defendant guilty on each
complaint. The JMC reasoned defendant continued to maintain his
property in a deplorable condition in violation of the property
maintenance code, undermined the preservation of his property,
created a blight on his neighborhood, and encouraged safety and
fire hazards. The JMC noted that rather than remediate the
conditions, defendant consistently disregarded his obligations.
The judge imposed a total fine of $1432 and directed defendant
to remediate the violations within thirty days or face a $50 fine
per day. Defendant appealed to the Law Division.
In his brief to the Law Division, defendant raised three
arguments: his prosecution on the four complaints placed him in
double jeopardy; the municipal ordinance does not specify a penalty
for the sections he was charged with violating; and the JMC, by
giving advice to the code enforcement Officer, had joined the
prosecution. In response, the State argued: defendant's appeal
should be dismissed as untimely; double jeopardy did not bar his
retrial or convictions; and defendant did not raise before the
trial court his contention the ordinance did not specify a penalty,
and in any event, the contention was wrong. Defendant submitted
a reply brief arguing the State's brief was untimely and the
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reissuance of the four complaints after the dismissal of the first
complaint violated court rules prohibiting the amendment of
complaints after thirty days.
The Law Division judge rejected defendant's argument that
double jeopardy barred his trial and retrial. The judge also
rejected defendant's argument that the municipal ordinance did not
provide a penalty for the sections he allegedly violated.2
Turning to the State's arguments, the Law Division judge
exercised his discretion to hear the appeal, although it was filed
two days out of time. The judge noted the Municipal Appeal Filing
Response Letter, completed by the Municipal Appeals Clerk,
informed defendant the appeal had been successfully filed. The
judge determined "a dismissal in the eleventh hour of the appeal's
procedural lifespan would threaten the interests of justice in the
speedy disposition of charges."
The judge next stated: "Additionally, this [c]ourt has
carefully considered [d]efendant's argument challenging the
State's flawed, if not improper, method of serving its [c]omplaints
on [d]efendant. This [c]ourt is somewhat concerned by the State's
(repeated) failure to issue a sufficiently detailed and thorough
[c]omplaint to defendant." The judge did not cite to the portion
2 Defendant has not filed a cross-appeal from those determinations.
6 A-1567-15T4
of the record containing defendant's argument challenging the
State's method of service.
The judge explained that the municipal ordinance contained
"significant errors in the sequencing and numbering of
subsections" resulting in confusion about which section is
intended to be specified in a complaint. Additionally, the four
complaints issued to defendant stated only that he was charged
with a "violation of property maintenance." The complaints
contained no factual specificity. These circumstances, according
to the Law Division judge, violated defendant's right to due
process. Based on the due process violations, the judge dismissed
the complaints. The State appealed from the implementing order.
The State raises three arguments on appeal: the Law Division
judge erred by not dismissing defendant's untimely appeal; the Law
Division judge erred by dismissing the complaints on due process
grounds because defendant never raised that issue; and,
defendant's due process rights were not violated, and in any event,
that issue was outside the scope of de novo review.
We agree with the State that the Law Division judge dismissed
the complaints on an issue defendant did not expressly present.
For that reason, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
As previously noted, the Law Division judge did not identify
where in the record defendant had raised the due process claim
7 A-1567-15T4
upon which he based his opinion. Although one could arguably
discern from the record the fundament of such an argument, the
State was entitled to fair notice of the claim so that it could
prepare a response for consideration by the court, as it has done
in its appellate brief. The State, as well as defendant, was
entitled to due process. "[D]ue process requires an opportunity
to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Doe
v. Poritz, 142 N.J. 1, 106 (1995); see also McKeown-Brand v. Trump
Castle Hotel & Casino, 132 N.J. 546, 558 (1993) (quoting Mullane
v. Central Hanover Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313, 70 S. Ct. 652,
657, 94 L. Ed. 865, 873 (1950)) ("At a minimum, due process
requires notice and an opportunity to be heard 'appropriate to the
nature of the case.'"). Here, the State was not afforded a
reasonable opportunity to be heard in a meaningful way with respect
to the issue on which the trial court dismissed its complaints
against defendant.
For these reasons, we vacate the Law Division order dismissing
the complaints. We remand the matter to the Law Division to permit
the parties to file briefs on the issue of due process and to
argue their respective positions. Our opinion should not be
construed as restricting in any way the arguments the parties may
present on the issue, nor should it be construed as suggesting in
any manner how the due process issue should be decided. If the
8 A-1567-15T4
Law Division judge decides the issue differently, he shall, if
necessary, determine defendant's guilt or innocence based on
undecided issues, if any, and the record before him, applying the
appropriate standard of review.
We reject the State's argument that the Law Division judge
erred by failing to dismiss defendant's appeal as untimely,
substantially for the reasons expressed by the trial judge in his
written opinion.
The order dismissing the State's complaints is vacated. The
matter is remanded to the Law Division for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
9 A-1567-15T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. GUNNAR WAHLSTROMÂ (14-056, MORRIS COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion