IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Personal ) No. 75296-1-1
Restraint of )
) DIVISION ONE
SERGIO GONZALES GUZMAN, )
) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner. )
) FILED: May 22, 2017
LEACH, J. — Sergio Gonzalez Guzman collaterally challenges his 2009
conviction for assault of a child in the first degree. He contends that his trial
attorney provided him ineffective assistance by failing to seek public funding for a
medical expert. Gonzalez Guzman has satisfied the first prong of his claim by
showing that his counsel's performance was constitutionally deficient. But we do
not have a sufficient record to resolve the second prong, whether this deficient
representation prejudiced him. We remand to the trial court for a reference
hearing to resolve the prejudice prong of his claim.
FACTS
Sergio Gonzalez Guzman was taking care of his six-week-old son, D.G.,
the night of November 9, 2007. The next day, he discovered that D.G. would not
wake up or eat and his eyes were rolling back in his head. D.G.'s mother took
No. 75296-1-1 / 2
him to Highline Hospital's emergency department.1 Because of D.G.'s serious
injuries, Highline had him transferred by helicopter to Harborview Medical
Center.2 Harborview later transferred him to Children's Hospital.
At Harborview, Gonzalez Guzman told a detective that he was carrying
D.G. when he slipped and fell on the child with all his weight. Gonzalez Guzman
said that D.G. seemed uninjured, so he put him to bed. The State eventually
charged Gonzalez Guzman with first degree assault of a child.
At trial, seven doctors testified to the severity of D.G.'s injuries and the
trauma required to inflict them.3 Dr. Thomas Ryan saw D.G. at Highline and
1 For clarity, the defendant is referred to by his last name, Gonzalez
Guzman, and his wife and son are referred to as Crystal and D.G. Both parties
spell the petitioner's name without a hyphen.
2 In transit, medical staff made several attempts to insert a breathing tube
into D.G.'s lungs before they succeeded. A treating physician at Children's
described the procedure, "Intubation is putting a breathing tube down into the
baby's lungs so that he can be breathed by a ventilator or by a bag."
3 In rejecting Gonzalez Guzman's direct appeal, this court observed,
[T]he medical testimony refuted his allegation that D.G.'s injuries
were accidental.
The question at trial was thus not the nature of D.G.'s
injuries. Rather, the State offered so much evidence of the extent
of great bodily harm that it negated Gonzalez-Guzman's accidental
fall theory. The medical testimony established not only that the
injuries were intentionally inflicted, but also that they were severe.
One doctor described D.G.'s injuries as "devastating," the result of
a "significant amount of force," and similar to trauma suffered by
high speed interstate accident victims. Another testified that D.G.'s
leg fracture "implie[d] sort of a torquing movement to break the
bone," and that his broken rib is a "very, very difficult rib to break,
so you have to squeeze very high up into the chest." Based on this
evidence, the jury could not have misunderstood the link between
recklessness and the harm that D.G. suffered.
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No. 75296-1-1 /3
testified that the baby had abnormal color, respiration, and movement, and
bleeding in his brain. Ryan concluded that the injury was not accidental and the
bleeding pattern was consistent with "shaken baby syndrome."4
Dr. Rebecca Wiester examined D.G. the day after he arrived at
Harborview and a few days later at Children's. She said D.G. had a large skull
fracture, several broken ribs, and a displaced spiral fracture of his tibia. He had
hemorrhages in the back of his eyes and bleeding in his brain. A torqueing
movement caused his spiral leg fracture. Wiester, an expert on child abuse,
concluded that D.G.'s set of injuries was "highly consistent with inflicted trauma."
Dr. Robert Oxford also saw D.G. the day after he arrived at Harborview.
He testified that D.G. had a "devastating brain injury" that would require a
"significant amount of force," like that from a fall onto concrete from 8 to 10 feet
or a car crash at 50 to 60 miles per hour.
Dr. Lincoln Smith also described D.G.'s severe brain injuries based on
observing him at Children's on November 13. Smith testified that he would
State v. Gonzalez-Guzman, No. 65576-1-1, slip op. at 17-18 (Wash. Ct. App.
Dec. 16, 2013) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinion/pdf/655761.pdf
(alteration in original).
4 Experts continue to debate the causation of injury patterns that used to
be widely termed "shaken baby syndrome." The term itself is no longer widely
used. See In re Pers. Restraint of Fero, 192 Wn. App. 138, 157, 161, 367 P.3d
588 (2016), review granted, 187 Wn.2d 1024 (2017). Nonetheless, "[a]busive
head trauma as a diagnosis, and shaking as a cause of such injuries, are
generally accepted theories in the relevant scientific community." In re Pers.
Restraint of Morris, 189 Wn. App. 484, 493, 355 P.3d 355 (2015).
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No. 75296-1-1/4
presume a baby with D.G.'s combination of injuries had "shaken baby syndrome
till proven otherwise."
D.G.'s condition worsened in the following months. The bleeding in his
retinas made him blind, and the bleeding in his brain hindered his skull's growth.
His cognitive and physical disabilities continued at least until the time of trial in
2009. The testifying doctors expected them to continue throughout his life.
The doctors who testified about seeing D.G. opined that his injuries
probably resulted from intentionally inflicted trauma and were unlikely to result
from an accidental fall.
Instead of challenging this medical testimony, Gonzalez Guzman's
defense cast suspicion on D.G.'s mother. While the State called seven doctors
and three other witnesses, Gonzalez Guzman's attorney, Ali Nakkour, called no
witnesses.5
The jury found Gonzalez Guzman guilty. This court affirmed,6 the
Washington Supreme Court denied review,7 and the United States Supreme
Court denied certiorari.5
5Nakkour also declined to give an opening statement.
6 Gonzalez-Guzman, No. 65576-1-1, slip op. at 22.
7 State v. Gonzalez-Guzman, 181 Wn.2d 1002, 332 P.3d 984 (2014).
8 Gonzalez-Guzman v. Washington, U.S. , 135 S. Ct. 2899, 192 L.
Ed. 2d 934(2015).
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Gonzalez Guzman has filed a habeas corpus petition in federal court.9
Before he can pursue a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in that case, he
must first exhaust this claim in state court.19 He has asked the federal court to
stay his petition for habeas corpus while this court considers his personal
restraint petition (PRP).
Gonzalez Guzman supports his PRP with a declaration from Nakkour
about his representation. Nakkour stated that he was aware "that there was
some . controversy regarding the diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome." He
believed that he needed a medical expert to defend his client adequately. He
spoke with an expert in Southern California before trial and used that expert's
suggestions and his own Internet research to cross-examine the State's experts
at trial. The California expert never reviewed the record in Gonzalez Guzman's
case. Nakkour intended to retain an expert to review the record, but he needed
money to pay the expert. Gonzalez Guzman's wife told Nakkour shewould get it
but never did. Nakkour knew that public funding was available, but he did not
request it.11 By the time Nakkour realized Gonzalez Guzman's family would not
supply the money for an expert, Nakkour thought it was too late to ask for public
9 Gonzalez-Guzman v. Uttecht, No. C15-18670-RSL-JPD (W.D. Wash.
2015).
19 Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 518-19, 102 S. Ct. 1198,71 L. Ed. 2d 379
(1982).
11 See CrR 3.1(f); State v. Punsalan, 156 Wn.2d 875, 878-79, 133 P.3d
934 (2006).
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funding or a continuance. Nakkour acknowledged that he should have requested
public funding for a medical expert.
Gonzalez Guzman has also submitted a declaration from Dr. Steven
Gabaeff, who reviewed some limited medical records. Gabaeff opined that
D.G.'s injuries "were consistent with the father's version of events," that "low
oxygen events" when D.G was under medical care caused the baby's worst
injuries, and that at the time of Gonzalez Guzman's trial, medical testimony
would have been available to support his version of events and rebut the State's
experts.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To obtain collateral relief by a PRP, a defendant must show either an error
of constitutional magnitude that gives rise to actual prejudice or a
nonconstitutional error that "inherently results in a complete miscarriage of
justice."12
Claims of ineffective assistance present mixed questions of law and fact,
which this court reviews de novo.13 This court examines the entire record to
decide whether the defendant received effective representation and a fair tria1.14
12 In re Pers. Restraint of Grantharn, 168 Wn.2d 204, 212, 227 P.3d 285
(2010) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of lsaddore, 151 Wn.2d 294, 298, 88 P.3d
390 (2004)).
13 In re Pers. Restraint of Fleming, 142 Wn.2d 853, 865, 16 P.3d 610
(2001).
14 State v. Hicks, 163 Wn.2d 477, 486, 181 P.3d 831 (2008).
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To succeed on an ineffective assistance claim, the defendant must show that his
attorney's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and
that the deficient performance prejudiced him.15
This court has three options when reviewing a PRP: (1) dismiss the
petition, (2) remand the petition for a full hearing on the merits or a reference
hearing pursuant to RAP 16.11(a) and RAP 16.12, or (3) grant the petition
without remanding for further hearing." This court will order a reference hearing
on an ineffective assistance claim after the defendant makes a prima facie
showing on both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs.17 This requires
the defendant to allege the underlying facts of his claim and to present evidence
supporting those allegations." If the defendant does this, then the State must
"meet the petitioner's evidence with its own competent evidence.'"19 If "the
parties' materials establish the existence of material disputed issues of fact," this
15 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed.
2d 674 (1984). If a defendant submitting a PRP meets his burden to show
ineffective assistance under Strickland, then he has necessarily met his burden
to show the actual and substantial prejudice the PRP standard requires. In re
Pers. Restraint of Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 846-47, 280 P.3d 1102(2012).
16 In re Pers. Restraint of Monschke, 160 Wn. App. 479, 489, 251 P.3d
884 (2010); In re Pers. Restraint of Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 17, 296 P.3d 872
(2013).
17 See In re Pers. Restraint of Rice, 118 Wn.2d 876, 889, 828 P.2d 1086
(1992).
18 Yates, 177 Wn.2d at 18.
18 Monschke, 160 Wn. App. at 489 (quoting Rice 118 Wn.2d at 886).
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No. 75296-1-1/ 8
court will order a reference hearing to resolve those issues.2° This court will
grant the petition without a reference hearing if the record convinces the court
that the petition has merit.21
ANALYSIS
Gonzalez Guzman's petition demonstrates that his trial counsel was
constitutionally deficient. But the court needs more facts to determine if this
affected the outcome at trial. Because the record does not persuade this court of
a reasonable probability that the outcome at trial would have been different with
the expert testimony Gonzalez Guzman offers, we remand for a reference
hearing on the prejudice issue.
Deficient Performance
This court approaches an ineffective assistance of counsel argument with
a strong presumption that counsel provided effective representation.22 A
petitioner can "'rebut this presumption by proving that his attorney's
representation was unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that
the challenged action was not sound strategy.'"23 This court evaluates the
20Monschke, 160 Wn. App. at 489 (quoting Rice 118 Wn.2d at 886).
21 Rice 118 Wn.2d at 885.
22 In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 673, 101 P.3d 1(2004).
23 Davis, 152 Wn.2d at 673 (quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S.
365, 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574, 91 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986)).
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No. 75296-1-1/ 9
reasonableness of counsel's performance from "counsel's perspective at the
time of the alleged error and in light of all the circumstances.'"24
In general, "the decision whether to call a witness is a matter of legitimate
trial tactics and will not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel."25
But "depending on the nature of the charge and the issues presented, effective
assistance of counsel may require the assistance of expert witnesses to test and
evaluate the evidence against a defendant."26
In Hinton v. Alabama,27 the United States Supreme Court held that an
attorney's failure to replace a noncredible expert constituted deficient
performance. The defense attorney presented testimony on a determinative
issue from an expert whom the attorney knew would be unpersuasive.28 The
attorney did this under the false impression that Alabama law authorized no more
than $1,000 for expert witness fees.29 The Court reasoned that such strategic
choices "are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional
judgments support the limitations on investigation."36 The Court noted Hinton's
attorney's ignorance about a point of law crucial to his case and his failure to
24 Davis, 152 Wn.2d at 673(quoting Kimmelman,477 U.S. at 384).
25 State v. Maurice, 79 Wn. App. 544, 552, 903 P.2d 514 (1995).
26 State v. A.N.J., 168 Wn.2d 91, 112, 225 P.3d 956 (2010).
27 U.S. , 134 S. Ct. 1081, 1088, 188 L. Ed. 2d 1(2014).
28 Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1088.
29 Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1088.
30 Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1088.
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No. 75296-1-1/ 10
perform basic research on it. It concluded that this was "a quintessential
example of unreasonable performance under Strickland."31 It thus remanded for
a lower court to consider whether counsel's ineffective assistance prejudiced
Hinton.
Here, the State concedes that Gonzalez Guzman's trial counsel's
"strategy appears questionable" and that it is "troubling that trial counsel failed to
hire an expert to review relevant medical records," but it contends that the court
needs more facts to assess counsel's performance. We disagree.
The trial transcript and Nakkour's affidavit show that Nakkour presented
no expert witnesses despite believing that he needed one.32 Nakkour stated that
he did consult a medical expert before trial and used the advice he received to
cross-examine the State's experts. But the expert he consulted had not reviewed
D.G.'s medical record or any other evidence in the case.
The State speculates that Nakkour could have based his decision not to
have an expert testify on the advice of the expert he spoke to. It suggests the
expert may have told Nakkour that a full medical review was unlikely to support
Gonzalez Guzman's accident defense. Even if the State's speculation is true,
31Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1089 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668,687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984)).
32 Trial motions show that a public defender who represented Gonzalez
Guzman before Nakkour tried to obtain experts, but the record lacks any details
on those efforts.
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No. 75296-1-1/ 11
the expert could not offer Nakkour an adequately informed opinion without
reviewing D.G.'s medical record. Nakkour knew he could obtain public funding to
hire a consulting expert. The record thus shows that no "reasonable professional
judgments support" the limits Nakkour put on his investigation.33 Gonzalez
Guzman's PRP satisfies the first ineffective assistance prong.
Pre'ud ice
To satisfy the second prong, the defendant must show a reasonable
probability that the result of the trial would have been different without the
attorney's deficient performance.34 "A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome."35
The defendant must present specific evidence supporting allegations of
prejudice.36 "If the petitioner's allegations are based on matters outside the
existing record, the petitioner must demonstrate that he has competent,
admissible evidence to establish the facts that entitle him to relief," which may
include affidavits or other corroborative evidence.37 He cannot rely on bald
assertions and conclusory allegations.38 If a defendant makes a prima facie
showing of actual prejudice but this court cannot determine the merits of the
33 Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1088.
34 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
35 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
36 Rice 118 Wn.2d at 886.
37 Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886.
38 Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886.
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claims from the record, this court will remand for a full hearing on the merits or for
a reference hearing under RAP 16.11(a) and RAP 16.12.39
Here, we cannot find from the record a reasonable probability that a
medical expert would have given the jury a reasonable doubt about Gonzalez
Guzman's guilt.40
Gonzalez Guzman relies on a declaration from Dr. Steven Gabaeff to
show how the lack of a defense expert prejudiced him. Gabaeff opined that
D.G.'s injuries were consistent with a fall. The State asserts Gabaeff's
declaration does not show prejudice because it "is riddled with errors[,]
unsupported by citations to medical records or to trial testimony," and "simply too
tenuous to support a finding of prejudice."
The State points to several factual errors. Some of these appear to be
minor. For example, although Gabaeff stated that D.G.'s birth was premature,
D.G. was actually born at 37 weeks, within the range of a full-term delivery.
Gabaeff also misstated by a week D.G.'s age at the time of the incident. Gabaeff
made more troubling errors. He made mistakes about major details of D.G.'s
injuries. Most significantly, he stated that D.G.'s femur was broken, not his tibia.
The injury to the tibia—a spiral fracture—was a key factor for several of the
39Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 885 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Hews, 99
Wn.2d 80, 88,660 P.2d 263(1983)).
40 See Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1089-90.
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No. 75296-1-1/ 13
doctors who testified that D.G.'s injuries could not have been accidental.
Gabaeff also stated that only one of D.G.'s ribs was broken when, in fact, several
were. Dr. Smith testified that broken ribs are a significant sign of shaking.
The State also asserts that Gabaeff gave opinions outside of his medical
expertise and showed bias. Gabaeff said that Gonzalez Guzman and Crystal's
"past parenting behaviors [and] lack of any evidence of past abuse" showed that
abuse was unlikely in their household. He also speculated repeatedly on the
motives of medical providers who later testified. And he appeared to treat
Gonzalez Guzman's version of events as fact while asserting that it should have
influenced doctors' assessments of D.G.'s injuries.'"
Gabaeff made only sporadic mention of items in D.G.'s medical history or
other supporting documents. For example, he cited no basis for his assertion
that Highline doctors or the air transport team caused D.G.'s skull fracture, other
than the assertion—contradicted elsewhere in his declaration—that the fracture
was not diagnosed until D.G. reached Harborview.42
41 For instance, in recounting D.G.'s treatment, Gabaeff stated, "The fall,
now reported and known to have occurred, is treated like it never happened."
42 Elsewhere Gabaeff noted, "Initial evaluation at [Highline] reported skull
fracture." The State points out a more likely explanation for any missed
diagnosis: that the doctors at Highline were dealing with the more urgent
problem that D.G. was not breathing.
Much of Gabaeffs declaration focuses on injuries that he said D.G.
sustained while under medical supervision. The portions of testimony Gonzalez
Guzman cites do not support his assertion that "prolonged lack of
oxygen . . . likely caused many of DG's long-term injuries." Moreover, negligent
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No. 75296-1-1 /14
Although Gonzalez Guzman's petition satisfies the first ineffective
assistance prong, we cannot grant it based on this record. Gabaeff's declaration
at most creates a fact issue about whether, without Nakkour's alleged deficient
performance, Gonzalez Guzman "would have hired an expert who would have
instilled in the jury a reasonable doubt as to [Gonzalez Guzman]'s guilt."43 It
does not show a "reasonable probability" of this outcome. Such a finding would
require this court to weigh Gabaeff's medical testimony against that of the
doctors who testified at trial. The trial court is in the better position to decide the
credibility of witnesses and weigh the evidence." A reference hearing will allow
this to happen.
The State asks this court to remand Gonzalez Guzman's petition to the
same judge who presided at trial. RAP 16.12 states that when this court
transfers a PRP to the superior court for a hearing, "[t]he hearing shall be held
before a judge who was not involved in the challenged proceedings." But this
medical treatment would not negate Gonzalez Guzman's liability for an
intentional act. See State v. Leech, 114 Wn.2d 700, 705, 790 P.2d 160 (1990)
(holding arsonist proximately caused firefighter's death despite firefighter's
possible negligence); State v. Perez-Cervantes, 141 Wn.2d 468, 488, 6 P.3d
1160 (2000)(Johnson, J., dissenting)(Mere negligence in medical treatment is
not so abnormal that the defendant should be freed of liability" (quoting 1 WAYNE
R. LAFAVE & AUSTIN W. SCOTT, JR., SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW § 3.12, at 408-09
(1986))).
43 Hinton, 134 S. Ct. at 1089.
44 See In re Dependency of A.V.D., 62 Wn. App. 562, 568, 815 P.2d 277
(1991); In re Pers. Restraint of Merritt, 69 Wn. App. 419, 424, 848 P.2d 1332
(1993).
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No. 75296-1-1/ 15
court "may waive or alter the provisions of any [RAP] in order to serve the ends
of justice."45 And RAP 16.11(b) allows the chief judge of this court to enter
"orders necessary to obtain a prompt determination of the petition on the merits."
Because neither party assigns error to the trial judge's actions and Gonzalez
Guzman does not oppose the State's request, we grant it.
CONCLUSION
Gonzalez Guzman's PRP shows that his trial counsel provided
constitutionally deficient representation by failing to consult an expert who had
reviewed the medical record. But we cannot determine from the record that a
reasonable probability exists that without this deficiency, the jury would not have
reached a guilty verdict. We therefore remand to the trial court for a reference
hearing on the prejudice prong of Gonzalez Guzman's ineffective assistance
claim.
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Personal Restraint Petition Of: Sergio Gonzalez-guzman
Combined Opinion