May 26, 2017
Supreme Court
No. 2015-32-C.A.
(P2/13-1299ADV)
State :
v. :
Hakim Funches. :
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
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corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court
No. 2015-32-C.A.
(P2/13-1299ADV)
State :
v. :
Hakim Funches. :
Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
OPINION
Justice Goldberg, for the Court. This case came before the Supreme Court on May 3,
2017, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised in
this appeal should not be summarily decided. The defendant, Hakim Funches (Funches or
defendant), appeals from a judgment of conviction entered in the Superior Court, following a
jury trial. The defendant was convicted of one count of domestic assault by strangulation and
one count of simple assault. After hearing the arguments of counsel and examining the
memoranda submitted by the parties, we are of the opinion that cause has not been shown and
that this case should be decided without further briefing or argument. We affirm the judgment of
conviction of the Superior Court.
Facts and Travel
Funches and the complaining witness, Jennifer Bacon (Bacon), were involved in a
relationship for approximately four years and were the parents of two daughters. They also lived
together for a period of time.1 On October 23, 2012, Bacon departed her home at 4:30 p.m. to
1
At trial, it was a contested issue whether they remained romantically involved and were living
together in the fall of 2012.
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begin her night shift at Domino’s Pizza in Warwick, Rhode Island. Funches was at Bacon’s
apartment, watching their children. The pair argued through text messages and phone calls
throughout Bacon’s shift about whether Bacon was romantically involved with another man.
Funches denied sending or receiving text messages from Bacon on this particular night. Bacon
testified that, because Funches was so “hostile,” she went to a friend’s house after work. The
defendant continued to contact Bacon, threatening to “take [her] daughters up to Massachusetts
with no car seats at three something in the morning” if she did not return home. Bacon
responded that she was returning home and that, as soon as she arrived, Funches could leave.
She returned home at approximately 3:30 a.m. It was a violent homecoming.
Bacon testified that, when she entered her home, Funches “immediately came from
behind the door and ripped [her] phone out of [her] hand and slammed [her] into the kitchen
table.” Funches placed Bacon’s cellphone in the pocket of his pants. He then “threw [her] on
the floor[,] and he got on [her,] and put his knees against [her] shoulders and * * * took [her]
chin and repeatedly smacked [her] head into the tile floor.” Throughout this episode, Funches
repeatedly declared that he would not tolerate any romantic involvement with another man.
When Bacon stated that she was going to contact the police, Funches responded that “[i]f [he
was] going to go to jail, [he was] going to make it worth it.” At that point, Funches lifted Bacon
from the floor by her shirt and tried to place her on a chair, but he did so with such force that the
chair “shattered” and Bacon fell to the floor. Bacon testified that Funches “dragged [her by her
hair] back to the center of the room and started hitting [her] head against the floor again.”
Funches then grabbed their daughter’s jump rope, wrapped it around Bacon’s neck, and
“continuously choked [her] for about an hour on and off.” When it appeared that Bacon was
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about to “pass out,” he would pause; but he would then start choking her again. Bacon testified
that she was seeing stars and felt dizzy.
Funches eventually stopped choking Bacon when his daughters began to wake up in the
next room; however, according to Bacon, the abuse did not end. Funches dragged her by her hair
to the bedroom and threw her on the bed. When Bacon called Funches a “scumbag,” he
attempted to remove her slacks, declaring, “I’ll show you a scumbag.” However, when the
youngest daughter began crying, Funches went to check on the child and Bacon attempted to
flee. The defendant followed her and pushed her down two flights of stairs. She eventually
reached the front door and proceeded directly to the Providence police station. She returned to
the apartment with three police officers. Funches subsequently was arrested.
Funches testified and provided a different version of events. According to defendant,
when Bacon returned home, he informed her that he was ending their relationship, filing for joint
custody, and requesting physical placement of their daughters. He explained that he made this
decision after Bacon told him that she did not have enough money for the monthly bills.
According to Funches, the argument lasted approximately forty-five minutes, at which time
Bacon left the apartment. He denied that he physically assaulted Bacon.
Funches was convicted by a jury of one count of domestic assault by strangulation in
violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-5-2.3 and one count of simple assault in violation of § 11-5-3. He
was sentenced to ten years at the Adult Correctional Institution, three years to serve with seven
years of probation on the strangulation count and one year, suspended, on the simple assault
count, to run concurrently. The defendant also was required to complete a batterer intervention
program while incarcerated. He was acquitted of one count of assault with a dangerous
weapon—that being the jump rope—in violation of § 11-5-2. He timely appealed.
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Before this Court, defendant argues that the trial justice erred in denying his motion to
pass the case after the prosecutor posed an allegedly prejudicial question to defendant. The
defendant also contends that the trial justice erred in denying his motion for judgment of
acquittal, arguing that he was twice placed in jeopardy for the same act.
Standard of Review
It is well established “that a decision to pass a case and declare a mistrial are matters left
to the sound discretion of the trial justice.” State v. Dubois, 36 A.3d 191, 197 (R.I. 2012)
(quoting State v. Barkmeyer, 949 A.2d 984, 1007 (R.I. 2008)). “We often have stated that ‘the
trial justice has a front row seat during the trial so that he can best evaluate the effects of any
prejudice on the jury.’” Id. (quoting Barkmeyer, 949 A.2d at 1007). “The ruling of the trial
justice * * * is accorded great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless clearly wrong.”
Id. (quoting Barkmeyer, 949 A.2d at 1007). Moreover, “[i]f the prejudice can be cured[,] * * * a
mistrial will be ordered only if we are convinced that the cautionary instructions were untimely
or ineffective.” State v. Disla, 874 A.2d 190, 198 (R.I. 2005) (quoting State v. Shinn, 786 A.2d
1069, 1072 (R.I. 2002)). “In the absence of any indication that the jury was not capable of
complying with the trial justice[’]s cautionary instruction, this court must assume that the jury
did disregard the witness comments as it was instructed to do.” Id. (quoting State v. Powers, 566
A.2d 1298, 1304 (R.I. 1989)).
“When passing on ‘a trial justice’s denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal, this
Court applies the same standard as the trial justice.’” State v. Long, 61 A.3d 439, 445 (R.I.
2013) (quoting State v. Lynch, 19 A.3d 51, 56 (R.I. 2011)). “A motion for a judgment of
acquittal should be granted only if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, is insufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
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(quoting State v. Heredia, 10 A.3d 443, 446 (R.I. 2010)). “If, however, a reasonable juror could
find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the motion should be denied.” Id. (quoting
Heredia, 10 A.3d at 446).
Analysis
Motion to Pass the Case
During the cross-examination of defendant, the prosecutor posed the following question
to defendant: “She didn’t break up with you a year prior because she saw many naked pictures
on your phone?” The defendant responded, “[n]o,” but defense counsel immediately objected,
and the trial justice sustained the objection. Defense counsel then moved to pass the case. The
prosecutor averred that she posed the question for impeachment purposes since defendant
claimed that he was still romantically involved with Bacon on the date in question. The trial
justice denied the motion to pass the case and gave the following cautionary instruction:
“Counsel for the State just asked the witness a question about
naked photographs on his phone. * * * There’s no evidence in this
case about his phone, what was on it or what * * * Bacon observed
on it. * * * You must disregard the question. It wasn’t answered. I
sustained the objection. If it was answered, I would strike the
answer because there is no evidence whatsoever on this issue in
this case.
“Now, I’m going to ask you, * * * can each of you
disregard that question as though you never heard it? Each of you
has nodded in the affirmative that you can. So I’m not making any
mistakes here, is there anybody here who has any difficulty
whatsoever having heard that question, and I’ll take you to sidebar.
Nobody has difficulty, and you can all disregard it as though you
never heard it? Thank you. Proceed.”
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the states through
the Fourteenth Amendment, and article 1, section 10, of the Rhode Island Constitution guarantee
a defendant’s right to a “fair trial by an impartial jury.” State v. Ordway, 619 A.2d 819, 826
(R.I. 1992). Improper prosecutorial comments could “deprive a litigant of a fair trial,” as one
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cannot often “‘unring the bell’ once it has soundly rung[.]” Id. Accordingly, “[w]e must * * *
determine whether the prosecutor’s remarks ‘so poisoned the well’ that the trial’s outcome was
likely affected.” Id. (quoting United States v. Mateos-Sanchez, 864 F.2d 232, 240-41 (1st Cir.
1988)).
In Ordway, 619 A.2d at 825, the prosecutor asked the defendant, who was on trial for
stabbing her husband to death, if she recalled stabbing another person with whom she previously
lived. The Court recognized that “[o]nce laypeople have heard evidence, or in this case a
remark, tending to show that the defendant committed a crime similar to the one he or she is
being tried for, their impartiality may become tainted.” Id. at 826. The defendant in Ordway
claimed that she suffered from battered woman syndrome. Id. at 827. We stated that jurors may
have difficulty understanding this syndrome and that the prosecutor’s question could likewise
paint the picture that the defendant “was not so helpless.” Id. The Court also acknowledged that
the state made minimal efforts to substantiate this evidence such that the defendant did not move
for its exclusion by way of a motion in limine. Id. at 826-27. Under the particular circumstances
in Ordway, we held that “[t]he cautionary instructions and the individual examinations of the
jurors by the trial justice, although commendable, did not dispel the prejudicial effect created by
the question.” Id. at 828. We are of the opinion that the Ordway case is distinguishable from the
facts of the case at bar.
We consider on an ad hoc basis “the prejudicial effect of challenged remarks in light of
the context in which they were uttered.” State v. Anil, 417 A.2d 1367, 1373 (R.I. 1980). In this
case, in contrast to Ordway, the alleged conduct of defendant—while not laudable—is not
criminal in nature. See Ordway, 619 A.2d at 826 (expressing concern with the prosecutor’s
behavior and paraphrasing Rule 404(b) of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence). The alleged
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possession of naked pictures on one’s cell phone also is not related to the crimes charged in this
case, whereas in Ordway the defendant was charged with murdering her husband with a knife
and was asked about having stabbed another person with whom she had lived. We recognized in
Ordway, 619 A.2d at 826, that the correlation between the alleged conduct and the charged crime
was striking and highly prejudicial.
The defendant argues that possession of lewd photographs has a sufficient nexus to the
crimes charged in this case, contending that the incident occurred in a domestic setting and that
pictures suggest that defendant “objectifies” women. This argument was not raised at trial,
however; nor are we persuaded that possession of photographs of naked individuals is
sufficiently related to charges of strangulation and simple assault. In State v. Kholi, 672 A.2d
429, 432 (R.I. 1996), we acknowledged that “the questions posed in Ordway * * * implicated
th[e] defendant[] in [a] crime[] similar to the one[] for which [she] stood trial.” Id. at 432.
Despite the fact that the defendant in Kholi was charged with sexual assault and was asked about
previously breaking a glass over the same complainant’s hand, the substantial nexus required
was lacking because the alleged act did not involve sexual assault. Id. We are satisfied that the
alleged possession of naked, non-juvenile photographs is not criminal nor is such behavior
substantially related to the crimes charged in this case: strangulation and simple assault.
Accordingly, the prosecutor’s question was not so inflammatory that the trial justice was
unable to expiate the harm. The trial justice correctly sustained the objection and gave a
cautionary instruction to the jury. She likewise asked the jurors three times whether they could
disregard the question, each juror nodding in response. We, therefore, are satisfied that, in the
circumstances of this case, the cautionary instruction cured the prejudice created by the
prosecutor’s improper comments. A review of the record does not reveal that the jury was
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unable to comply with the trial justice’s cautionary instruction, and we “must assume that the
jury did disregard the witness comments as it was instructed to do.” Disla, 874 A.2d at 198
(quoting Powers, 566 A.2d at 1304). Accordingly, we are satisfied that the trial justice did not
err in denying defendant’s motion to pass the case.
Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
The defendant contends that the count of assault with a dangerous weapon, of which he
was acquitted, and the count of assault by strangulation, of which he was convicted, were
duplicative. Accordingly, defendant avers that he was twice placed in jeopardy for the same act
and that the conviction for the single count of domestic strangulation should be vacated. We
disagree. Because defendant stands convicted of only one of the two counts, we need not dwell
long on this issue.
Rule 12(b)(2) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that “[t]he
defense of double jeopardy * * * may be raised only by motion before trial.” Therefore, “a
defendant’s failure to raise such a motion before trial precludes that defendant from thereafter
raising a double jeopardy challenge.” State v. Day, 925 A.2d 962, 977 (R.I. 2007) (citing State
v. Feliciano, 901 A.2d 631, 647 (R.I. 2006)). A review of the record indicates that the defendant
did not raise the defense of double jeopardy prior to trial as required by Rule 12(b)(2). We
therefore consider this issue to be waived. Nonetheless, “[t]he principal evil against which the
Double Jeopardy Clause protects—multiple criminal punishments for the same offense—is not
implicated in this case because [the] defendant stands convicted of (and punished for) a single
offense.” State v. Matthews, 88 A.3d 375, 380 (R.I. 2014). The defendant was not twice placed
in jeopardy because he was convicted of only one count; he was acquitted of the other.
Accordingly, “[b]ecause there was a single conviction in this case, there is no double jeopardy
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violation for us to remedy.” Id. at 381. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the trial justice
properly denied the motion for judgment of acquittal.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgment of conviction. The papers in this
case shall be remanded to the Superior Court.
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STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS
SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
OPINION COVER SHEET
Title of Case State v. Hakim Funches.
No. 2015-32-C.A.
Case Number
(P2/13-1299ADV)
Date Opinion Filed May 26, 2017
Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
Indeglia, JJ.
Written By Associate Justice Maureen McKenna Goldberg
Source of Appeal Providence County Superior Court
Judicial Officer From Lower Court Associate Justice Netti C. Vogel
For State:
Lauren S. Zurier
Department of Attorney General
Attorney(s) on Appeal
For Defendant:
George J. West, Esq.
SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2016)