MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be May 30 2017, 11:05 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT (MOTHER) ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Jennifer A. Joas Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Madison, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT (FATHER) Abigail R. Recker
Deputy Attorney General
Patrick Magrath Indianapolis, Indiana
Alcorn Sage Schwartz & Magrath, LLP
Madison, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination May 30, 2017
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of A.T., Jr., A Minor Child, 15A01-1612-JT-2944
Appeal from the Dearborn Circuit
K.T., Mother, and A.T., Sr., Court
Father, The Honorable James D.
Appellants-Respondents, Humphrey, Judge
v. The Honorable Kimberly A.
Schmaltz, Magistrate
Indiana Department of Child Trial Court Cause No.
Services, 15C01-1605-JT-13
Appellee-Petitioner.
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Najam, Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] A.T., Sr. (“Father”) and K.T. (“Mother”) (collectively “Parents”) appeal the
trial court’s termination of their parental rights over their minor child A.T., Jr.
(“Child”). Parents raise a single issue for our review, namely, whether the State
presented sufficient evidence to support the termination of their parental rights.
We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] In February 2015, when Child was almost two years old, the Department of
Child Services (“DCS”) investigated a report that Father was physically abusing
Mother and that Parents were abusing drugs. Parents entered into an informal
adjustment agreement with DCS whereby they agreed to participate in services
for six months. But on March 5, Father was convicted of domestic battery
against Mother, and he was sentenced to one year with 275 days suspended to
probation. Father was ordered to have no contact with Mother. In July 2015,
DCS family case manager Amy Wesley contacted Parents and discovered that
they were living together in violation of the no-contact order. Wesley reported
the violation to local police, who arrested Father. Wesley then assisted Mother
with finding housing.
[3] On August 17, DCS filed a petition alleging that Child was a child in need of
services (“CHINS”), and on September 10, due to Mother’s continued drug use,
DCS removed Child from Mother’s care. At a hearing, Parents admitted to the
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allegations in the CHINS petition. And on October 9, the trial court
adjudicated Child to be a CHINS. The trial court ordered Parents to comply
with a parental participation order, which required Parents to complete
parenting assessments, psychological evaluations, and substance abuse
assessments. Parents were also required to submit to random drug screens,
maintain suitable housing and a legal source of income, and participate in
visitation with Child.
[4] Parents did not successfully complete their court-ordered services, and on May
13, 2016, DCS filed petitions to terminate their parental rights. Following a
hearing, the trial court terminated Parents’ parental rights and found and
concluded in relevant part as follows:
There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
in the child’s removal or the reasons for the placement outside
the parent’s home will not be remedied and a reasonable
probability that continuation of the parent-child relationship
poses a threat to the well-being of the child in that:
The Department of Child Services (DCS) became involved with
[K.T.] (Mother) and [A.T., Sr.] (Father) in February of 2015 due
to allegations of domestic violence and the use of illegal
controlled substances. Father was charged and convicted of
domestic battery. (DCS Exhibits 1-6). There was a no-contact
order between Father and Mother. Mother and Father were
offered an Informal Adjustment in Franklin County, Indiana;
however, [they] moved to Dearborn County, Indiana during that
time. Dearborn County Family Case Manager, Aimee Wesley
(FCM Wesley) received a report regarding Mother and Father
living together with the child, in violation of the no-contact
order, in July of 2015. FCM Wesley found Mother and Father
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living together in Aurora, Indiana and Father was subsequently
arrested. A child in need of services petition was filed on August
17, 2015, and the child was not removed. (DCS Exhibit 7).
Mother was compliant with DCS at the beginning of the case and
participated in services. DCS helped her obtain secure housing
by providing a secur[ity] deposit and the first month’s rent for an
apartment for Mother and the child. In September of 2015,
Mother began to test positive for illegal controlled substances.
(DCS Exhibits 8-10 and 12-15). She tested positive for
amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine on September 9,
2015; heroin and morphine on September 15, 2015; heroin and
morphine on September 28, 2015; cocaine, heroin, and morphine
on November 6, 2015; and heroin and morphine on November
19, 2015. On September 14, 2015, Judge Humphrey ordered the
child to be removed from Mother due to her continued drug use.
(DCS Exhibit 7).
Mother did not comply with services. Mother was referred to
individual outpatient treatment through Community Mental
Health. Mother was to complete group and individual sessions
with Holly Steiner and barely attended. Mother did not address
her substance abuse issues. Mother did not comply with
supervised visitation through Ireland Home Based Services
(Ireland). The supervised visitation worker, Ashley Carpenter,
noticed the Mother appeared to be under the influence during
one of the visits. Mother cancelled or did not attend multiple
visits. Mother was evicted from the apartment DCS helped pay
for and DCS did not receive the security deposit back due to
damage to the apartment. Mother was also fired from her
employment for having a syringe at work.
After the Court entered a dispositional order and parental
participation order were entered [sic] Mother was charged and
convicted of three felonies. On February 23, 2016, Mother was
charged with fraud and two counts of theft in 15D02-1602-F6-
067 and entered a plea of guilty to the fraud charge on August 8,
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2016. (DCS Exhibit 16 and 20). Mother was then charged with
possession of drugs, aggravated possession of drugs, and illegal
use or possession of drug paraphernalia in Hamilton County,
Ohio on February 26, 2016. Mother was convicted of possession
of drugs (heroin) on April 22, 2016. (DCS Exhibits 17 and 18).
On March 24, 2016, Mother was then charged with dealing in a
narcotic drug (hydrocodone) in 15D02-1603-F3-007 and
plea[ded] guilty to that charge on August 3, 2016. (DCS Exhibits
19 and 20). Mother admitted to FCM Wesley that she had sold
drugs to an undercover police officer.
Father was incarcerated at the beginning of the case. When he
was released he engaged in supervised visitation; however, in the
beginning of 2016 Father stopped participating in visits. Father
did not keep in contact with FCM Wesley and did not participate
in father engagement services through Ireland. Father did not
submit to any drug screens as ordered.
Father was charged with invasion of privacy on July 20, 2015, in
15D02-1507-CM-463. Father was convicted for the invasion of
privacy on October 13, 2015. (DCS Exhibits 21 and 22). On
January 28, 2016, Father was charged with a probation violation
due to failing a drug screen for norbuprenorphine. (DCS Exhibit
23). That request for probation violation was amended on March
22, 2016, due to Father not attending probation appointments.
(DCS Exhibit 24). Again, the probation violation was amended
on March 29, 2016 because of a subsequent criminal offense.
(DCS Exhibit 26). On March 28, 2016, Father was charged with
resisting law enforcement (fleeing). (DCS Exhibit 28). Father
was subsequently convicted on the probation violations and
resisting law enforcement. (DCS Exhibit 25 and 27). Father did
not stay in contact with DCS after his release from incarceration.
FCM Wesley only discovered Father’s whereabouts in May of
2016 when she was driving in Aurora, Indiana and noticed
Father walking down the street.
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On October 5, 2016, Father was arrested again and charged with
resisting law enforcement (fleeing) while using a vehicle, resisting
law enforcement (fleeing), and reckless driving. (DCS Exhibit
29). Father admitted to FCM Dion Edward that a few days prior
to the incident he had been “shooting up.” Father stated that he
was pulled over by the police after he stopped at a church.
Father stated he fled the police in an attempt to go to his home
and get his cell phone. Additionally, Father admitted during the
termination hearing that he has a criminal conviction from
Kentucky for arson and burglary and was incarcerated in the
State of Kentucky.
The guardian ad litem, Melissa Scholl, believes that termination
of parental rights is in the best interest of the child.
Termination is in the child’s best interests of the child [sic] in
that: Both Father and Mother did not comply with services
offered through DCS. Mother tested positive on multiple
occasions for controlled substances. Mother was charged with
three felonies while the case was pending and is currently serving
a sentenc[e] for dealing in a controlled substance. Father did not
comply with services and continued to commit criminal offenses
while the case was pending. Father admitted to using controlled
substances and fleeing from police in a vehicle on October 4,
2016. Mother and Father have not complied with the Court’s
orders, have not been rehabilitated, and the child
cannot safely be reunified with either of them.
The Department of Child Services has a satisfactory plan for the
care and treatment of the child, which is: Adoption with relative
placement, [L.J. and D.J.]
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
DECREED:
That the parent-child relationship between [A.T.], the child, and
mother, [K.T.], be terminated and all rights, powers, privileges,
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immunities, duties, and obligations, including the right to
consent to adoption, pertaining to that relationship are
permanently terminated.
That the parent-child relationships between [A.T.], the child, and
father, [A.T., Sr.], be terminated and all rights, powers,
privileges, immunities, duties, and obligations,
including the right to consent to adoption, pertaining to that
relationship are permanently terminated.
That the child shall remain under the supervision of the
Department of Child Services, and subject to the jurisdiction of
the Court in case number l5C01-l508-JC-000074. The
guardianship with [C.R. and P.R.] in l5C01-1607-GU-043 is
denied. The Court finds that Judge Humphrey approved DCS’
permanency plan of adoption in the l5C0l-1508-JC-074 on July
25, 2016. The child has been in relative care with maternal aunt
and uncle, [L.J. and D.J.], for approximately one year. [L.J. and
D.J.] are the intended adoptive family and that adoption by [L.J.
and D.J.] would be in the child’s best interest. The Court finds
that the guardianship is not in the child’s best interest.
Father’s Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 17-20. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
[5] We begin our review of this appeal by acknowledging that “[t]he traditional
right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is protected by the
Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” Bailey v. Tippecanoe
Div. of Family & Children (In re M.B.), 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996),
trans. denied. However, a trial court must subordinate the interests of the
parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a
termination. Schultz v. Porter Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re K.S.), 750
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N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Termination of a parent-child
relationship is proper where a child’s emotional and physical development is
threatened. Id. Although the right to raise one’s own child should not be
terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, parental
rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or
her parental responsibilities. Id. at 836.
[6] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights can occur in Indiana, DCS
is required to allege and prove:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the
conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the
reasons for placement outside the home of the
parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
threat to the well-being of the child.
***
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2) (2017). DCS’s “burden of proof in termination of
parental rights cases is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” R.Y. v. Ind.
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Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re G.Y.), 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting
I.C. § 31-37-14-2).
[7] When reviewing a termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the
evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Peterson v. Marion Cnty. Ofc. of
Family & Children (In re D.D.), 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.
denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that
are most favorable to the judgment. Id. Moreover, in deference to the trial
court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s
judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous.
Judy S. v. Noble Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re L.S.), 717 N.E.2d 204, 208
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.
[8] Here, in terminating Parents’ parental rights, the trial court entered specific
findings of fact and conclusions thereon. When a trial court’s judgment
contains special findings and conclusions, we apply a two-tiered standard of
review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind.
2005). First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings and,
second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id.
“Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to
support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98,
102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s
decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.
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[9] Parents’ challenges on appeal are very narrow. Mother only challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence to show that termination is in Child’s best interest.
Father also challenges the trial court’s conclusion that termination is in Child’s
best interest. And, while Father appears to challenge the court’s conclusions
that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s
removal will not be remedied and that there is a reasonable probability that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of
Child, Father does not present any cogent argument on those conclusions
distinct from that regarding Child’s best interest. Accordingly, Father has
waived review of those issues. Waiver notwithstanding, we address the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s conclusions that there is a
reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal will
not be remedied1 and that termination of Parents’ parental rights is in Child’s
best interest.
Conditions that Resulted in Child’s Removal will not be Remedied
[10] In determining whether the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that
Father2 was unlikely to remedy the reasons for Child’s removal, we engage in a
two-step analysis. E.M. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re E.M.), 4 N.E.3d 636,
643 (Ind. 2014). “First, we identify the conditions that led to removal; and
1
Because the statute is written in the disjunctive, we need not address the court’s conclusion that
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-being. I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).
2
Again, Mother does not challenge the trial court’s conclusion on this issue.
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second, we determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those
conditions will not be remedied.” Id. (quotations and citations omitted). In the
second step, the trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for his children
at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of
changed conditions. Id. However, the court must also “evaluate the parent’s
habitual patterns of conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or
deprivation of the child.” Moore v. Jasper Cty. Dep’t of Child Servs., 894 N.E.2d
218, 226 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (quotations and citations omitted). Pursuant to
this rule, courts have properly considered evidence of a parent’s prior criminal
history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support,
and lack of adequate housing and employment. Id. Moreover, DCS is not
required to rule out all possibilities of change; rather, it need establish only that
there is a reasonable probability the parent’s behavior will not change. Id.
[11] Father does not challenge the trial court’s findings on this issue, and we cannot
say that the trial court clearly erred when it concluded that the conditions that
resulted in the Child’s removal from Father’s care will not be remedied. Child
was removed from Father’s care due to Father’s domestic violence and drug
use. Yet, despite the coercive intervention of the trial court in the CHINS
proceedings, Father has not remedied his drug use. Father refused to appear for
numerous drug screens between the dispositional hearing in the CHINS matter
and the ensuing termination hearing. And Father only attended individual
counseling from November 2015 to January 2016. After that time, Father’s
counselor was unable to locate him. Father tested positive for
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norbuprenorphine on January 21, 2016, and he was briefly incarcerated in
February 2016. At the termination hearing, Wesley testified that Father’s
“success hinges upon his sobriety and he’s not been able to maintain that.” Tr.
at 102.
[12] Father’s arguments on appeal simply seek to have this court disregard the
evidence most favorable to the trial court’s judgment and instead reweigh the
evidence in his favor. We will not do so. We cannot say that the trial court
clearly erred when it concluded that the conditions that resulted in Child’s
removal will not be remedied.
Best Interests
[13] In determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of a
child, the trial court is required to look at the totality of the evidence. A.S. v.
Ind. Dep’t. of Child Servs. (In re A.K.), 924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).
“A parent’s historical inability to provide adequate housing, stability and
supervision coupled with a current inability to provide the same will support a
finding that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the child’s best
interests.” Castro v. State Ofc. of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 374 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2006), trans. denied. “Additionally, a child’s need for permanency is an
important consideration in determining the best interests of a child, and the
testimony of the service providers may support a finding that termination is in the child’s
best interests.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 224 (emphasis added).
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[14] Parents do not challenge the trial court’s findings in support of this conclusion.
But Mother contends that the court clearly erred given that “there was a
guardianship petition pending and a satisfactory plan for permanency would
have been guardianship.” Mother’s Appellant’s Br. at 16. And Father’s
contentions on this issue amount to nothing more than a request that we
reweigh the evidence, which we will not do.
[15] Wesley, the family case manager, testified that termination of Parents’ parental
rights is in Child’s best interest. The Guardian Ad Litem Melissa Scholl also
testified that termination of parental rights is in Child’s best interest. To the
extent Mother would prefer that the court appoint a guardian over Child
instead of terminating her parental rights, Child needs permanency. At the time
of the termination hearing, Mother had recently begun to serve a six-year term
of incarceration. The totality of the evidence, including Parents’ historical
inability to provide a safe and stable home and their refusal to take advantage of
the resources DCS provided them, supports the trial court’s conclusion that
termination of Parents’ parental rights is in Child’s best interest.
[16] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Bradford, J., concur.
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