In re Estate of Shelton

2017 IL 121199

IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket Nos. 121199, 121241 cons.)

In re ESTATE OF THOMAS F. SHELTON (Ruth Ann Alford, Executor, Appellant v.
Rodney I. Shelton, Appellee).

Opinion filed May 18, 2017.

JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Garman, and
Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 The two consolidated appeals before this court concern the duties owed by an
agent to a principal under a power of attorney for property. Ruth Ann Alford was
named as executor of the estates of her parents, Thomas and Doris Shelton,
following their deaths in 2012. In her capacity as executor, Ruth Ann filed two
actions on behalf of the estates in the circuit court of Grundy County against her
brother, Rodney Shelton. Both actions concerned quitclaim deeds signed by
 Thomas in 2011 which conveyed farmland to Rodney and his wife. At the time of
these transactions, Rodney was designated as the successor agent under both
Thomas’s and Doris’s powers of attorney. The estates alleged that Rodney
breached his fiduciary and statutory duties as an agent by personally benefitting
from the real estate transactions.

¶2 The circuit court dismissed both actions pursuant to sections 2-619(a)(9) and
2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619(a)(9) (West
2010)), respectively. The cases were consolidated on appeal. The appellate court
affirmed the dismissal of the action involving Thomas’s estate and reversed the
dismissal of the action involving Doris’s estate. In re Estate of Shelton, 2016 IL
App (3d) 140163. For the reasons that follow, we find that both actions were
properly dismissed by the circuit court. We thus affirm in part and reverse in part
the appellate court’s judgment.

¶3 BACKGROUND

¶4 On January 18, 2005, Thomas and Doris each executed durable powers of
attorney using the “Illinois Statutory Short Form Power of Attorney for Property.”
The documents were substantively identical, with the principals—Thomas and
Doris—designating each other as their agent, also known as an “attorney-in-fact.”
Among other powers, they granted the agent the power to sell or otherwise dispose
of real property during the principal’s lifetime after the principal became disabled.
Both principals designated their son, Rodney, as the successor agent and their
daughter, Ruth Ann, as the successive successor agent. The documents include the
following paragraph pertaining to successor agents:

“8. If any agent named by me shall die, become incompetent, resign or
refuse to accept the office of agent, I name the following (each to act alone and
successively, in the order named) as successor(s) to such agent:

my son Rodney I. Shelton

my daughter Ruth Ann Alford

For purposes of this paragraph 8, a person shall be considered to be
incompetent if and while the person is a minor or an adjudicated incompetent or

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 disabled person or the person is unable to give prompt and intelligent
consideration to business matters, as certified by a licensed physician.”

¶5 On December 1, 2011, Thomas executed two quitclaim deeds conveying 100%
of the interest in two plots of farmland to Rodney and his wife, Regina Shelton. The
first plot was owned solely by Thomas. The second plot was owned jointly by
Thomas and Doris. 1 The quitclaim deed pertaining to the second plot was signed by
Thomas, individually, and by Thomas as “attorney-in-fact” for Doris. As of the
date of these transactions, Doris had not been adjudicated incompetent or disabled
by a court. Nor had a licensed physician certified that Doris was unable to give
prompt and intelligent consideration to business matters.

¶6 Thomas died on October 9, 2012. Doris died on December 20, 2012. Ruth Ann
was named the executor of both estates.

¶7 I. Appeal No. 121241

¶8 On December 2, 2013, Ruth Ann filed an amended citation in the circuit court
on behalf of Thomas’s estate, pursuant to section 16-1 of the Probate Act of 1975
(755 ILCS 5/16-1 (West 2010)), to discover information and/or recover the
farmland conveyed to Rodney and his wife. The estate alleged that, at the time of
the conveyances on December 1, 2011, Doris had been diagnosed with dementia
and was incompetent. According to paragraph 8 of Thomas’s power of attorney, the
successor agent was to succeed to the status of agent “if and while” Doris, the
designated agent, was incompetent. Accordingly, the estate alleged that Rodney,
not Doris, was Thomas’s agent on December 1, 2011.

¶9 The estate further alleged that, under Illinois law, any conveyance of property
from a principal to an agent under a power of attorney is presumptively fraudulent.
Based on the presumption of fraud inherent in the transactions, the estate requested
that the deeds be set aside and the property returned to Thomas’s estate.

1
According to the record, at times during the proceedings, the parties referred to the
second farm as being owned solely by Doris rather than jointly owned. For purposes of this
opinion, we need not resolve this discrepancy. The relevant, undisputed fact is that the
second quitclaim deed conveyed all of Doris’s interest in the farm to Rodney and his wife.

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¶ 10 Rodney filed a motion to dismiss the amended citation pursuant to sections
2-615 and 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619(a)(9) (West 2010)).
He argued that Doris was still Thomas’s agent on December 1, 2011, since she was
not “incompetent” as defined in the power of attorney. As of that date, Doris had
not been adjudicated incompetent or certified incompetent by a licensed physician.
Since a successor agent has no fiduciary duties to a principal, there is no presumed
fraud arising from a transaction between the successor agent and the principal.
Rodney thus asserted that the amended citation failed to plead a legally sufficient
claim for setting aside the deeds.

¶ 11 In response, the estate filed a supplemental physician’s report dated January 30,
2014, by Dr. Daniel Jurak, Doris’s treating physician. The report stated that Doris
experienced an onset of confusion in March 2011 and was diagnosed with dementia
in October 2011. Dr. Jurak averred that on December 1, 2011, Doris was
incompetent, unable to manage her personal affairs, and unable to give prompt and
intelligent consideration to her business matters.

¶ 12 The trial court granted Rodney’s motion to dismiss the amended citation under
section 2-619 based on the language in the power of attorney. The appellate court
affirmed the trial court’s dismissal, with one justice dissenting. 2016 IL App (3d)
140163. The majority held that a certification of incompetence signed two years
after the execution of the deeds could not retroactively establish Doris’s
incompetency. Id. ¶¶ 24-26. Therefore, there were no grounds to support the
estate’s claims. Id.

¶ 13 II. Appeal No. 121199

¶ 14 On March 24, 2014, Ruth Ann filed a complaint on behalf of Doris’s estate
alleging that Rodney breached his statutory duties to Doris under section 2-10.3(b)
of the Illinois Power of Attorney Act. 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010). Section
2-10.3(b) provides:

“(b) An agent is not liable for the actions of another agent, including a
predecessor agent, unless the agent participates in or conceals a breach of
fiduciary duty committed by the other agent. An agent who has knowledge of a
breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent must notify the

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 principal and, if the principal is incapacitated, take whatever actions may be
reasonably appropriate in the circumstances to safeguard the principal’s best
interest.” Id.

¶ 15 The estate alleged that Thomas breached his common-law fiduciary duty as
Doris’s agent by transferring all of her interest in the farm without reserving a life
estate at a time when Doris was in need of income. The estate further alleged that
Rodney, as Doris’s successor agent, breached his statutory obligation under section
2-10.3(b) to notify Doris of Thomas’s breach or to safeguard her interests in the
transaction. The complaint alleged damages to the estate in the amount of the value
of the property as well as the income from the property during the remainder of
Doris’s lifetime.

¶ 16 Rodney filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings or, in the alternative, a
motion to dismiss the complaint, under section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS
5/2-615 (West 2010)). He argued that section 2-10.3(b) of the Power of Attorney
Act does not apply to him because he was only a successor agent and had not
attained the status of agent at the time of the transactions. Thus, he had no statutory
duties to Doris. The trial court agreed and dismissed the complaint with prejudice.

¶ 17 The appellate court, with one justice dissenting, reversed the trial court’s
judgment and remanded for further proceedings. 2016 IL App (3d) 140163. The
majority held that the duties imposed by section 2-10.3(b) apply to an individual
designated as a successor agent in a power of attorney. Therefore, the court held,
the estate’s complaint stated a legally cognizable claim against Rodney. Id.
¶¶ 36-40.

¶ 18 The appellate court thus held in Rodney’s favor in the first case and in Doris’s
estate’s favor in the second case. The parties filed petitions for leave to appeal in
this court. We allowed both petitions (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015)) and
consolidated the two appeals for our review.

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¶ 19 ANALYSIS

¶ 20 I. Appeal No. 121241

¶ 21 At issue in this appeal is whether Rodney breached a common-law fiduciary
duty to Thomas when he personally benefitted from the real estate conveyances on
December 1, 2011. The trial court dismissed the amended citation filed by
Thomas’s estate pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS
5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2010)). In deciding a section 2-619 motion, a court accepts all
well-pleaded facts and their inferences as true and construes all pleadings and
supporting documents in favor of the non-moving party. Bjork v. O’Meara, 2013 IL
114044, ¶ 21. Under section 2-619(a)(9), a defendant is entitled to a dismissal if
“the claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative matter avoiding
the legal effect of or defeating the claim.” 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2010).
Our review of an order granting a section 2-619 motion is de novo. Henderson
Square Condominium Ass’n v. LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 34.

¶ 22 An individual holding a power of attorney is a fiduciary as a matter of law.
Clark v. Clark, 398 Ill. 592, 600 (1947); In re Estate of DeJarnette, 286 Ill. App. 3d
1082, 1088 (1997) (citing Pottinger v. Pottinger, 238 Ill. App. 3d 908, 917 (1992)).
Thus, an agent appointed under a power of attorney has a common-law fiduciary
duty to the principal. Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P. v. Allen, 2012 IL App (3d)
110915, ¶ 12; see also 755 ILCS 45/2-7(a), (b) (West 2010) (codifying the agent’s
duty of care owed to the principal for purposes of the Power of Attorney Act). The
fiduciary relationship between the principal and agent begins at the time the power
of attorney document is signed. In re Estate of Miller, 334 Ill. App. 3d 692, 697
(2002); In re Estate of Rybolt, 258 Ill. App. 3d 886, 889 (1994).

¶ 23 A presumption of fraud arises when a fiduciary benefits from a transaction
involving the principal. In re Estate of DeJarnette, 286 Ill. App. 3d at 1088. Under
a power of attorney for property, “any conveyance of the principal’s property that
either materially benefits the agent or is for the agent’s own use is presumed to be
fraudulent.” Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P., 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12.
“This rule applies to conveyances of the principal’s property by the agent to a third
party on behalf of the principal and also to conveyances made by the principal
directly to the agent.” Id. (citing Clark, 398 Ill. at 601, In re Estate of Rybolt, 258
Ill. App. 3d at 889, In re Estate of Pawlinski, 407 Ill. App. 3d 957, 963-68 (2011),

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 and In re Estate of DeJarnette, 286 Ill. App. 3d at 1088-91). Once a fraudulent
transaction has been alleged, the burden then shifts to the agent to prove by clear
and convincing evidence that the transaction was fair and did not result from his
undue influence over the principal. In re Estate of Miller, 334 Ill. App. 3d at
697-98.

¶ 24 The estate makes two arguments on appeal to this court. First, it contends that
Illinois law imposes a fiduciary duty on Rodney by virtue of his being named as a
successor agent in Thomas’s power of attorney. We disagree. The Power of
Attorney Act, which codifies an agent’s fiduciary duty, recognizes that it is the
agent’s exercise of power pursuant to the authorizing document which triggers the
agent’s duty to the principal. See 755 ILCS 45/2-7(a) (West 2010) (“Whenever a
power is exercised, the agent shall act in good faith for the benefit of the principal
using due care, competence, and diligence in accordance with the terms of the
agency ***.”). By definition, a successor agent’s authority to act on behalf of the
principal is contingent upon the initial agent’s resignation, death, incapacitation, or
refusal to serve. 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(a) (West 2010). Until one of these events
occurs, the successor agent has no authority to act. See id. Under the Power of
Attorney Act, if an individual cannot exercise the powers granted by the agency, he
has no duty to act in good faith for the principal’s benefit. 755 ILCS 45/2-7(a)
(West 2010). Thus, we can infer that the Power of Attorney Act does not impose
any duties on a successor agent until that person is authorized to exercise the
powers set forth in the power of attorney.

¶ 25 Consistent with these principles, the plain language of Thomas’s power of
attorney appointed Rodney as agent only upon the occurrence of a specific
contingency, i.e., “if any agent named by me shall die, become incompetent, resign
or refuse to accept the office of agent.” Therefore, Rodney’s authority to act on
behalf of Thomas did not arise until Doris died, became incompetent, or became
unwilling to act as an agent. Until that time, Rodney owed no fiduciary duties to
Thomas.

¶ 26 The estate cites Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P., 2012 IL App (3d) 110915,
and In re Estate of Elias, 408 Ill. App. 3d 301 (2011), in support of its argument
that a successor agent owes a fiduciary duty to the principal. Both are inapposite.
Neither decision pertains to the estate’s claim of a duty owed by a “successor

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 agent.” Rather, both cases concern the duties owed by an individual named as an
“agent” in a power of attorney. See Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P., 2012 IL
App (3d) 110915, ¶¶ 15-16 (a person designated as an agent in a power of attorney
has the burden to rebut a presumption of fraud arising out of the transfer of a life
estate from the principal to the agent); In re Estate of Elias, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 320
(a power of attorney gives rise to a general fiduciary relationship between the
principal and the agent at the time the document is executed, regardless of when the
power of attorney is “activate[d]”).

¶ 27 The estate also relies on section 2-10.3(b) of the Power of Attorney Act (755
ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010)), arguing that the statute imposes certain duties
owed by a successor agent to a principal. However, this statute is simply irrelevant
to the issues involved in this appeal, as it pertains to an agent’s participation in, or
knowledge of, a breach of fiduciary duty committed by another agent. Thomas’s
estate does not claim that another agent other than Rodney breached a fiduciary
duty. It claims that Rodney breached his own fiduciary duty to Thomas solely
based on his position as Thomas’s successor agent.

¶ 28 Thus, the estate has not cited, nor has this court found, any Illinois precedent
holding that an individual designated as a successor agent under a power of
attorney has a common-law fiduciary duty to the principal. We therefore reject the
estate’s claim that Rodney owed a fiduciary duty to Thomas prior to becoming an
authorized agent.

¶ 29 The second argument raised by the estate is that Rodney was actually Thomas’s
agent at the time of the conveyances; therefore, the conveyances were
presumptively fraudulent. See Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P., 2012 IL App
(3d) 110915, ¶ 12. The estate’s claim for relief depends on the legal statuses of
Doris and Rodney on December 1, 2011. If Doris was incompetent on that date, she
was no longer Thomas’s agent. Under the successor provision in paragraph 8 of
Thomas’s power of attorney, Doris’s incompetency would have activated Rodney’s
status as agent, with all the powers and duties attached to that status. However, if
Doris was not incompetent, Rodney was merely a successor agent and owed no
fiduciary duties to Thomas.

¶ 30 The estate argues that the physician’s report signed on January 30, 2014, is
sufficient evidence to prove Doris’s incompetency on December 1, 2011. The

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 appellate court rejected this argument because the language in the power of
attorney document precludes a retroactive certification of incompetency. 2016 IL
App (3d) 140163, ¶¶ 24-27. We agree with the appellate court’s analysis.

¶ 31 “A written power of attorney must be strictly construed so as to reflect the
‘clear and obvious intent of the parties.’ ” Fort Dearborn Life Insurance Co. v.
Holcomb, 316 Ill. App. 3d 485, 499 (2000) (quoting Crawford Savings & Loan
Ass’n v. Dvorak, 40 Ill. App. 3d 288, 292 (1976), citing McHarry v. Bowman, 274
Ill. App. 487 (1934)); see also Amcore Bank, N.A. v. Hahnaman-Albrecht, Inc., 326
Ill. App. 3d 126, 135 (2001); In re Estate of Romanowski, 329 Ill. App. 3d 769, 774
(2002). The language in Thomas’s power of attorney is clear and unambiguous.
Paragraph 8 states that an agent is incompetent “if and while the person is a minor
or an adjudicated incompetent or disabled person or the person is unable to give
prompt and intelligent consideration to business matters, as certified by a licensed
physician.” (Emphasis added.)

¶ 32 As of the date of the quitclaim deeds, a licensed physician had not certified that
Doris was unable to give prompt and intelligent consideration to her financial
affairs, nor was there a judicial adjudication of incompetency. As explained by the
appellate court, the most straightforward reading of the “if and while” language in
paragraph 8 is that a physician’s certification “is meant to serve as a triggering
event that nullifies the primary agent’s authority at the time of the certification and
in the future, until the certification is rescinded.” 2016 IL App (3d) 140163, ¶ 25.
Furthermore, the court held, “[n]othing in Thomas’s [power of attorney] suggests
that a physician’s certification prepared years after the fact may retroactively
nullify the designated agent-in-fact’s authority to act under the POA.” Id. Thus,
according to the express language in the power of attorney, a physician’s
certification of incompetency must have been rendered prior to the conveyances at
issue in order to establish Doris’s incompetency.

¶ 33 The estate argues that the appellate court’s construction of the power of
attorney imposes an unreasonable burden on heirs and estate executors who may
have no opportunity to discover that a fraudulent transaction has taken place until
after the principal is deceased. Even if this were the case, however, it remains the
estate’s burden to establish a legal claim based on the allegations in its amended
citation. The estate has failed to do so. Because we must strictly construe the

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 language in the power of attorney to effectuate the principal’s intent, we may not
read into it additional provisions, conditions, or limitations not expressly included
in the instrument. See Amcore Bank, N.A., 326 Ill. App. 3d at 135; Fort Dearborn
Life Insurance Co., 316 Ill. App. 3d at 499. We hold, therefore, that the estate’s
amended citation was properly dismissed by the trial court.

¶ 34 II. Appeal No. 121199

¶ 35 In the complaint filed by Doris’s estate, the estate alleged that Rodney breached
his statutory obligation as Doris’s successor power of attorney under section
2-10.3(b) of the Power of Attorney Act (755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010)). The
trial court dismissed the complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS
5/2-615 (West 2010)). A motion to dismiss under section 2-615 attacks only the
legal sufficiency of a complaint. Schweihs v. Chase Home Finance, LLC, 2016 IL
120041, ¶ 27 (citing Bonhomme v. St. James, 2012 IL 112393, ¶ 34). In reviewing a
section 2-615 dismissal, a court must take all well-pled facts as true and determine
whether the allegations, considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are
sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief may be granted. Id. (citing
Bonhomme, 2012 IL 112393, ¶ 34). Our review is de novo. Id. (citing Khan v.
Deutsche Bank AG, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 47).

¶ 36 The issue in this appeal involves statutory construction, a question of law which
we also review de novo. People v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 13. Our primary goal
in statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the legislature’s intent.
People v. Giraud, 2012 IL 113116, ¶ 6. The best indicator of legislative intent is the
statutory language itself, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. The words and
phrases in a statute should be construed in light of other relevant provisions and not
in isolation. People v. Gutman, 2011 IL 110338, ¶ 12. When determining the plain
meaning of statutory terms, we must consider the statute in its entirety, bearing in
mind the subject it addresses and the legislature’s apparent intent in enacting it.
Schultz v. Performance Lighting, Inc., 2013 IL 115738, ¶ 12. Where the language
of a statute is clear and unambiguous, we will apply it as written, without resort to
extrinsic aids of statutory construction. State Bank of Cherry v. CGB Enterprises,
Inc., 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 56. In addition, we must not depart from the plain meaning

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 of the statutory language by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions
not expressed by the legislature. Id.

¶ 37 Section 2-10.3(b) of the Power of Attorney Act, which is part of a provision
entitled “Successor agents,” provides as follows:

“(b) An agent is not liable for the actions of another agent, including a
predecessor agent, unless the agent participates in or conceals a breach of
fiduciary duty committed by the other agent. An agent who has knowledge of a
breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent must notify the
principal and, if the principal is incapacitated, take whatever actions may be
reasonably appropriate in the circumstances to safeguard the principal’s best
interest.” 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010).

¶ 38 The estate’s complaint alleged that Thomas, as “primary agent” under Doris’s
power of attorney, violated his fiduciary duty to Doris when he transferred all of her
interest in the farm to Rodney and his wife without reserving a life estate in Doris at
a time when she was incompetent and in need of income from the property. The
complaint further alleged that Rodney participated in Thomas’s breach of fiduciary
duty by failing to notify Doris of the breach and failing to take action to safeguard
Doris’s best interests, in violation of section 2-10.3(b) of the Act. The estate
argued, therefore, that Rodney was liable for any breach of fiduciary duty
committed by Thomas.

¶ 39 The circuit court dismissed the complaint because Rodney was not Doris’s
“agent” at the time of the real estate transactions and, thus, could not be held liable
under section 2-10.3(b). The appellate court disagreed and reversed the circuit
court’s dismissal order, finding that section 2-10.3(b) applied to Rodney based on
his designation as a successor agent in Doris’s power of attorney. 2016 IL App (3d)
140163, ¶¶ 32-40. On appeal to this court, Rodney contends that he was not Doris’s
“agent,” either as defined in the Power of Attorney Act or in the power of attorney
itself. Therefore, Rodney argues, any duties imposed on an “agent” by section
2-10.3(b) do not apply to him by definition. We agree.

¶ 40 The plain language in section 2-10.3(b) of the Power of Attorney Act states that
an agent may be liable for the actions of another agent, including a predecessor
agent, if the agent participates in or conceals a breach of fiduciary duty by the other

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 agent. 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010). The statute further provides that an
“agent who has knowledge of a breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by
another agent must notify the principal and, if the principal is incapacitated, take
whatever actions may be reasonably appropriate in the circumstances to safeguard
the principal’s best interest.” Id. Thus, section 2-10.3(b) refers exclusively to the
liability and duties of an “agent” with no mention of the qualifying word,
“successor.” The term “agent” is used throughout the Act and is specifically
defined in section 2-3(b) as “the attorney-in-fact or other person designated to act
for the principal in the agency.” 755 ILCS 45/2-3(b) (West 2010). 2 By contrast,
section 2-10.3(a) states that a “successor agent” is designated to act only “if an
initial or predecessor agent resigns, dies, becomes incapacitated, is not qualified to
serve, or declines to serve.” 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(a) (West 2010).

¶ 41 Doris’s power of attorney named Thomas Shelton as her agent or
attorney-in-fact to act on her behalf after she became disabled. As the designated
successor agent, Rodney was authorized to act on Doris’s behalf only in the event
of Thomas’s death, incompetence, resignation, or refusal to accept the office. None
of these events had occurred as of December 1, 2011. Accordingly, on the date of
the real estate conveyances, Rodney was merely Doris’s successor agent and was
not yet her “agent” as defined in the Act. See 755 ILCS 45/2-3(b) (West 2010).
Under the plain and unambiguous language in section 2-10.3(b), therefore, the
duties and liability described in the statute do not apply to Rodney during the
relevant time period. 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010).

¶ 42 Despite the repeated references to an “agent” in section 2-10.3(b), the appellate
court held that the provision imposes a “limited statutory duty,” in derogation of the
common law, on a successor agent prior to becoming authorized as an agent. 2016
IL App (3d) 140163, ¶ 38. Based on the fact that section 2-10.3 is entitled
“Successor agents” and the other two subsections within that section both clearly
apply to successor agents (755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(a), (c) (West 2010)), the court held,
“it stands to reason that section 2-10.3(b) applies to successor agents as well.” 2016
IL App (3d) 140163, ¶ 36. The appellate court thus held that Rodney could be held

2
An “agency” is defined, in part, as “the written power of attorney or other instrument
of agency governing the relationship between the principal and agent or the relationship,
itself, as appropriate to the context.” 755 ILCS 45/2-3(a) (West 2010).

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 liable for Thomas’s breach of fiduciary duty pursuant to section 2-10.3(b), even
though Rodney himself owed no common-law fiduciary duty to Doris at the time of
the conveyances. Id. ¶ 38.

¶ 43 We disagree with the appellate court’s statutory analysis as it is contrary to our
established canons of statutory construction. First, reading the term “successor
agent” into section 2-10.3(b) contravenes the principle that a court may not read
into a statute limitations or conditions not explicitly set forth in the plain statutory
language. See Evanston Insurance Co. v. Riseborough, 2014 IL 114271, ¶ 23. “ ‘It
is the dominion of the legislature to enact laws and it is the province of the courts to
construe those laws. We can neither restrict nor enlarge the meaning of an
unambiguous statute.’ ” Id. (quoting Petersen v. Wallach, 198 Ill. 2d 439, 448
(2002)). The appellate court below essentially rewrote section 2-10.3(b) so as to
modify and expand the meaning of “agent” under the Act and impose duties on an
additional class of persons. The plain language of the statute does not permit such
expansion.

¶ 44 Secondly, if the legislature had intended to impose statutory liabilities and
duties on successor agents in derogation of the common law, it would have made its
intention explicit. See Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 50. Nowhere in
section 2-10.3(b) does the legislature expressly state that a successor agent owes a
duty to the principal prior to being empowered to act on the principal’s behalf. 755
ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010). Under the common law, a successor agent has no
duties to the principal prior to becoming an agent. It is improper, then, for a court to
construe the enactment as more expansive than intended by the explicit statutory
language. See Maksimovic v. Tsogalis, 177 Ill. 2d 511, 518 (1997) (“[a] legislative
intent to abrogate the common law must be clearly and plainly expressed, and such
an intent will not be presumed from ambiguous or doubtful language”); Heider v.
Knautz, 396 Ill. App. 3d 553, 561 (2009).

¶ 45 Finally, the language in section 2-10.3 as a whole indicates that the legislature
was familiar with the term “successor agent,” as it is used in both subsections (a)
and (c) of the same statute. See 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(a), (c) (West 2010). Thus, the
legislature must have intended for subsection (b) to have a different application
when it used the general term “agent” to describe an agent’s liability for another
agent’s breach. See People v. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d 181, 193 (2008) (“[w]hen the

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 legislature uses certain language in one part of a statute and different language in
another, we may assume different meanings were intended”).

¶ 46 Having rejected the interpretation adopted by the appellate court, we believe the
most natural construction of section 2-10.3(b) is that it imposes duties on a person
initially named as a successor agent who has been authorized to act as an agent due
to the predecessor agent’s disqualifying condition or event. This reading is
consistent with the overall purpose of section 2-10.3, which allows a principal to
designate one or more successor agents to act as her power of attorney in the event
that the initial agent resigns, dies, becomes incapacitated, is not qualified to serve,
or declines to serve. 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3 (West 2010). It is also consistent with the
common-law imposition of a fiduciary duty owed by an authorized agent to a
principal under a power of attorney. Thus, once a successor agent has assumed the
duties of an agent, he may not participate in or conceal a breach of fiduciary duty
committed by another agent, which may include a predecessor agent or co-agent.
755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010). 3 Furthermore, upon learning of another
agent’s breach, the agent must notify the principal and take action to protect the
principal’s interests. Id.

¶ 47 We hold, therefore, that the complaint filed by Ruth Ann on behalf of Doris’s
estate failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted because Rodney
was not subject to the liability imposed by section 2-10.3(b) of the Act.

¶ 48 CONCLUSION

¶ 49 For the foregoing reasons, we find that the circuit court properly dismissed the
actions filed by the two estates. We thus affirm the appellate court’s judgment with

3
Section 2-10.5(c) of the Act, pertaining to co-agents, contains nearly identical
language to section 2-10.3(b). 755 ILCS 45/2-10.5(c) (West 2010) (“An agent is not liable
for the actions of another agent, including a co-agent or predecessor agent, unless the agent
participates in or conceals a breach of fiduciary duty committed by the other agent. An
agent who has knowledge of a breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another
agent must notify the principal and, if the principal is incapacitated, take whatever actions
may be reasonably appropriate in the circumstances to safeguard the principal’s best
interest.”).

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 respect to appeal No. 121241 and reverse the appellate court’s judgment with
respect to appeal No. 121199.

¶ 50 Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 51 Circuit court judgment affirmed.

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