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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-14106
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cr-00010-RH-CAS-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee
Cross Appellant,
versus
KIMBERLY WATSON,
Defendant-Appellant
Cross Appellee,
SHAVONE RICKETTS,
Defendant-Appellant.
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No. 13-15877
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cr-00010-RH-CAS-2
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
MALCOLM LIPSCOMB,
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
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(June 5, 2017)
Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
In this consolidated multi-defendant appeal, Kimberly Watson and Shavone
Ricketts appeal their convictions arising out a scheme to file false income-tax
returns. A jury found them guilty of a number of offenses, including conspiracy to
defraud the government, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286; filing false claims, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287; wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343; and
aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). On appeal, they
contend that the district court abused its discretion at trial by admitting evidence of
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seven fraudulent tax returns not charged as substantive counts in the indictment.1
Watson also contends that the district court erred when it admitted evidence that
was seized from her purse without a warrant.
The government has cross-appealed the sentences of Watson and
codefendant Malcolm Lipscomb, arguing that the district court erred in calculating
their guideline ranges. The government contends that the court erroneously
declined to apply a two-level enhancement for the number of victims, under
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2), based on an interpretation of guidelines commentary
relating to aggravated-identity-theft cases which this Court has since rejected.
We affirm the convictions of Watson and Ricketts. The district court did not
abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of the tax returns, and Watson has
waived any argument that evidence from her purse should have been suppressed
because she failed to seek suppression in the district court. We vacate the
sentences of Watson and Lipscomb and remand for resentencing.
I. Admission of Uncharged Tax Returns (Watson & Ricketts)
A federal grand jury returned a 46-count indictment charging Watson,
Ricketts, Lipscomb, and Alfretta Jones with numerous offenses arising out of a
1
Watson’s arguments on this issue come from a brief filed by her trial counsel before we
granted Watson’s pro se motion to discharge and appoint substitute counsel. Substitute counsel
then filed a “supplemental” brief which does not raise the evidentiary issue regarding the tax
returns. As such, it is unclear if Watson still wishes to raise this issue on appeal. Out of an
abundance of caution, and because Ricketts raises the same issue, we address the issue as if it
applies to both Watson and Ricketts.
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scheme to file false income-tax returns in other persons’ names. The case against
them involved a total of twenty-seven false tax returns, twenty of which were
charged as substantive offenses (mainly wire fraud and filing false claims). The
remaining seven tax returns were not charged as substantive offenses (the
“uncharged returns”), but were instead offered as evidence in support of the
conspiracy count.2 After Jones pled guilty, 43 counts remained to be tried against
Watson, Ricketts, and Lipscomb at trial.
Before trial, the government moved in limine to obtain a ruling on the
admissibility of evidence regarding the uncharged returns. The government argued
that this evidence did not implicate Rule 404(b) because it was intrinsic to the
conspiracy offense. To the extent the evidence constituted extrinsic evidence of
other wrongs, the government contended, it was admissible under Rule 404(b) as
relevant to intent and knowledge.
In response, Watson and Ricketts argued that the uncharged returns, which
in their view were not intrinsic to the conspiracy, should be excluded as unfairly
prejudicial. Watson and Ricketts asserted that the uncharged returns would have a
“spill-over effect,” making it more likely that the jury would convict on weaker
substantive counts due simply to the uncharged conduct. They also contended that
2
To be clear, the seven tax returns at issue were alleged in the indictment, but they were
not the bases for substantive offenses like the other twenty tax returns.
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introducing the collateral evidence was not necessary to the government’s case and
would confuse the jury.
During a pre-trial conference on the motion in limine, the district court
concluded that the uncharged returns were relevant and admissible as evidence of
the conspiracy itself or as inextricably intertwined with the conspiracy and the
substantive counts. Further, the court concluded that, even if the evidence were
deemed other-act evidence under Rule 404(b), it would still be admissible on the
issues of intent and knowledge.
Following a five-day trial, the jury found Watson guilty of Counts 1, 2–9,
11,12, 14–16, 18–30, and 33–42, and not guilty of Counts 13, 31, and 32. Ricketts
was found guilty of Counts 1, 17, 40, 41, and 43, and not guilty of Counts 11–16,
18–39, and 42. The district court sentenced Watson to a total of 48 months of
imprisonment, Ricketts to a total of 36 months of imprisonment, and Lipscomb to a
total of 60 months of imprisonment. Each of the total sentences included a
mandatory consecutive sentence of 24 months for aggravated identity theft. This
appeal followed.
A. Standard of Review
Generally, we review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Troya, 733 F.3d 1125, 1131 (11th Cir. 2013). An abuse
of discretion occurs if the district court applies an incorrect legal standard, relies on
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clearly erroneous facts, or makes a clear error in judgment. See United States v.
Wilk, 572 F.3d 1229, 1234 (11th Cir. 2009).
B. Discussion
Watson and Ricketts do not challenge the district court’s determinations that
evidence regarding the seven uncharged tax returns was admissible as direct
evidence of the charged conspiracy, as inextricably intertwined with the conspiracy
and the substantive counts, or as permissible Rule 404(b) evidence on the issues of
intent and knowledge. Accordingly, they have abandoned any issue as to the bases
for admission. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th
Cir. 2014) (issues not raised on appeal are abandoned).
Instead, Watson and Ricketts argue that the evidence, though admissible,
should have been excluded under Rule 403, Fed. R. Evid., due to the potential for
jury confusion. They contend that the case was already complex and confusing to
begin with from an evidentiary perspective—based on the number of tax returns at
issue and the way that the government charged the case—and that the government
exacerbated that level of confusion at trial by presenting the evidence in a
generalized fashion and failing to distinguish between the returns underlying the
substantive counts and the uncharged returns. In the appellants’ view, this
confusing presentation of the evidence gave rise to the possibility of a verdict
based on generalized reasoning rather than proof specific to the substantive counts.
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The appellants also assert that the probative value of the evidence was low because
the uncharged returns were not necessary to prove either the conspiracy count or
the defendants’ intent. In short, the evidence, in the appellants’ view, should have
been excluded under Rule 403.
“All admissible evidence, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, must be weighed
against Rule 403 prejudice.” Troya, 733 F.3d at 1131. Federal Rule of Evidence
403 permits a court to “exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair
prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or
needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403.
We have stated that “Rule 403 is an extraordinary remedy which the district
court should invoke sparingly, and the balance should be struck in favor of
admissibility.” United States v. Lopez, 649 F.3d 1222, 1247 (11th Cir. 2011)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he balance to be struck is largely
committed to the discretion of the district court, which has far more experience in
evidentiary matters and is better equipped to decide them than an appellate court.”
Id. Because the district court is in a better position to weigh competing concerns
under Rule 403 in light of the specific facts of the case before it, “we will find that
the district court abused its discretion under Rule 403 in only the rarest of
situations.” Id.
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Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence
of the uncharged tax returns. For starters, the uncharged returns were probative
evidence. The conspiracy count alleged that Watson, Ricketts, and their
codefendants conspired to defraud the government by filing false income-tax
returns in the names of other persons between 2009 and 2012. To the extent the
returns were offered as evidence of that conspiracy, the returns were “direct
evidence that [Watson and Ricketts] had committed the crime with which [they
were] charged, and direct evidence of guilt may not be excluded under Rule 403.”
Id. at 1248.
Moreover, the uncharged returns were probative evidence because they were
clearly linked in time and circumstances with the substantive offenses and the
fraudulent scheme. 3 See United States v. Wilson, 788 F.3d 1298, 1314 (11th Cir.
2015) (holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
evidence of 31 uncharged tax refund checks as intrinsic to the charged crimes). In
United States v. Ford, 784 F.3d 1386, 1394 (11th Cir. 2015), for example, we
upheld the admission of testimony from nine victims concerning tax returns that
were not charged in the indictment. Because “[t]he testimony of the additional
victims concerned fraudulent tax returns that were filed by Ford, during the same
time period, and using the same methods,” we concluded that it was “probative
3
We also agree with the district court that the returns would have been admissible under
Rule 404(b) as relevant to the intent and knowledge.
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evidence inextricably intertwined with the scheme charged in the indictment.” Id.
As in Ford, the uncharged returns in this case concerned fraudulent tax returns that
were filed during the same time period and using the same methods as the
substantive offenses. See id.
Even assuming that the seven uncharged tax returns added some additional
degree of confusion to the case, which involved twenty false tax returns charged as
substantive offenses, it was not enough to “substantially outweigh[]” the probative
value of the evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. Watson and Ricketts offer no
compelling reason to suspect that the jury actually was confused by the
government’s presentation of the evidence. In fact, the jury returned not guilty
verdicts on a number of counts against both Watson and Ricketts, which suggests
that the jury evaluated each count based on the proof specific to that count and did
not rely on generalized reasoning. Overall, we see no basis in the record to
conclude that the district court made a clear error of judgment in striking the
balance under Rule 403 in favor of admissibility. See Lopez, 649 F.3d at 1247.
Finally, Watson and Ricketts assert in passing that the district court could
have remedied any potential confusion by providing a limiting instruction to the
jury, but such passing references are not sufficient to raise an issue on appeal. See
Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 681–82. In any case, after discussing the issue with the
district court, and in light of the court’s ruling that the seven uncharged returns
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were admissible as evidence of the conspiracy, defendants’ attorneys asked the
court not to give a limiting instruction. Accordingly, they invited any error caused
by the lack of a limiting instruction. See United States v. Love, 449 F.3d 1154,
1157 (11th Cir. 2006) (“It is a cardinal rule of appellate review that a party may not
challenge as error a ruling or other trial proceeding invited by that party.”)
(quotation marks omitted).
For these reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
evidence of the seven false tax returns not charged as substantive offenses.
II. Suppression (Watson)
Watson argues that the evidence obtained from a search of her purse, which
was found during a search of Ricketts’s car, should have been suppressed because
police did not obtain a warrant to search her purse. However, “[m]otions to
suppress illegally obtained evidence must be made prior to trial or such objections
are deemed waived, Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3), though this waiver may be excused
for good cause.” United States v. Lall, 607 F.3d 1277, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010).
Here, Watson did not move to suppress or otherwise object to the admission of the
evidence seized from her purse, and she offers no grounds for excusing that failure.
Because she failed to file a timely suppression motion, she “cannot raise that claim
for the first time on appeal.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we do
not address her arguments on this issue.
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III. Government’s Cross-Appeal (Watson & Lipscomp)
In its cross-appeal, the government argues that the district court
miscalculated the guideline ranges for both Watson and Lipscomb. We review de
novo the district court’s legal interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines. United
States v. Zaldivar, 615 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir. 2010). In most cases, an
incorrectly calculated guideline range is grounds for reversal. 4 See United States v.
Bonilla, 579 F.3d 1233, 1245 (11th Cir. 2009).
Watson’s and Lipscomb’s guideline ranges were calculated under U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1. Section 2B1.1(b)(2) instructs courts to apply a two-level increase to the
offense level if the offense involved ten or more victims. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2).
The district court in this case declined to apply § 2B1.1(b)(2), relying on
commentary to the aggravated identity-theft guideline, specifically Application
Note 2 to § 2B1.6. Application Note 2 states that where a sentence for aggravated
identity theft is imposed in conjunction with a sentence for the underlying offense,
such as mail fraud or filing false claims, the court should not apply any specific
offense-characteristic enhancements for “the transfer, possession, or use of a
means of identification when determining the sentence for the underlying offense.”
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.6 cmt. n.2. The court reasoned that this commentary prevented the
4
Guideline-calculation errors may in some circumstances be considered harmless. Here,
however, the district court helpfully indicated that the sentences should be vacated if we
determined that the court erred.
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application of § 2B1.1(b)(2) in this case because the number-of-victims
enhancement applied only because the victim’s means of identification had been
“used.” See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.4(E)(ii) (defining a “victim” as, among other
things, “any individual whose means of identification was used unlawfully or
without authority”).
After the district court sentenced the defendants in this case, however, we
held in Ford that § 2B1.6 “does not prohibit a sentence enhancement for the
number of victims under Section 2B1.1(b)(2) for any non-aggravated identity theft
offenses charged, such as mail fraud or making a false claim.” 784 F.3d at 1397–
98. Thus, “[f]or offenses governed by Section 2B1.1, like mail fraud and false
claims, an enhancement is permitted under Section 2B1.1(b)(2) based on the
number of victims, even where the indictment also charges aggravated identity
theft.” Id. at 1397.
Accordingly, based on Ford, the district court erred by not applying the
enhancement for number of victims under § 2B1.1(b)(2). See id. at 1397–98.
Lipscomb’s argument that Ford makes it permissible, but not mandatory, to apply
the enhancement is off the mark. The district court’s responsibility to properly
calculate the guideline range is not discretionary. See Bonilla, 579 F.3d at 1245. If
the court then chooses in its discretion to vary from the guideline range, whether
based on a policy disagreement with the guidelines or based on the specific facts of
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the defendant’s case, it may do so, but in any case, it must first correctly calculate
the guideline range. See, e.g., United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1188 (11th Cir.
2010) (en banc). Accordingly, we vacate Watson’s and Lipscomb’s total sentences
and remand for further proceedings.
IV.
In sum, we affirm Watson’s and Ricketts’s convictions because the district
court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of false tax returns not
charged as substantive counts in the indictment. We do not address Watson’s
suppression arguments because she raises them for the first time on appeal.
As for the government’s cross-appeal, we conclude that the district court
erred by not applying the enhancement for number of victims under U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1(b)(2). Therefore, we vacate the total sentences of Watson and Lipscomb
and remand for resentencing as appropriate under the circumstances.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.
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