Farmer v. FarmerÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA16-760

Filed: 6 June 2017

Robeson County, No. 06 CVD 2363

TONY LEE FARMER, Plaintiff,

ELLA DEMETRICE FARMER, Defendant.

Appeal by defendant-mother from order entered 3 February 2016 by Judge

William Moore in Robeson County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8

February 2017.

No brief filed for plaintiff-appellee father.

Tiffany Peguise-Powers for defendant-appellant mother.

ELMORE, Judge.

Defendant Ella Demetrice Farmer (“Mother”) appeals a custody modification

order that also set aside a prior custody modification order. She argues the order

should be vacated and this case remanded for a new hearing because no evidence was

presented to support it. We vacate the portions of the order relating to custody

modification and remand the case to the trial court for further fact-finding. In its

discretion, the court may hear and consider additional evidence.

I. Background
FARMER V. FARMER

Opinion of the Court

Mother and Father married in Georgia in 2000 and separated in 2006. Two

children were born of the marriage. About three months after separation, Father

filed a complaint seeking split custody and child support.

On 17 October 2006, the trial court entered an initial custody order awarding

Mother primary legal and physical custody of three-year-old, Tracy, and one-year-old,

Tommy,1 and awarding Father visitation from Wednesday to Sunday during the last

week of each month and for four non-consecutive weeks each summer. The court also

ordered Father to pay $547.00 in child support per month. About two weeks later,

the court amended its order and modified the visitation schedule, eliminating

summer visitation and allowing Father alternating weekend visits until such time as

visitation would be reconsidered on 2 March 2007 (“Initial Custody Order”). The

record is unclear whether this reconsideration ever took place.

About six years later, on 5 October 2012, Father filed a “Motion to Modify

Custody/Visitation Order.” Father alleged that the children “are old enough now to

travel and stay overnight while visiting [him] in Georgia,” and requested

“Custody/Visitation” be modified to replace alternating weekend visits with visitation

rights essentially aligning with the children’s school breaks. Father requested

“Custody/Visitation” during even-numbered years for President’s Day, one week

during spring break, nine consecutive weeks during summer break, Columbus Day,

1 Pseudonyms are used to protect the minors’ identities.

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Opinion of the Court

Thanksgiving Day, and the second half of the children’s Christmas break. During

odd-numbered years, Father essentially requested the same schedule save for

replacing visitation on Thanksgiving Day with Memorial Day, as well as replacing

second-half visitation during the children’s Christmas break with first-half visitation.

Although the record indicates Father’s motion was heard on 31 January 2013,

a corresponding order was not entered until 22 January 2015 (“Jan. 2015 Order”).

The Jan. 2015 Order failed to acknowledge the Initial Custody Order, stated the order

arose from “[Father’s] complaint for child custody” yet found “this matter is before

this court pursuant to [Father’s] motion to modify custody/visitation of the children,”

and purported to make an initial custody and visitation determination, concluding

“[i]t would be in the children’s best interest that [Mother] have custody and control

of the minor children and that [Father] exercise visitation . . . .” The Jan. 2015 Order

awarded Mother primary custody of the children and awarded Father alternating

weekend visitation, summer visitation for the entire month of July, alternating

visitation for Thanksgiving, and visitation from 25 December until 2 January each

year.

On 3 March 2015, Father moved under Rule 60 to set aside the Jan. 2015 Order

because it purported to make an initial custody determination, which had already

been adjudicated in the Initial Order, and because it failed to address, inter alia, his

“request to suspend every other weekend visitation” and “add additional summer

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Opinion of the Court

visitation and holiday visits.” Father alleged his purpose for filing the “Motion to

Modify Custody/Visitation Order” was to “modify the visitation schedule to suspend

weekend visits because [he] reside[d] in Georgia and [Mother] reside[d] in North

Carolina,” and he was “financially unable to travel to and from Georgia every other

Friday and Sunday to exercise visits with the minor children.” Father also requested

the court “clarify the Order by suspending weekend visits” and “increase [Father’s]

visitation . . . during summer and holidays.”

After a 1 June 2015 hearing on Father’s motion, the court entered an order

setting aside the Jan. 2015 Order due to mistake of circumstance, i.e., that Father

lives six hours away, and modifying the visitation schedule (“Jun. 2015 Order”). Most

relevant here, the Jun. 2015 Order eliminated weekend visitation, allowed Father

visitation rights for certain school holidays and for eight consecutive weeks during

summer break, and ordered that Father’s “child support obligation . . . be suspended

during . . . periods of custody.”

In response, on 29 June 2015, Mother filed motions to stay the Jun. 2015 Order

and for a new trial or to reopen evidence, or, in the alternative, to set aside the Jun.

2015 Order on the basis of mistake and good cause. Mother alleged the Jun. 2015

Order should be set aside under Rule 60 because “there was no testimonial evidence

presented at the hearing.” Further, Mother alleged, because no evidence was

presented, there was “no basis to modify the current [custody] order,” and because

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Opinion of the Court

Father never filed a motion to modify child support, “the issue of child support was

not properly before the [c]ourt and could not be addressed.”

Additionally, in her motions, Mother alleged that Father had not seen the

children in almost three years, that the children “have sent hundreds of requests to

come get them from [Father’s] home over the last two . . . weeks,” and “have

threatened to run away from [Father’s] home.” That same day, on 29 June 2015, the

trial court entered an ex parte order granting temporary injunctive relief in Mother’s

favor, staying enforcement of the Jun. 2015 Order, reinstating the Jan. 2015 Order,

and ordering Father to show cause on 10 July 2015 as to why Mother’s motion for

temporary relief should not be granted.

It is unclear from the record who had custody of the children during this time,

or whether the show cause hearing was ever held. It appears from a continuance

order that, on 10 July 2015, the Father “had not yet been served with th[e] action,”

and the court rescheduled the matter for 31 July 2015. It appears from a subsequent

continuance order that, on 31 July 2015, Father still “had not yet been served with

th[e] action,” but rather than rescheduling the matter, in its order the court decreed

that its ex parte order “shall remain in full force and effect pending further orders of

the court.”

On 23 October 2015, the court heard Mother’s motions for a new trial or to

reopen evidence, or, in the alternative, to set aside the Jun. 2015 Order. Father was

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Opinion of the Court

present for this hearing. Mother argued that, at the 1 June 2015 hearing on Father’s

motion to set aside the Jan. 2015 Order, no evidence was presented or considered yet

the court entered an order allowing Father’s motion to set aside the order and

significantly modified visitation. Further, Mother argued, the Jan. 2015 Order

decreed that Father’s child support obligations be suspended during periods when he

had custody of the children; however, child support was never addressed at the

hearing and there was no pending motion to modify child support. On or around 3

February 2016, the court entered an order (“Feb. 2016 Order”) setting aside the Jun.

2015 Order on the basis that it improperly modified child support without a properly

pending motion, dismissing as moot Mother’s motions for a new trial or to reopen

evidence, and drastically modifying visitation. Mother appeals.

II. Analysis

Mother contends the trial court erred by entering the Feb. 2016 Order because

(1) “it was not based on any evidence” and (2) “neither party resided in Robeson

County,” so “the court was without proper venue to rule in the case.”

A. Venue

As an initial matter, Mother waived her right to challenge venue on appeal by

participating in the Robeson County proceedings and never contesting venue. See

Zetino-Cruz v. Benitez-Zetino, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 791 S.E.2d 100, 104 (2016)

(“[V]enue is not jurisdictional and may be waived.” (citing Bass v. Bass, 43 N.C. App.

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212, 215, 258 S.E.2d 391, 393 (1979) (“Plaintiff voluntarily appeared and participated

in the 27 June 1977 hearing on child support. He did not object to the venue or move

for change of venue. . . . [H]e waived it.”)). Accordingly, we decline to address this

challenge.

B. Visitation Modification Unsupported by Evidence

Mother contends the court erred by entering the Feb. 2016 Order modifying

custody and visitation because no evidence was presented at the hearing on the

matter. We agree.

Before a trial court may modify an existing custody order, it “must determine

that a substantial change of circumstances has occurred and that the change has

affected the children’s welfare.” Davis v. Davis, 229 N.C. App. 494, 502, 748 S.E.2d

594, 600 (2013) (citing Shipman v. Shipman, 357 N.C. 471, 474, 586 S.E.2d 250, 253

(2003)). A trial court must then “further conclude[ ] that a change in custody is in the

child’s best interests.” Shipman, 357 N.C. at 474, 586 S.E.2d at 253.

“Our review of a trial court’s decision to modify an existing child custody order

is limited to determining (1) whether the trial court’s findings of fact are supported

by substantial evidence; and (2) whether those findings of fact support its conclusions

of law.” Spoon v. Spoon, 233 N.C. App. 38, 41, 755 S.E.2d 66, 69 (2014) (citing

Shipman, 357 N.C. at 474–75, 586 S.E.2d at 253–54). “ ‘Absent an abuse of discretion,

the trial court’s decision in matters of child custody should not be upset on appeal.’ ”

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Opinion of the Court

Dixon v. Gordon, 223 N.C. App. 365, 368, 734 S.E.2d 299, 302 (2012) (quoting Everette

v. Collins, 176 N.C. App. 168, 171, 625 S.E.2d 796, 798 (2006)).

However, when an order is entered affecting juveniles after a hearing in which

“no evidence [is] presented, the trial court’s findings of fact are unsupported, and its

conclusions of law are in error.” In re D.Y., 202 N.C. App. 140, 143, 688 S.E.2d 91, 93

(2010) (reversing permanency planning order that relied solely on written reports,

prior court orders, and oral arguments by attorneys and remanding with instructions

to hold a proper hearing); see also In re D.L., 166 N.C. App. 574, 583, 603 S.E.2d 376,

382 (2004) (same). Further, “when the court fails to find facts so that this Court can

determine that . . . the welfare of the child is subserved, then the order entered

thereon must be vacated and the case remanded for detailed findings of fact.” Evans

v. Evans, 138 N.C. App. 135, 142, 530 S.E.2d 576, 580 (2000) (quoting Crosby v.

Crosby, 272 N.C. 235, 238–39, 158 S.E.2d 77, 80 (1967)).

Here, the transcript reveals that the trial court never heard or considered

evidence relating to custody modification at the hearing on Mother’s motions to

reopen evidence or to set aside the Jun. 2015 Order. Rather, the court attempted to

mediate an agreement between the parties’ attorneys to resolve the parties’ visitation

disputes, which it later memorialized in its Feb. 2016 Order.

According to the transcript of the hearing on Mother’s motions to reopen

evidence or to set aside the Jun. 2015 Order, Mother argued that no evidence was

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Opinion of the Court

presented or considered in the prior hearing on Father’s motion to set aside the Jan.

2015 Order. Yet following that prior hearing, Mother argued, the court entered its

Jun. 2015 Order, which granted Father’s motion to set aside the Jan. 2015 Order;

modified visitation significantly by awarding Father, who had not seen the children

in nearly three years, visitation rights for the entire summer; and suspended Father’s

child support obligations when he had custody of the children. Mother argued that

before making such a drastic modification, “the court needed to hear evidence about

the fact that [Father] had not had visitation for a long period of time. And there

needed to be some reintroduction before sending these kids down there [to Georgia]

for a period of three months suddenly.” Mother also argued that child support was

never discussed at that hearing nor was there a pending motion for the trial court to

issue a decision on child support. Accordingly, Mother explained to the trial court,

she moved under Rules 52 and 59 to reopen evidence for a new trial that would allow

her to present evidence regarding whether the Jan. 2015 Order should be set aside,

or, alternatively, moved under Rule 60 to set aside the Jun. 2015 Order because there

was no evidentiary basis for it. Yet rather than address Mother’s motions, the trial

court attempted to mediate the parties’ visitation disputes:

THE COURT: The case comes down—it still comes down
to what your client wants. What does [Mother] want? . . .

....

THE COURT: Is [Father] agreeable to that?

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Opinion of the Court

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: Well, Your Honor, certainly not
to having four weeks in the summer. That doesn’t give him
time to arrange for visitation, for holidays, for family
events. Certainly, he’s willing to break up the summer.

....

THE COURT: All right, then what’s—what’s the
disagreement then? It sounds like to me like it’s—

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, the disagreement
is about the amount of time I guess that he wants during
the summer, Your Honor. . . .

....

THE COURT: Yeah, I don’t know what we’re fighting
about. I honestly don’t.

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: I believe it’s summer visits,
Judge. I believe it’s the amount of time. My client’s—

THE COURT: How much time does he want?

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: He would like the first three
weeks, the children return to their mother the second two
weeks, and then . . . they would return to [Father] up until
two weeks before school started.

....

THE COURT: And what does she want?

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: She’s . . . asking that he have
four weeks with the kids broken up into two two-week[ ]
increments.

THE COURT: We’re talking about the difference of two
weeks, maybe?

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Opinion of the Court

....

THE COURT: That’s fine with me. She don’t oppose to
that [sic], does she?

....

THE COURT: Okay. That’s the order then.

The transcript does not reflect that any evidence was actually presented or

that the court ever considered whether there existed a substantial change in

circumstances, how that change affected the children, or whether modifying

visitation would be in the children’s best interest.

Following this hearing, the trial court entered its Feb. 2016 Order, which

granted Mother’s motion to set aside the Jun. 2015 Order on the basis that it made a

child support determination without a properly pending motion on child support. The

Feb. 2016 Order also dismissed as moot Mother’s motions to reopen evidence or to

hold a new hearing, allowed both parties’ attorneys to withdraw, and modified in

great detail child custody and the existing visitation schedule.

When the findings of fact relating to jurisdiction and the prior history of the

case are omitted, the provisions of the Feb. 2016 Order modifying visitation are

supported by a single finding of fact: “It is appropriate for the visitation during the

school year to be suspended because of [Father’s] distance and summer to [be]

expanded.” Based on this finding, the trial court concluded as law: “There has been

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Opinion of the Court

a substantial change in circumstances that affects the best interest[s] of the minor

children.” The Feb. 2016 Order then substantially modified the existing visitation

arrangement, granting Father visitation rights during certain holidays and for six

weeks during the children’s summer break. Additionally, without explanation, the

Feb. 2016 Order purported to change the children’s legal custody, which the Initial

Order vested solely with Mother, to joint legal custody between Mother and Father.

The trial court’s order was wholly inadequate to support these custody

changes. Because no evidence was presented at the hearing, the findings are

unsupported. Even if evidence supported those findings, they are “too meager” to

support its conclusions and decrees. See, e.g., Dixon v. Dixon, 67 N.C. App. 73, 76–

77, 312 S.E.2d 669, 672 (1984) (“[C]ustody orders are routinely vacated where the

‘findings of fact’ consist of mere conclusory statements that the party being awarded

custody is a fit and proper person to have custody and that it will be in the best

interest of the child to award custody to that person. A custody order will also be

vacated where the findings of fact are too meager to support the award.”). “Without

further fact-finding, we cannot determine whether the trial court’s conclusions are

supported by its findings.” In re D.M.O., __ N.C. __, __, 794 S.E.2d 858, 866 (2016).

Accordingly, we vacate the provisions of the Feb. 2016 Order relating to custody and

visitation and remand this case to the trial court for appropriate findings and

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Opinion of the Court

conclusions resolving these matters. In its discretion, the court may hear and

consider additional evidence.

On remand, we instruct the trial court to remain mindful that its “examination

of whether to modify an existing child custody order is twofold.” Shipman, 357 N.C.

at 474, 586 S.E.2d at 253. First, “[t]he trial court must determine whether there was

a change in circumstances and then must examine whether such a change affected

the minor child.” Id. To support a conclusion that a substantial change in

circumstances occurred which affected the children, “the evidence must demonstrate

a connection between the substantial change in circumstances and the welfare of the

child, and flowing from that prerequisite is the requirement that the trial court make

findings of fact regarding that connection.” Id. at 478, 586 S.E.2d at 255.

Second, the trial court “must . . . examine whether a change in custody is in

the child’s best interests. If the trial court concludes that modification is in the child’s

best interests, only then may the court order a modification of the original custody

order.” Id. at 47, 586 S.E.2d at 253. “Whenever the trial court is determining the

best interest of a child, any evidence which is competent and relevant to a showing of

the best interest of that child must be heard and considered by the trial court, subject

to the discretionary powers of the trial court to exclude cumulative testimony.” In re

Shue, 311 N.C. 586, 597, 319 S.E.2d 567, 574 (1984). “Without hearing and

considering such evidence, the trial court cannot make an informed and intelligent

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Opinion of the Court

decision concerning the best interest of the child.” Id. We further emphasize that “a

trial court’s principal objective is to measure whether a change in custody will serve

to promote the child’s best interests.” Shipman, 357 N.C. at 474, 586 S.E.2d at 253.

III. Conclusion

Because the trial court failed to conduct a proper hearing, consider evidence,

or engage in the appropriate analysis before modifying the existing custody decree,

we vacate the portions of the Feb. 2016 Order relating to custody and visitation.

Because the Feb. 2016 Order set aside the Jun. 2015 Order modifying custody, which

itself set aside the Jan. 2015 Order modifying custody, the custody arrangement

established by the Initial Order remains in effect pending final resolution by the trial

court of whether there has been a substantial change of circumstances since the

Initial Order and whether modifying custody is in the children’s best interests. We

instruct the trial court on remand to make proper findings and conclusions under the

appropriate analytical framework established by law, and, if necessary, to hold a

swift and proper hearing resolving the matter.

VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED.

Judge ZACHARY concurs.

Judge DILLON concurs in part, dissents in part by separate opinion.

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No. COA16-760 – FARMER v. FARMER

DILLON, Judge, concurring in part, dissenting in part.

I concur with the majority concerning the issue of venue.

I also concur with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court erred in

modifying custody in the Feb. 2016 Order without hearing evidence. However, I

dissent from the majority’s mandate that custody revert back to the arrangement set

forth in the Initial Order entered in 2006. I conclude that custody should revert back

to the June 2015 Order, entered just prior to the Feb. 2016 Order.

There are four custody orders, entered by the trial court from 2006 to 2016,

which are pertinent to this appeal. Mother’s main contention is in regard to the

summer visitation awarded to Father. These four orders awarding Father summer

visitation are summarized as follows:

1. The “Initial Order,” entered November 2006,
awarded Father four non-consecutive weeks of summer
visitation. This visitation order was temporary in nature,
stating “that the matter shall be reset before the
undersigned [judge] for reconsideration of the visitation
schedule.”

2. The “Jan. 2015 Order” awarded Father summer
visitation for the entire month of July. This order also
awarded Father visitation every other weekend during the
remainder of the year. The trial court noted in the order
that Father resided in Georgia. The trial court did not
make any finding concerning changed circumstances but
found that the new visitation schedule was in the best
interest of the children.

3. In its “June 2015 Order,” the trial court extended
Father’s summer visitation from the month of July to eight
consecutive weeks. The trial court did not consider the
FARMER V. FARMER

DILLON, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part

change to be a custody modification, but rather a correction
of a mistake pursuant to Rule 60(b) which it had made in
its prior order. Specifically, the court stated that it made a
mistake in its prior Jan. 2015 order by failing to take into
account where in Georgia Father lived. The trial court
then noted that Father lived six hours from Mother and
that this distance made regular weekend visitation
unworkable and that eliminating the regular weekend
visits was in the best interest of the children. Therefore,
the trial court replaced Father’s regular weekend visitation
with extended summer visitation.

4. In its “Feb. 2016 Order,” the trial court modified
Father’s summer visitation from the entire summer to six
weeks after Mother sought to reduce Father’s summer
visitation to four weeks. The trial court also denied
Mother’s motion to allow for an evidentiary hearing on
custody. Mother had argued that the June 2015 order was
a modification order; and, therefore, the trial court should
have considered new evidence.

Mother contends in her brief that the trial court impermissibly modified

visitation twice without considering new evidence: (1) in its June 2015 Order,

extending Father’s summer visitation from the month of July to all summer; and (2)

in its Feb. 2016 Order, reducing Father’s summer visitation from eight weeks to six

weeks, rather than to four weeks as she requested. In her brief, however, Mother

only argues that the Feb. 2016 Order should be vacated.

The majority agreed with Mother that the trial court improperly modified

Father’s summer visitation without hearing any evidence in its most recent order,

the Feb. 2016 Order. I agree, as well. The majority, however, reinstated the

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DILLON, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part

visitation as set forth in the 2006 Initial Order (which appears to be a temporary

custody order), rather than the more recent June 2015 Order or Jan. 2015 Order.

I do not believe that the June 2015 Order was erroneous, notwithstanding the

fact that the trial court did not base the June 2015 Order on new evidence. Rather,

I believe that the trial court has authority pursuant to Rule 60(b) to set aside a

custody order based on a mistake, without having to hear evidence of some change in

circumstances. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 60(b)(1) (“[T]he court may relieve a

party . . . from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for . . . [m]istake, inadvertence,

surprise, or excusable neglect[.]”). Here, the trial court found that it had failed to

consider where in Georgia Father resided when it awarded part of Father’s visitation

in the form of regular weekend visitation. The trial court corrected this failure in its

June 2015 Order, finding that regular weekend visitations were not in the best

interest of the children.

Even if the trial court was correct in its Feb. 2016 Order to set aside the June

2015 Order (based on its failure to consider evidence), custody should revert back to

the arrangement in the Jan. 2015 Order, not to the eleven-year-old Initial Order.

In any event, I do not think the trial court was required to consider new

evidence when it changed custody based on a mistake in a prior order. See N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 60(b). Therefore, my vote is to vacate the Feb. 2016 Order in its

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DILLON, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part

entirety, as requested by Mother, thereby reverting to the June 2015 Order, without

prejudice to either party’s right to seek modification of custody in the future.