MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jun 09 2017, 9:02 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Andrea L. Ciobanu Dylan A. Vigh
Ciobanu Law, P.C. Law Offices of Dylan A. Vigh,
Indianapolis, Indiana LLC
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Paternity of M.D. June 9, 2017
Maria Leyvand, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1609-JP-2193
Appellant-Respondent,
Appeal from the Marion Superior
v. Court
The Honorable Timothy W.
Jesse Dickerson, Oakes, Special Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
Appellee-Petitioner
49D02-1311-JP-40105
Crone, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Maria Leyvand (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s order (“Order”) granting
Jesse Dickerson (“Father”) primary physical custody of their child M.D.1 She
asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in granting Father custody, that
the trial court’s calculation of child support was clearly erroneous, and that the
trial court’s apportionment of education expenses violated contract law and her
due process rights to notice. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Mother and Father were in a romantic relationship from November 2010 until
October 2013. M.D. was born in February 2012. In November 2013, shortly
after the parties separated, Father filed a petition to establish paternity. Both
parties filed requests for custody of M.D.
[3] In May 2014, the parties reached an agreement on child custody, parenting
time, and child support (“the Mediated Agreement”), in which they agreed to
share legal custody of M.D., with Mother having primary physical custody and
Father exercising equalized parenting time consisting of seven overnights over a
1
The parties differ as to the identities of the petitioner and the respondent, which may be due to the
numerous petitions and motions that have been filed in this case. Because this case was initiated when
Father filed a petition to establish paternity and the order being appealed granted Father’s petition to change
custody, we have designated Father as the petitioner.
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[4] two-week period. Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 21-22.2 They also agreed that
Father would provide weekly child support of $115 and be responsible for 60%
of expenses resulting from work-related childcare, preschool, and
extracurricular activities. The Mediated Agreement further stated that there
was “a protective order in place prohibiting contact between Mother and
Father” (“the Protective Order”) and that Mother would amend the Protective
Order to permit email communication regarding parenting issues. Id.
[5] Mother and Father soon experienced difficulties sharing parenting
responsibilities, which led to this contentious legal battle. Their
communication was “horrible.” Tr. Vol. 1 at 136. In 2015, Mother made three
reports to Child Protective Services (“CPS”) complaining that Father had either
physically or sexually abused M.D. Id. at 34. CPS investigated each
complaint, found the allegations unsubstantiated, and closed the cases. Id. at
35, 37, 41. In the first instance, Mother reported that M.D. had second-degree
burns. M.D. and Father had just returned from a Florida vacation, and a
doctor concluded that M.D. had a sunburn. In the second instance, Mother
reported that Father had abused M.D. by scratching her from the neck to the
top of her shoulder. Mother obtained an ex parte order of protection
2
Mother’s briefs violate our appellate rules in numerous respects. The statement of the facts in Mother’s
appellant’s brief is meager and not in accordance with our standard of review in contravention of Indiana
Appellate Rule 46(A)(6). When providing citations for motions, petitions, and orders, Mother often cites to
the entire chronological case summary rather than to the page on which the document appears in
contravention of Indiana Appellate Rule 22(C). She also places some citations in footnotes rather in the text
of her brief in contravention of Appellate Rule 22, which requires parties on appeal to follow the “current
edition of a Uniform System of Citation (Bluebook).” Her reply brief includes a statement of the issues and a
statement of the facts in contravention of Appellate Rule 46(C).
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prohibiting Father from having any contact with M.D. Although CPS found
that the allegation of physical abuse was unsubstantiated, Mother refused to
dismiss the protective order. Father was unable to see M.D. for approximately
three months. The third instance occurred after Father resumed parenting time,
and Mother called the police to report that Father sexually abused M.D. The
police then notified CPS of the sexual abuse allegation. Mother took M.D. to
the hospital, where a rape kit and forensic interview of M.D. were conducted.
No evidence of sexual abuse was discovered, and CPS concluded the allegation
was unsubstantiated. Father also filed a report with CPS alleging “neglect …
due to [Mother’s] mental issues.” Id. at 225. CPS found this allegation
unsubstantiated.
[6] In October 2015, Father filed a petition for an emergency hearing on immediate
change of custody (“Petition to Change Custody”), in which he alleged that
Mother had “refused to permit any contact between Father and [M.D.] for
more than ninety days based on false allegations of sexual and physical abuse.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 36. He also alleged that the repeated false
allegations of abuse were harming M.D.’s emotional and mental well-being and
unreasonably interfering with his relationship with her, and he requested
immediate custody. In December 2015, Mother filed a motion to renew
Protective Order and a petition for modification of parenting time.
[7] In April 2016, the trial court approved the appointment of a guardian ad litem
(“GAL”), who timely filed her report with the trial court. In August 2016, the
trial court held a two-day evidentiary hearing. Two days before the hearing,
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Mother filed her financial declaration form. On the first day of the hearing,
Father filed his financial declaration form and child support obligation
worksheet. At the hearing, Father requested that the trial court take judicial
notice of its file and asked the court to consider the GAL report at the close of
the evidence. Tr. Vol. 1 at 65-66. Mother did not object. The GAL testified,
and Mother’s trial counsel questioned the GAL regarding her report. Tr. Vol. 1
at 66-94. Father testified that his yearly salary is $45,000, with the potential to
increase based on his sales. Id. at 112.
[8] On August 31, 2016, the trial court entered its Order, granting Father’s Petition
to Change Custody effective September 2, 2016. The Order grants Father
primary physical custody of M.D. and Mother parenting time and provides that
the parties will continue to share legal custody. In relevant part, the Order
states as follows:
3. The evidence submitted before the Court indicates there has
been a continuing change in circumstances since the parties[’]
[M]ediated [A]greement wherein the child, M.D. has “regressed”
by all parties’ accounts; e.g. the child’s [sic] has regressed to
soiling herself regularly and requiring diapers and extra attention.
4. The Court is quite concerned about the well-being and health
of the child. Counseling, [CPS] inquiries, and Riley Hospital
exams have revealed nothing to support the claims and concerns
of Mother.
….
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7. Mother’s suspicions and concerns with the [F]ather and child
relationship are serious in nature. Yet, numerous inquiries by a
host of professionals whose only concern is the welfare of the
child have led to a lack of any evidence to support those
suspicions or concerns. Oddly, Mother spend a great amount of
time at the hearing trying to prove a three-year-old physical
altercation between her and Father occurred, yet little, it seemed
to the Court, on what was in the best interest of [M.D.] This
Court has little doubt that Mother is afraid of Father; but that fact
has less overall bearing on what is in the best interest of [M.D.]
than other factors submitted at the hearing.
8. …. [M.D.] is not adjusting well under Mother and the Court
is concerned about [M.D.’s] interrelationship with both parents,
but particularly Mother. The parents have been incapable of
doing what is best for [M.D.], perhaps putting their own self-
interests in front of [M.D.]’s. As a result, the Court is left with
the decision and it is not an easy one. This Court, after hearing
the evidence and judging the credibility of the many witnesses,
believes the mental and physical health of all individuals
involved will be best served by [granting Father’s Petition to
Change Custody].
Appealed Order at 2. The Order also requires Mother to pay weekly child
support of $17 and grants Father “a credit on the child support he has paid to
Mother retroactive to the date that he filed his [Petition to Change Custody].”
Id. at 3. The Order requires Father to pay 60% and Mother 40% of M.D.’s
education expenses. Finally, the Order denies Mother’s motion to renew
Protective Order. Mother appeals.
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Discussion and Decision
Section 1 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
granting Father’s Petition to Change Custody.
[9] Mother first challenges the trial court’s decision to grant Father’s Petition to
Change Custody. Initially, we note that custody modifications are reviewed for
an abuse of discretion, with a preference for granting latitude and deference to
our trial judges in family law matters. Kirk v. Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind.
2002). An abuse of discretion occurs “when the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court.”
L.C. v. T.M., 996 N.E.2d 403, 407 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Here, the trial court
issued findings sua sponte:
When the trial court enters findings sua sponte, the specific
findings control only as to the issues they cover, while a general
judgment standard applies to any issue upon which the court has
not found. The specific findings will not be set aside unless they
are clearly erroneous, and we will affirm the general judgment on
any legal theory supported by the evidence. A finding is clearly
erroneous when there are no facts or inferences drawn therefrom
that support it. In reviewing the trial court’s findings, we neither
reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of the witnesses.
Rather, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences
drawn therefrom that support the findings.
Julie C. v. Andrew C., 924 N.E.2d 1249, 1255-56 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citations
omitted).
[10] Modification of child custody in paternity cases is governed by Indiana Code
Section 31-14-13-6, which provides that a trial court may not modify a child
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custody order unless “(1) modification is in the best interests of the child; and
(2) there is a substantial change in one (1) or more of the factors that the court
may consider under section 2 of this chapter.” Section 31-14-13-23 provides,
The court shall determine custody in accordance with the best
interests of the child. In determining the child’s best interests,
there is not a presumption favoring either parent. The court shall
consider all relevant factors, including the following:
(1) The age and sex of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child’s parents.
(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the
child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.
(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with: (A) the
child’s parents; (B) the child’s siblings; and (C) any other person
who may significantly affect the child’s best interest.
(5) The child’s adjustment to home, school, and community.
(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.
(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either
parent.
3
The trial court cited Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8, which governs custody orders in dissolution and legal
separation cases. However, we find no error because that statute is substantively identical to Section 31-14-3-
2.
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[11] Mother phrases her first claim of error as follows: “It is substantive, procedural
and due process error for the trial court to use the domestic violence perpetrated
by [Father] against Mother and as a factor in modifying custody in Father’s
favor.” Appellant’s Br. at 14. As best we can discern, there are several subparts
to this claim. As part of this claim, she contends that that trial court erred in
failing to find that, based on the principles of res judicata and collateral
estoppel, the Protective Order established that Father committed domestic
violence against Mother. We note that the Protective Order proceedings were
under a different cause number and were presided over by a different judge.
Mother did not ask the trial court to take judicial notice of the Protective Order,
and it is not in the record before us. Mother does not explain the finding of
domestic violence that supported the issuance of the Protective Order.
Mother’s argument on this point is too poorly developed and confusing to be
considered cogent for appellate review. We conclude that her failure to present
cogent argument results in waiver of this issue. See Ind. Appellate Rule
46(A)(8)(a) (requiring that contentions in appellant’s brief be supported by
cogent reasoning and citations to authorities, statutes, and the appendix or parts
of the record on appeal); Loomis v. Ameritech Corp., 764 N.E.2d 658, 668 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2002) (failure to present cogent argument waives issue for appellate
review), trans. denied.
[12] Another subpart to Mother’s first claim of error is that the trial court failed to
comply with Section 31-14-13-2 by failing to consider prior domestic violence.
We disagree. Our review of the Order shows that in determining whether a
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change in custody was in M.D.’s best interests, the trial court considered prior
domestic violence as well as other relevant factors as required by Section 31-14-
13-2. The trial court expressly acknowledged that Mother was afraid of Father,
but concluded that “that fact has less overall bearing on what is in the best
interest of the child than other factors submitted at the hearing.” Appealed Order
at 2 (emphasis added).4 Mother’s argument ignores the other factors that the
trial court is required to consider under Section 31-14-13-2. The trial court
found that M.D. had “regressed” by soiling herself regularly and requiring
diapers and extra attention and that M.D. was not adjusting well under Mother.
Id. The trial court also considered Mother’s allegations that Father was
physically and sexually abusing M.D. and found no evidence to support them.
Id. The trial court stated that it was concerned about M.D.’s interrelationship
with her parents, especially Mother. It further found that they have been
incapable of doing what is best for M.D. and that the mental and physical
health of all individuals involved would be best served by changing primary
physical custody. Id. at 3-4. We conclude that the trial court considered
4
The trial court did not ignore Mother’s fear of Father. Although the trial court denied Mother’s petition to
renew the Protective Order, it strictly limited the parties’ contact to communication involving M.D. via the
Family Wizard, a website for scheduling parenting time. Appealed Order at 4. The Order states that the
“parties should NOT communicate directly or indirectly with each other regarding any personal matters or
any issues not related to the welfare of M.D., except in emergencies.” Id.
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multiple relevant factors and complied with Section 31-14-13-2.5
[13] Next, Mother contends that the trial court erred in relying on the GAL’s report
because it was not offered into evidence. Her argument is without merit
because the GAL timely filed her report, the trial court took judicial notice of its
file, the GAL testified, and Mother’s trial counsel vigorously cross-examined
her regarding her report. Mother also argues that the trial court erred in relying
on the GAL’s report because the GAL was patently biased against her. This
argument goes to the weight of the GAL’s testimony and report rather than the
propriety of the trial court’s consideration of it. We find no error here.
[14] Finally, Mother challenges findings 7 and 8, arguing that they are unsupported
by the evidence. However, her arguments are merely invitations to reweigh the
evidence, which we must decline. In sum, we are unpersuaded that the trial
court abused its discretion in granting Father’s Petition to Change Custody.
Section 2 – The trial court’s child support calculation is not
clearly erroneous.
[15] Mother asserts that the trial court’s calculation of child support is unsupported
by the evidence. We observe that
5
Mother contends that the trial court used Father’s domestic violence as a factor in support of modifying
custody in Father’s favor. Appellant’s Br. at 14. In support, she cites paragraph 7 of the Order, in which the
trial court stated that she spent a great deal of time trying to prove that domestic violence had occurred rather
than on what was in M.D.’s best interest. We fail to see how the trial court’s comment on Mother’s trial
strategy leads to a conclusion that the trial court used Father’s violence to justify granting Father primary
physical custody of M.D.
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[a] trial court’s calculation of child support is presumptively
valid. Reversal of a trial court’s child support order deviating
from the appropriate guideline amount is merited only where the
trial court’s determination is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances before the trial court. Upon the
review of a modification order, only evidence and reasonable
inferences favorable to the judgment are considered. The order
will only be set aside if clearly erroneous.
Bogner v. Bogner, 29 N.E.3d 733, 738 (Ind. 2015) (citations, quotation marks,
and brackets omitted).6
[16] The Indiana Child Support Guidelines (“the Guidelines”) facilitate the trial
court’s calculation of each parent’s share of the child support. In re Paternity of
G.R.G., 829 N.E.2d 114, 118-19 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). There is a “rebuttable
presumption that the amount of the award which would result from the
application of [the Guidelines] is the correct amount of child support to be
awarded.” Ind. Child Support Guideline 2. “When fashioning a child support
order, the trial court’s first task is to determine the weekly gross income of each
parent.” Ratliff v. Ratliff, 804 N.E.2d 237, 245 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). The
Guidelines provide for a child support worksheet to be completed and filed with
the trial court, signed by the parties and supported by documentation. Ind.
Child Support Guideline 3(B). “If the parties cannot agree on the weekly gross
income figures to be included on the worksheet, then each party may submit its
6
In her appellant’s brief, Mother relies on an unpublished memorandum decision for her standard of review
in contravention of Indiana Appellate Rule 65(D), which provides that “a memorandum decision shall not be
regarded as precedent and shall not be cited to any court except by the parties to the case to establish res
judicata, collateral estoppel, or law of the case.”
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own worksheet and documentation, from which the trial court can determine
the parties’ respective weekly gross incomes and compute the appropriate child
support amount.” Paternity of G.R.G., 829 N.E.2d at 118-19 (citing Ind. Child
Support Guideline 3(B), cmt. 1). “Each party bears the burden of justifying the
incomes used in his or her own worksheet.” Id. at 119.
[17] Here, the Order requires Mother to pay weekly child support of $17 based on
Father’s child support worksheet. His child support worksheet shows that his
weekly gross income is $875 and Mother’s is $290. Appealed Order at 6.7
Mother asserts that there is no evidence to support Father’s income because he
failed to timely file his worksheet in accordance with the local rules and his
worksheet was not properly admitted into evidence. Although Father filed his
worksheet after the local deadline, Mother also filed her financial disclosures
after the deadline. Mother acknowledges that Father submitted the worksheet
on the first day of the hearing, requested that the trial court take judicial notice
of its file, and testified that he earns a base salary of $45,000 per year and a
possible commission if his sales reach a certain threshold. Therefore, we find
7
Father’s percentage share of the parties’ total weekly income is 75.11% and Mother’s is 24.89 %. Appealed
Order at 6. Mother’s basic child support obligation is $42.81. Id. Mother is provided parenting time credit
for 101-105 overnights, and therefore her recommended child support obligation is $17. Id. We observe that
$17 is approximately 6% of Mother’s weekly income.
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Mother’s argument without merit and conclude that the trial court’s calculation
of Mother’s child support obligation was not clearly erroneous.8
Section 3 – Mother’s contractual and due process rights were
not violated when the trial court apportioned school expenses.
[18] Mother argues that the trial court erred by ordering Father to pay 60% and
Mother 40% of M.D.’s education expenses. In August 2016, before the
evidentiary hearing was held, the parties reached an agreement with the
assistance of a parental coordinator (“the 2016 Agreement”), which addressed
M.D.’s schooling on a temporary basis. The 2016 Agreement provided that
“[b]ecause school will start before a ruling is expected, the parents agree to the
following terms on a temporary basis” and “[e]ach parent reserves the right to
seek different terms at the hearing.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 3 at 45 (emphasis
added). The parties agreed that M.D. would attend a Montessori school and
that Father would be responsible for 70% and Mother 30% of the school’s costs
incurred before the trial court’s final ruling. Id. at 46. Mother contends that
neither party argued that the allocation of expenses should be any different from
the 2016 Agreement. Mother’s argument seems to be that the 2016 Agreement
therefore constituted a binding contract from which the trial court could not
deviate and that she was deprived due process because she was not given notice
8
Mother makes other claims of error regarding Father’s child support worksheet, but she fails to articulate
how any such errors affect the amount of her recommended child support obligation. Therefore, we need not
address those claims. Mother also contends that the trial court erred in granting Father child support credit
retroactive to the date that he filed his petition to change custody. Mother fails to present cogent argument
on this issue, and therefore it is waived. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a); Loomis, 764 N.E.2d at 668.
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that its terms were going to be modified. Appellant’s Br. at 31. The 2016
Agreement itself provides that it is temporary, and therefore Mother’s
arguments are misplaced.9 Based on the foregoing, we affirm the Order.
[19] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
9
In her reply brief, Mother argues for the first time that the trial court’s apportionment of education
expenses requires her to pay a higher share than she would be required to pay pursuant to the Guidelines and
that there was no consideration of less costly education of the same or higher quality. Appellant’s Reply Br.
at 14-15. “New arguments in a reply brief are inappropriate and will not be considered on appeal.” Crist v.
K-Mart Corp., 653 N.E.2d 140, 144 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995); see also Kelly v. Levandoski, 825 N.E.2d 850, 858 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2005) (“[A]ny argument an appellant fails to raise in his initial brief is waived for appeal.”), trans.
denied; Ind. App. Rule 46(C) (“No new issues shall be raised in the reply brief.”).
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