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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: K.K.R., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
APPEAL OF: S.R., MOTHER :
:
:
:
: No. 3887 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Decree and Order December 13, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Family Court at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000915-2016
IN THE INTEREST OF: S.C.R., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
APPEAL OF: S.R., MOTHER :
:
:
:
: No. 3889 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Decree and Order December 13, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Family Court at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000916-2016
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., STABILE, and FITZGERALD*, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED JUNE 09, 2017
S.R. (“Mother”) appeals from the December 13, 2016 decrees and
orders involuntarily terminating her parental rights to K.K.R. (born in August
of 2011) and S.C.R. (born in October of 2012) (collectively “Children”)
pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S32032-17
(b), and changing Children’s permanency goal to adoption under the
Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6351.1 We affirm.
On March 5, 2015, Mother and Children first became known to the
Department of Human Services of Philadelphia County (“DHS”) as a result of
a General Protective Services (“GPS”) report alleging that Mother resided in
an unfit house with Children, abused drugs, did not provide adequate food,
and neglected Children. On March 20, 2015, Mother and Children moved to
a drug and alcohol rehabilitation shelter. Mother was discharged from the
shelter due to her non-compliance and inappropriate behavior towards
Children. Mother and Children then moved into another shelter on April 17,
2015. Shortly thereafter, the shelter evicted Mother after a staff member
observed her inappropriately disciplining Children, which included spanking
and pinching them. On April 27, 2015, Mother admitted that she hits
Children when DHS met with her to discuss the allegations. On same day,
DHS obtained an Order of Protective Custody (“OPC”) for Children and
placed them with their maternal aunt, B.C. (“Maternal Aunt”).
At the shelter care hearing on April 29, 2015, the trial court lifted the
OPC and ordered the temporary commitment to DHS to stand. The trial
____________________________________________
1
Children have different biological fathers. The putative father of K.K.R. is
unknown, and the putative father of S.C.R. is K.M. (“Father-2”). In separate
decrees and orders entered on December 13, 2016, the trial court
involuntarily terminated the parental rights of unknown father to K.K.R. and
Father-2 to S.C.R. The unknown father of K.K.R. and Father-2 are not
parties to the current appeal, nor did they file separate appeals.
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court granted Mother supervised visitation and referred her to the Clinical
Evaluation Unit (“CEU”) for a drug and alcohol screening and dual diagnosis
assessment for mental health and substance abuse. The CEU report issued
a progress report on May 5, 2015, revealing Mother tested positive for
marijuana and PCP.
On May 8, 2015, the trial court adjudicated Children dependent and
committed them to DHS. The case was transferred to the Community
Umbrella Agency (“CUA”), which developed a Single Case Plan (“SCP”) for
reunification with Children. Mother’s SCP objectives were: (1) to participate
in a dual diagnosis treatment and submit to random drug screens at CEU;
(2) to receive referral for Achieving Reunification Center (“ARC”); (3) to
engage in parent education classes; (4) to obtain appropriate housing; and
(5) to attend supervised visitation with Children. Mother’s SCP objectives
have remained the same throughout the duration of the case.
On October 5, 2016, DHS filed petitions to involuntarily terminate
Mother’s parental rights and change Children’s permanency goal to adoption.
On December 13, 2016, the trial court held a hearing on the petitions. At
the hearing, DHS presented the testimony of Essence Jones, the CUA case
manager at Turning Points. Mother, represented by counsel, testified on her
own behalf. Father-2, represented by counsel, also testified. At the
conclusion of the hearing, the trial court entered decrees and orders
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terminating Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1),
(2), (5), (8), and (b), and changing Children’s permanency goal to adoption.
On December 30, 2016, while represented by counsel, Mother filed pro
se notices of appeal and statements of errors complained of on appeal
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).2 On January 11, 2017, counsel
for Mother, filed amended concise statements of errors complained of on
appeal in accordance to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). This Court consolidated Mother’s
appeals sua sponte on January 17, 2017. Mother raises the following issues.
Whether the trial court committed reversible errors when it
involuntarily terminated Mother’s parental rights where
such determination was not supported by clear and
convincing evidence under the adoption act, 23 Pa.C.S. §
2511 (a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and (a)(8)?
Whether the trial court committed reversible errors when it
involuntarily terminated Mother’s parental rights without
giving primary consideration to the effect that the
termination would have on the developmental, physical
and emotional needs of the child as required by the
adoption act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)?
Mother’s Brief at 4.3
____________________________________________
2
We note that Mother’s pro se concise statements of errors failed to
adequately identify in a concise manner or with specificity the issues sought
to be pursued on appeal in accordance with Rule 1925(b)(4)(ii). As such,
the trial court directed counsel to assist Mother with her appeals.
3
In her amended concise statement of errors complained of on appeal and
appellate brief, Mother did not challenge the trial court’s orders changing
Children’s permanency goal to adoption. Thus, this issue is waived. See
Krebs v. United Refining Co., 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(holding that an appellant waives issues that are not raised in both his
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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We summarize Mother’s two arguments together. Mother contends
that the evidence makes it clear that DHS did not prove by clear and
convincing evidence that her parental rights should be terminated pursuant
to Section 2511(a) of the Adoption Act. Mother’s Brief at 8. Mother points
out that she has made progress during the course of the case and has
demonstrated a willingness to remedy the conditions and causes of the
incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal to perform parental duties. Id. at 11.
Since the evidence failed to establish that her relationship with Children was
severed, Mother argues that DHS failed to prove that termination under
Section 2511(b) was in the best interests of Children. Id. at 13.
Our standard of review regarding orders terminating parental rights is
as follows:
When reviewing an appeal from a decree terminating
parental rights, we are limited to determining whether the
decision of the trial court is supported by competent
evidence. Absent an abuse of discretion, an error of law,
or insufficient evidentiary support for the trial court’s
decision, the decree must stand. Where a trial court has
granted a petition to involuntarily terminate parental
rights, this Court must accord the hearing judge’s decision
the same deference that we would give to a jury verdict.
We must employ a broad, comprehensive review of the
record in order to determine whether the trial court’s
decision is supported by competent evidence.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal and the statement of
questions involved in his brief on appeal).
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In re S.H., 879 A.2d 802, 805 (Pa. Super. 2005). In termination cases, the
burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing evidence that
the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental rights are valid.
Id. at 806. Clear and convincing evidence is defined as:
testimony that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing
as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction,
without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in
issue.”
In re J.L.C., 837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted).
“The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence
presented, and is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and
resolve conflicts in the evidence.” In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa.
Super. 2004). “[I]f competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings,
we will affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In
re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa. Super. 2003) (quoting In
re: N.C., 763 A.2d 913, 917 (Pa. Super. 2000)). Additionally, this Court
“need only agree with [the trial court’s] decision as to any one subsection in
order to affirm the termination of parental rights.” In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d
380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc).
In this case, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights
pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b), which provides as
follows:
(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a
child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
following grounds:
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(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of
at least six months immediately preceding the filing of
the petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or
failed to perform parental duties.
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child to
be without essential parental care, control or
subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-
being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity,
abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied
by the parent.
* * *
(5) The child has been removed from the care of the
parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency for a period of at least six months, the
conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
child continue to exist, the parent cannot or will not
remedy those conditions within a reasonable period of
time, the services or assistance reasonably available to
the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child within a
reasonable period of time and termination of the
parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare
of the child.
* * *
(8) The child has been removed from the care of the
parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from
the date of removal or placement, the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist and termination of parental rights would best
serve the needs and welfare of the child.
* * *
(b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating
the rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to
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the developmental, physical and emotional needs and
welfare of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be
terminated solely on the basis of environmental factors
such as inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing
and medical care if found to be beyond the control of the
parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant to
subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider
any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to
the giving of notice of the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b).
Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The
party seeking termination must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the
statutory grounds for termination delineated in Section
2511(a). Only if the court determines that the parent’s
conduct warrants termination of his . . . parental rights
does the court engage in the second part of the analysis
pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the needs
and welfare of the child under the standard of best
interests of the child.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (internal citations
omitted). “Parental rights may be involuntarily terminated where any one
subsection of Section 2511(a) is satisfied, along with consideration of the
subsection 2511(b) provisions.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1117 (Pa.
Super. 2010).
Termination under Section 2511(a)(1) involves the following:
To satisfy the requirements of Section 2511(a)(1), the
moving party must produce clear and convincing evidence
of conduct, sustained for at least the six months prior to
the filing of the termination petition, which reveals a
settled intent to relinquish parental claim to a child or a
refusal or failure to perform parental duties. In addition,
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Section 2511 does not require that the parent
demonstrate both a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental claim to a child and refusal or failure to
perform parental duties. Accordingly, parental rights
may be terminated pursuant to [s]ection 2511(a)(1)
if the parent either demonstrates a settled purpose
of relinquishing parental claim to a child or fails to
perform parental duties.
Once the evidence establishes a failure to perform
parental duties or a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental rights, the court must engage in three lines
of inquiry: (1) the parent’s explanation for his or her
conduct; (2) the post-abandonment contact between
parent and child; and (3) consideration of the effect
of termination of parental rights on the child
pursuant to [s]ection 2511(b).
In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 730 (Pa. Super. 2008) (internal citations
omitted). Regarding the six-month period prior to filing the termination
petition:
[T]he trial court must consider the whole history of a given
case and not mechanically apply the six-month statutory
provision. The court must examine the individual
circumstances of each case and consider all explanations
offered by the parent facing termination of his…parental
rights, to determine if the evidence, in light of the totality
of the circumstances, clearly warrants the involuntary
termination.
In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citations
omitted).
The grounds for termination of parental rights under Section
2511(a)(2), due to parental incapacity that cannot be remedied, are not
limited to affirmative misconduct; to the contrary those grounds may include
acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental duties. In re
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A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002). “Parents are required to
make diligent efforts toward the reasonably prompt assumption of full
parental responsibilities.” Id. at 340. Pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2), “the
petitioner for involuntary termination must prove (1) repeated and continued
incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2) that such incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal caused the child to be without essential parental care,
control or subsistence; and (3) that the causes of the incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied.” In Interest of Lilley,
719 A.2d 327, 330 (Pa. Super. 1998).
“Termination of parental rights under Section 2511(a)(5) requires
that: (1) the child has been removed from parental care for at least six
months; (2) the conditions which led to removal and placement of the child
continue to exist; and (3) termination of parental rights would best serve the
needs and welfare of the child.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1118.
“[T]o terminate parental rights under Section 2511(a)(8), the following
factors must be demonstrated: (1) [t]he child has been removed from
parental care for [twelve] months or more from the date of removal; (2) the
conditions which led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist; and (3) termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and
welfare of the child.” In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1275-76
(Pa. Super. 2003).
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Under Section 2511(b), the court must consider whether termination
will best serve the child’s needs and welfare. In re C.P., 901 A.2d 516 (Pa.
Super. 2006). “Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability are
involved when inquiring about the needs and welfare of the child.” Id. at
520. “In this context, the court must take into account whether a bond
exists between child and parent, and whether termination would destroy an
existing, necessary and beneficial relationship.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at
1121.
When conducting a bonding analysis, the court is not
required to use expert testimony. Social workers and
caseworkers can offer evaluations as well. Additionally,
Section 2511(b) does not require a formal bonding
evaluation.
Id. (internal citations omitted).
“The statute permitting the termination of parental rights outlines
certain irreducible minimum requirements of care that parents must provide
for their children, and a parent who cannot or will not meet the requirements
within a reasonable time following intervention by the state, may properly be
considered unfit and may properly have his or her rights terminated.” In re
B.L.L., 787 A.2d 1007, 1013 (Pa. Super. 2001). Regarding the definition of
“parental duties,” this Court has stated:
There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties.
Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of
a child. A child needs love, protection, guidance, and
support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be
met by a merely passive interest in the development of the
child. Thus, this Court has held that the parental
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obligation is a positive duty which requires affirmative
performance.
This affirmative duty encompasses more than a financial
obligation; it requires continuing interest in the child and a
genuine effort to maintain communication and association
with the child.
Because a child needs more than a benefactor, parental
duty requires that a parent exert himself to take and
maintain a place of importance in the child’s life.
Parental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively
with good faith interest and effort, and not yield to every
problem, in order to maintain the parent-child relationship
to the best of his or her ability, even in difficult
circumstances. A parent must utilize all available
resources to preserve the parental relationship, and must
exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed
in the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship.
Parental rights are not preserved by waiting for a more
suitable or convenient time to perform one’s parental
responsibilities while others provide the child with [the
child’s] physical and emotional needs.
In re B., N.M., 856 A.2d at 855. “[A] parent’s basic constitutional right to
the custody and rearing of his or her child is converted, upon the failure to
fulfill his or her parental duties, to the child’s right to have proper parenting
and fulfillment of his or her potential in a permanent, healthy, safe
environment.” Id. at 856.
After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the
applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Joseph
Fernandes, we conclude Mother’s issues on appeal merit no relief. The trial
court’s opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of the
questions presented. See Trial Ct. Op., 1/17/17 , at 3-10 (finding: Children
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have been removed from Mother’s custody since April 27, 2015, nineteen
months at the time of trial due to her drug abuse and inability to
appropriately parent Children; Mother’s compliance with her SCP goals has
steadily declined; Mother tested positive for PCP on September 9th and 29th
of 2016; Mother stopped attending her dual diagnosis treatment program
and was discharged without successfully completing the program; Mother
was referred to ARC for parenting classes, but was unsuccessfully
discharged; Mother chose to complete parenting classes elsewhere, but
these classes did not improve her ability to parent; Mother has never had
appropriate housing; Mother currently lives at a shelter where Children
cannot join her; Mother’s recent tardiness to her supervised visits with
Children has caused some of the visits to be canceled; Mother has visited
Children only twice in the last three months; Mother's inconsistency in
visiting Children has caused their relationship to become unhealthy; Mother’s
bond with Children has become very attenuated; Mother cannot provide
Children with permanency; Maternal Aunt has provided Children with love,
care and stability for the last nineteen months; CUA case manager credibly
testified regarding the lack of parental relationship between Mother and
Children in contrast to the parental bond that exists between Children and
Maternal Aunt; termination of Mother’s parental rights would not cause
Children irreparable harm; record demonstrates Mother’s repeated
unwillingness to remedy the cause of her incapacity to parent, her failure to
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perform any parental duties, and her inability to remedy conditions that led
to the placement of Children; evidence is clear and convincing that
termination of Mother’s parental rights would be in best interests of Children;
thus, court properly terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Sections
2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b)). Accordingly, we affirm on the basis of
the trial court opinion.
Decrees and orders affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/9/2017
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Circulated 05/19/2017 05:12 PM
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
FOR THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA
FAMILY COURT DIVISION
In the Interest of K.K.R., a Minor -GP--5-1 "DP=OOO 1081'"2015-
CP-51-AP-0000915-2016
In the Interest of S.C.R., a Minor CP-51-DP~OOOI 078-2015
CP-5 l-AP-0000916-2016
FID: 51-FN-000914-2015
APPEAL OF: S.R., Mother 3887/3889 EDA 2016 c:
OPINION
Fernandes, J.:
Appellant S.R. ("Mother") appeals from the order entered on December 13, 2016, granting the
petition filed by the Philadelphia Department of Human Services ("DHS"), to involuntarily
terminate Mother's parental rights to K.K.R. ("Child l ") and S.C.R. ("Child 2'') (the "Children")
pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. §251 l(a)(l), (2), (5), (8) and (b). Mother, acting pro
se, filed a timely Notice of Appeal with a Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal pursuant
to Rule 1925(b).1
Factual and Procedural Background:
The family in this case became known to OHS on March 5, 20 I 5, when DHS received a report
that Mother neglected the Children, abused drugs and did not provide adequate food. Mother
moved with the Children to a drug rehabilitation shelter, but was discharged for inappropriate
behavior. Mother brought the Children to another shelter, but was discharged from that shelter for
inappropriately disciplining the Children. On Apri I 27, 2015, OHS met with Mother, who admitted
to striking Child 2. DHS obtained an Order of Protective Custody and removed the Children,
placing them with B.C. ("Aunt"), a maternal aunt. The trial court adjudicated the Children
dependent on May 8, 2015, fully committing them to DHS custody. The case was then transferred
to a Community Umbrella Agency ("CUA") which developed a Single Case Plan ("SCP") with
objectives for Mother. Over the course of 2015 and 2016, Mother failed to complete her
I
Although Mother file a prose appeal, Mother still has court-appointed counsel, which the trial court has directed to
assist Mother on her appeal.
Page I of 10
objectives. On October 5, 2016, DHS filed petitions to involuntarily terminate Mother's parental
rights.
The goal change termination trial was held on December 13, 2016. The CUA case manager
testified that Mother's SCP objectives have been the same since the start of this case: engage in
dual diagnosis treatment, take parenting classes, obtain appropriate housing and visit with the
Children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 13). The CUA case manager referred Mother to programs and
services, and Mother did enroll early in the life of the case. The CUA case manager testified that
at the time of trial, Mother had completed none of the programs and had been unsuccessfully
discharged from all of them. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 14). Mother was enrolled in drug and alcohol
treatment at Nu-Stop, but last attended on October 14, 2016. Mother tested positive for PCP, her
drug ofchoice, at the Clinical Evaluation Unit ("CEU") on September 9111 and 291h of 2016. (N.T.
12/13/16, pgs. 14-15, 42). The CUA case manager referred Mother to the Achieving Reunification
Center ("ARC") for parenting classes, housing services and drug and alcohol treatment. Mother
did not successfully complete any of these services. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 16). Mother completed
parenting at another location, but it did not improve her parenting skills. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 42).
Mother is no longer enrolled in any ARC services. Mother told CUA that she does not have any
housing, and was unable to provide proof that she was employed. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 17).
Mother's visitation with the Children has been inconsistent. Mother's supervised weekly visits
were originally scheduled for Saturdays, but Mother missed three in a row and the visitation time
had to be moved. Mother attended two visits in the last three months. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 18).
Mother is always late for visits, which has caused some visits to be cancelled. While the visits are
appropriate, the Children separate easily from Mother when visits end. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 19).
The Children are placed with Aunt in a pre-adoptive home. Mother's inconsistency in visiting the
Children has turned their relationship unhealthy. The Children would not suffer any irreparable
hmm if Mother's rights were terminated. (N.T. 12/13116, pg. 20). The Children have a very
positive relationship with Aunt, who cares for all their everyday needs. Aunt even postponed a
planned relocation to Atlanta, Georgia, in order to allow Child 1 to finish school in Philadelphia.
It is in the Children's best interest to be adopted. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 24). The CUA case manager
testified that for the life of this case, Aunt has performed all parental duties for the Children and
Mother has performed none. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 25). Mother has made no progress on any of her
Page 2 of 10
objectives, so it would be in the Children's best interest to terminate her parental rights. (N.T.
12/13/ 16, pg. 26). Mother testified that she was currently enrolled in and consistently attending
drug and alcohol and mental health treatment at Nu-Stop. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 53-54). Mother
testified that she completed ARC housing services. She is currently living in a shelter which does
not allow children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 55-56). Mother testified that she had been employed, but
had been fired recently. She described her interaction with the Children as "the best visits." (N.T.
12/13/16, pgs. 56-58). Following argument, the trial court terminated Mother's parental rights to
the Children under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §251 l(a)(l), (2), (5), (8) and (b), and changed their permanency
goal to adoption.2 Following the decision, Mother stated on the record that she would go to Aunt's
house and take the Children with her. The trial court then issued a stay-away order, prohibiting
Mother from entering Aunt's house. On December 16, 2016, Mother filed this appeal.
Discussion:
Although Mother filed a rambling Statement of Errors pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b ), the trial
court was able to discern Mother's request and reformulated Mother's issues on appeal as: Did
the trial court err or abuse its discretion when it terminated Mother's parental rights pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S.A. §251 l(a)(l), (2), (5), (8) and (b) and changed the Children's permanency goal to
adoption?
Mother has appealed the involuntary termination of her parental rights. The grounds for
involuntary termination of parental rights are enumerated in the Adoption Act at 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§2511 (a), which provides the following grounds for Section 2511 (a)( I):
(a) Generalrule - The rights of a parent, in regard to a child, may be terminated after a
petition is filed on any of the following grounds:
(1) The parent, by conduct continuing for a period of at least six months immediately
preceding the filing of the petition, has either evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform parental duties.
In proceedings to involuntarily terminate parental rights the burden of proof is on the party seeking
termination, which must establish the existence of grounds for termination by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Adophon o[Atendo, 650 A.2d 1064 (Pa. 1994). To satisfy Section (a)(l ), the
2The trial court also terminated the parental rights of fathers and putative fathers on this date, but these individuals
have not appealed.
Page 3 of 10
moving party must produce clear and convincing evidence of conduct sustained for at least six
months prior to the filing of the termination petition, which reveals a settled intent to relinquish
parental claim to a child or a refusal or failure to perform parental duties. However, the six-month
time period should not be applied mechanically; instead, the court must consider the whole history
of the case. In re B.N1\1.. 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004). The standard of clear and
convincing evidence is defined as testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to
enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction without hesitance of the truth of precise facts
in issue.
Petitions were filed on October 5, 2016. Mother's SCP objectives have been the same since the
start of this case: engage in dual diagnosis treatment, take parenting classes, obtain appropriate
housing and visit with the Children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 13). Mother enrolled in a dual diagnosis
treatment program at Nu-Stop, but during the six-month period she stopped attending and was
discharged without successfully completing treatment. Mother tested positive for PCP on
September 9111 and 29111 of 2016, while she was still enrolled in the treatment program. (N.T.
12/ 13/16, pgs. 14-15, 42). Mother was referred to ARC, but did not complete any services. She
was unsuccessfully discharged from ARC during the six-month period. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 16-
17). During the entire six-month period, Mother did not have appropriate housing. For some of
the period, Mother was homeless, but eventually moved into a shelter which does not allow
children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 17, 55-56). Mother had employment, but during the six-month
period she was fired and did not obtain another job. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 17, 56-58). While Mother
was always late, she made most of her weekly supervised visits early in the life of this case.
However, her attendance decreased sharply during the six-month period. Mother missed three
visits in a row, and saw the Children only two times in three months. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 18-19).
Mother has not parented the Children at all since they came into care, and has made no progress
on any of her objectives during the six-month period. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 25-26). Looking back
beyond the six-month period, Mother enrolled in all appropriate services soon after this case began.
Since that time Mother's compliance has steadily declined. Mother has refused or failed to perform
parental duties during the relevant time period. Because the trial court heard clear and convincing
evidence to this effect, termination under this section was proper and should be affirmed.
Page 4 of 10
The trial court terminated Mother's parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §251 l(a)(2). This section
of the Adoption Act includes, as a ground for involuntary termination of parental rights, the
repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal of the parent that causes the child to
be without essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-
being; and the conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not
be remedied by the parent. This ground is not limited to affirmative misconduct. It may include
acts of refusal to perform parental duties, but focuses more specifically on the needs of the child.
Adopt;on of C.A.111., 683 A.2d 911, 914 (Pa. Super. 1996).
Mother's SCP objectives have been the same since the start of this case: engage in dual diagnosis
treatment, take parenting classes, obtain appropriate housing and visit with the Children. (N.T.
12/13/16, pg. 13). Following a CUA referral early in the life of the case, Mother enrolled in a dual
diagnosis program at Nu-Stop. She did not complete the program, and last attended on October
14, 2016. Mother tested positive for PCP, her drug of choice, as recently as September 29, 2016.
(N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 14-15, 42). Mother testified that she is still enrolled in and attending the
program, but this testimony is not credible. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 53-54). Mother was referred to
ARC for parenting classes, but was unsuccessfully discharged. Mother chose to complete
parenting classes elsewhere, but these classes did not improve her ability to parent. (N.T. 12/ 13/16,
pgs. 16, 42). Mother has never had appropriate housing. She currently lives in a shelter where the
Children will not be permitted. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 17, 55-56). Mother recently lost her job and
has no source of income. (N.T. 12113/16,pgs, 17, 56-58). Mother is not currently involved in any
services, and has not successfully completed any of her objectives. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 16-17,
26). Early in the life of the case, Mother made her weekly supervised visits consistently. However,
Mother has been late to nearly all of her more recent visits. Mother's consistent lateness has caused
some visits to be cancelled. Mother has visited the Children only twice in the last three months.
(N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 18-19). Mother's inconsistency in visiting the Children has caused their
relationship to become unhealthy. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 20). The Children need permanency, which
Mother cannot provide. Mother's complete lack of progress, coupled with her decreased
engagement with services, demonstrate that she is unwilling to remedy the causes of her incapacity
to parent in order to provide the Children with essential parental care, control or subsistence
necessary for their physical and mental well-being. Termination under this section was proper.
Page 5 of 10
Mother also appeals the trial court's termination of parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §251 l(a)(5),
which permits termination when a child was removed, by court or voluntary agreement, and placed
with an agency if, for at least six months, the conditions which led to the placement of the child
continue to exist, the parent cannot or will not remedy those conditions within a reasonable period
of time, the services reasonably available to the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions
leading to placement, and termination best serves the child's needs and welfare. OHS, as a child
and youth agency, cannot be required to extend services beyond the period of time deemed as
reasonable by the legislature or be subjected to herculean efforts. A child's life cannot be put on
hold in hope that the parent will summon the ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting. In
re .JT.. 817 A.2d 509 (Pa. Super. 2001). As a consequence, Pennsylvania's Superior Court has
recognized that a child's needs and welfare require agencies to work toward termination of parental
rights when a child has been placed in foster care beyond reasonable temporal limits and after
reasonable efforts for reunification have been made by the agency, which have been ineffective.
This process should be completed within eighteen months. In re NW., 851 A.2d 508 (Pa. Super.
2004).
The Children have been in OHS custody since April 27, 2015, nineteen months at the time of trial.
The Children were removed because Mother abused drugs and was unable to parent. Mother's
SCP objectives have been the same since the start of this case: engage in dual diagnosis treatment,
take parenting classes, obtain appropriate housing and visit with the Children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg.
13). The CUA case manager referred Mother to a dual diagnosis program, and she enrolled early
in the life of this case. However, she still tested positive for PCP twice in September 2016. Mother
was subsequently unsuccessfully discharged from the dual diagnosis program, and has not sought
a new referral or enrolled in another program. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 14-15, 42). Mother was
referred to ARC for parenting classes and housing services. Mother was unsuccessfully discharged
from parenting classes at ARC. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 16). She has never had appropriate housing,
and has no prospect of finding appropriate housing within a reasonable time. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs.
17, 55-56). Mother has weekly supervised visits with the Children. She is always late to visits,
and has recently been so late that numerous visits were cancelled. Mother has seen the Children
two times in the last three months. (N.T. 12/ 13116, pgs. 18-19). OHS and CUA not only made all
appropriate referrals, Mother began her programs. However, since enrolling at the start of this
Page 6 of 10
case, Mother has made no progress whatsoever on her objectives. The conditions which led to the
placement of the Children continue to exist. Mother' decreasing engagement and compliance over
time demonstrates that she would not be able to correct the causes of her incapacity to parent in a
reasonable time. The Children are placed in a pre-adoptive home with Aunt, who has provided all
parental care for them during the last nineteen months. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 20, 25). The Children
have a very positive relationship with Aunt, who cares for all their everyday needs. Aunt even
postponed a planned relocation to Atlanta, Georgia, in order to allow Child 1 to finish school in
Philadelphia. (N. T. 12/13/ l 6, pg. 24). It would be in the Children's best interest to terminate
Mother's parental rights. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 26). As a result, the trial court found that termination
of Mother's parental rights was in the best interest of the Children for their physical, intellectual,
moral and spiritual well-being. Because the trial court made these determinations on the basis of
clear and convincing evidence, termination under this section was also proper.
The trial court also terminated Father's parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §2511 (a)(8), which
permits termination when:
The child has been removed from the care of the parent by the court or under a voluntary
agreement with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the date of removal or
placement, the conditions which led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist and termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the child.
This section does not require the court to evaluate a parent's willingness or ability to remedy the
conditions which initially caused placement or the availability or efficacy of OHS services offered
to the parent, only the present state of the conditions. In re: Adoption o(KJ, 938 A.2d 1128, 1133
(Pa. Super. 2009). The party seeking termination must also prove by clear and convincing
evidence that the termination is in the best interest of the child. The best interest of the child is
determined after consideration of the needs and welfare of the child such as love, comfort, security
and stability. In re Bowman, A.2d 217 (Pa. Super. 1994). See also In re Adoption o(TTB.. 835
A.2d 387, 397 (Pa. Super. 2003).
The Children have been in OHS custody since April 27, 2015, nineteen months at the time of trial.
The Children were removed because Mother abused drugs and was unable to parent. Mother's
SCP objectives have been the same since the start of this case: engage in dual diagnosis treatment,
take parenting classes, obtain appropriate housing and visit with the Children. (N. T. 12/13/ l 6, pg.
Page 7 of 10
13). At the time of trial, Mother was not enrolled in a dual diagnosis program, and had never
completed such a program. She continues to test positive for PCP. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 14wl5,
42). Mother has not improved her parenting skills by completing parenting classes. (N.T.
12/13/16, pg. 16). Mother has never had appropriate housing, and currently lives at a shelter where
the Children cannot join her. (N. T. 12/13/16, pgs, 17, 5 5w56). Mother has always arrived late to
visits. Recently, her lateness has caused visits to be cancelled. Mother has seen the Children twice
in the last three months. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 18w 19). Mother's inconsistency in visiting the
Children has caused their relationship to become unhealthy. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 20). Every one
of the conditions which brought the Children into care still exists. Mother has made no progress
on any of her objectives. The Children are placed in a pre-adoptive home with Aunt, who has
provided all parental care for them during the last nineteen months. (N.T. 12113/16, pgs. 20, 25).
The Children have a very positive, healthy relationship with Aunt, who cares for all their everyday
needs. Aunt even postponed a planned relocation to Atlanta, Georgia, in order to allow Child 1 to
finish school in Philadelphia. (N. T. 12/ 13/16, pg. 24 ). It would be in the Children's best interest
to terminate Mother's parental rights. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 26). The Children need a home that
will provide safety and security, which Mother is unable to provide at this time. The testimony of
DHS's witness was unwavering and credible. Because the record contains clear and convincing
evidence to this effect, the trial court did not abuse its discretion and termination under this section
was also proper.
After a finding of any grounds for termination under Section (a), the court must, under 23
Pa.C.S.A. §251 l(b), also consider what w if any w bond exists between parent and child. In re
lnvoluntarv Term;1u1t;on ofC.WS.M. and KA.L.M .. 839 A.2d 410, 415 (Pa. Super. 2003). The
trial court must examine the status of the bond to determine whether its termination "would destroy
an existing, necessary and beneficial relationship". In re AdopNon o[T.B.B. 835 A.2d 387, 397
(Pa. Super. 2003). In assessing the parental bond, the trial court is permitted to rely upon the
observations and evaluations of social workers. In re K. Z. S.. 946 A.2d 753, 762w763 (Pa. Super.
2008). In cases where there is no evidence of any bond between the parent and child, it is
reasonable to infer that no bond exists. The extent of any bond analysis depends on the
circumstances of the particular case. In re K.Z.S. at 762w763. However under 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§2511(b), the rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of environmental factors
Page 8 of 10
such as inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and medical care, if found to be beyond
the control of the parent.
For much of the life of this case, Mother attended weekly supervised visits and was appropriate in
her interactions with the Children. However, Mother was always late to visits. Her lateness has
become more pronounced recently, leading to the cancellation of the vast majority of her visits.
Mother has seen the Children twice in the last three months. (N. T. 12/13/16, pgs. 18-19). Mother's
inconsistency in visiting the Children has damaged their relationship, and pushed the Children
away. Her bond with the Children has become very attenuated. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 20). When
visits end, the Children do not protest or cry, instead they leave in a calm and orderly manner.
(N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 19). Mother does not have a strong parental relationship with the Children,
and they would not suffer any irreparable harm if her rights were terminated. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg.
20). The Children are placed in a pre-adoptive home with Aunt, who has provided all parental
care for them during the last nineteen months. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 20, 25). The Children have a
very positive, healthy relationship with Aunt, who cares for all their everyday needs. Aunt even
postponed a planned relocation to Atlanta, Georgia, in order to allow Child 1 to finish school in
Philadelphia. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 24). It would be in the Children's best interest to terminate
Mother's parental rights. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 26). OHS provided credible testimony to the trial
court. Consequently, the court did not abuse its discretion when it found that it was clearly and
convincingly established that termination of Mother's parental rights would not destroy an existing
beneficial relationship.
Mother also alleges that the court erred in changing Child's permanency goal from reunification
to adoption. In a change of goal proceeding, the child's best interest must be the focus of the trial
court's determination. The child's safety and health are paramount considerations. In re A. H, 763
A.2d 873 (Pa. Super. 2000). Pennsylvania's Juvenile Act recognizes family preservation as one
of its primary purposes. In the Interest O[R.P. a Minor. 957 A.2d 1205 (Pa. Super. 2008). As a
result, welfare agencies must make efforts to reunify the biological parents with their child.
Nonetheless, if those efforts fail, the agency must redirect its efforts toward placing the child in an
adoptive home. Agencies are not required to provide services indefinitely when a parent is
unwilling or unable to apply the instructions received. In re R. T, 778 A.2d 670 (Pa. Super. 2001 ).
Page 9 of 10
The trial court should consider the best interest of the child as it exists presently, rather than the
facts at the time of the original petition.
Mother continues to use drugs and is not enrolled in a court-ordered dual diagnosis program. (N.T.
12/13/16, pgs. 14-15, 42). Mother does not have appropriate housing, or a job with which to obtain
new housing. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 17, 55-56). Mother is not enrolled in ARC services. (N.T.
12/ l 3/ l 6, pgs. 14, 16-17). She is late to visits, and ten of her last twelve visits have been cancelled
due to her tardiness. By failing to visit regularly, Mother has not maintained a relationship with
her Children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pgs. 18-20). She has not engaged in the services referred by CUA
to place her in a position to parent the Children. The Children are placed in a pre-adoptive home
with Aunt, who has provided all parental care for them during the last nineteen months. (N.T.
l 2/ J 3/16, pgs. 20, 25). The Children have a very positive, healthy relationship with Aunt, who
cares for all their everyday needs. Aunt even postponed a planned relocation to Atlanta, Georgia,
in order to allow Child 1 to finish school in Philadelphia. A goal of adoption is in the best interest
of both Children. (N.T. 12/13/16, pg. 24). Because these facts were clearly and convincingly
established by the credible testimony of DHS's witness, the court's change of permanency goal
from reunification to adoption was proper.
Conclusion:
For the aforementioned reasons, the court found that OHS met its statutory burden by clear and
convincing evidence regarding termination of Mother's parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§251 l(a)(2), (5), (8) and (b) since it would best serve the Children's emotional needs and welfare.
Changing the Children's permanency goal to adoption was in his best interest. The trial court's
termination of Mother's parental rights and change of permanency goal to adoption was proper
and should be affirmed.
By the court,
Page 10 of 10
In the Interest of: K.K.R., a Minor
Combined Opinion