Filed 6/19/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
CARMEN ZUBILLAGA,
Plaintiff and Appellant, G052603
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2013-00695292)
ALLSTATE INDEMNITY COMPANY, OPINION
Defendant and Respondent.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, John C.
Gastelum, Judge. Reversed.
Law Office of Kyle J. Scott and Kyle J. Scott for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, Peter H. Klee, Karin Dougan Vogel
and Joseph E. Foss, for Defendant and Respondent.
* * *
In this first party insurance bad faith action, the question is whether the
court properly granted summary judgment for the insurer, based on the “genuine dispute”
doctrine. (See Wilson v. 21st Century Ins. Co. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 713, 723 (Wilson).)
Plaintiff Carmen Zubillaga was injured in an automobile accident. The
other driver was at fault. Her insurer, defendant Allstate Indemnity Company (Allstate),
rejected her demand for $35,000, the full amount of her remaining underinsured motorist
(UIM) coverage, although it made her a series of offers increasing to $15,584 instead.
After an arbitrator awarded plaintiff $35,000, the amount of her demand,
she sued Allstate for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
We conclude plaintiff demonstrated triable issues of material fact regarding
whether Allstate‟s decision she did not need expensive epidural steroid injections, was
made without a good faith investigation and without a reasonable basis for a genuine
dispute. Therefore, summary judgment was improper and we reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
“Because this case comes before us after the trial court granted a motion for
summary judgment, we take the facts from the record that was before the trial court when
it ruled on that motion. [Citation.] „“We review the trial court‟s decision de novo,
considering all the evidence set forth in the moving and opposing papers except that to
which objections were made and sustained.”‟ [Citation.] We liberally construe the
evidence in support of the party opposing summary judgment and resolve doubts
concerning the evidence in favor of that party. [Citation.]” (Yanowitz v. L’Oreal USA,
Inc. (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1028, 1037.)
The summary judgment record reflects the following undisputed facts:
Plaintiff had an automobile policy with Allstate that included UIM
coverage with a $50,000 per person limit, and with that limit to be reduced by any
amounts paid by the owner or operator of the underinsured car. The policy also provided
for voluntary binding arbitration of claim disputes.
2
Plaintiff was in a serious car accident on March 25, 2011. The other driver
ran a red light and struck her car. The police determined the other driver was at fault.
Plaintiff reported the accident to Allstate the next day and she retained an attorney two
days later.
According to the police report, plaintiff reported pain to her chest and left
arm immediately after the accident. She walked from her car to a gurney, and was then
transported by ambulance to the hospital.
The hospital records state plaintiff complained of pain to her face and arm,
and said the pain “does not radiate.” She reported no back injury or back pain, exhibited
no spinal tenderness, and had a full range of motion in her back. She was instructed to
follow up with her own medical doctor.
Plaintiff did not follow up with her own medical doctor. Instead she saw
Leonard Valentine, D.C., a chiropractor. Over the next four months she saw Valentine
39 times. Plaintiff first told Valentine she had lower back pain on May 3. She stopped
seeing Dr. Valentine in July 2011. At that time she reported lower back pain at a level of
three on a scale of zero to 10.
On July 22, plaintiff saw Arlen Green, D.O., an osteopath. Green
recommended plaintiff get magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her spine, continue her
chiropractic treatment, and take over-the-counter pain medications as necessary.
A month later, Green noted, “An MRI of the cervical spine report was
reviewed indicating multiple disc protrusions. An MRI of the lumbar spine was reviewed
indicating a disc protrusion at the L5-S1 level measuring 3 mm with neuroforaminal
narrowing.” Green further noted, “Due to the fact that there is significant disc protrusion
seen in both the cervical and lumbar spines, this patient will most probably
require . . . future medical treatment. This could include more therapy, medications for
pain, and cervical/lumbar epidural steroid injections.”
3
On November 10, plaintiff‟s attorney sent Allstate a demand for $35,000,
based on medical bills totaling $17,645.44 and his claim that plaintiff would have lower
back pain for the remaining 52 years of her life expectancy. Plaintiff had settled with the
other driver for $15,000, so the $35,000 demand represented the full amount of her
remaining UIM policy coverage.
Shortly after receiving the November 10 demand letter, Allstate responded
in writing, introduced the claims representative assigned to handle plaintiff‟s claim, and
described the process Allstate would follow.
On November 29, Allstate wrote to plaintiff‟s attorney again and stated
“although the claim‟s value is in dispute, we are willing to settle the matter for
$9,367.00.” Allstate arrived at that figure by determining what it felt was the reasonable
and customary amount of plaintiff‟s medical bills ($14,367), then adding $10,000 in
general damages, and finally subtracting the $15,000 settlement from the other driver.
On November 30, plaintiff served a formal offer to compromise (Code Civ.
Proc., § 998) for $35,000. However, plaintiff‟s counsel did not otherwise respond to
Allstate‟s $9,367 settlement offer for more than four months, even though Allstate wrote
five follow-up letters requesting such a response.
On April 4, 2012, plaintiff‟s counsel formally rejected Allstate‟s $9,367
offer and again demanded $35,000. He provided January and March 2012 evaluations of
plaintiff by Afshin Mashoof, M.D., a board certified orthopedic surgeon.
Mashoof‟s January evaluation stated: “At this point, recommendation is
Medrol Dosepak and I will see her back in 4 weeks. The patient can benefit from therapy
and I told her to lose weight. She does weigh about 340 pounds.” His March evaluation
noted: “At this point, the patient was discharged from my care. She can benefit from
p.r.n. anti-inflammatory medication, physical therapy, and weight loss.”
Mashoof‟s evaluations increased plaintiff‟s medical expenses by $1,200,
and made no mention of any need for epidural steroid injections.
4
At that juncture, Allstate increased its evaluation of plaintiff‟s claim to
$25,000 since she still had complaints of back pain. Consequently, on May 2 Allstate
increased its settlement offer to $10,000 ($25,000-$15,000).
A month later, plaintiff‟s counsel rejected Allstate‟s $10,000 settlement
offer, renewed her $35,000 demand, demanded arbitration, and requested that Allstate
assign counsel to handle the claim. Allstate promptly assigned counsel and served
written discovery.
Plaintiff‟s responses to written discovery referenced Michael Lowenstein,
M.D., a board certified pain management specialist and anesthesiologist who had seen
her for a consultation on July 9. Plaintiff‟s discovery responses said both Lowenstein and
Green “have opined [she] will require epidural injections, anti-inflammatory and pain
medications, and physical therapy.”
On October 4, plaintiff‟s attorney sent Allstate medical records from
Lowenstein, which revealed she had complained of radiating back pain. Lowenstein
diagnosed plaintiff with, among other things, “Lumbar disc herniation at L5-S1 3mm, per
MRI on July 28, 2011.”
Lowenstein‟s report stated: “The patient‟s subjective complaints are
consistent with the clinical course, records, history of injury, and objective findings. It is
therefore my opinion that the patient has correctly stated information with the current
complaint of the low back with radiation to the lower right extremity is due to the
automobile accident occurring on March 25, 2011.
Lowenstein recommended, “lumbar epidural steroid injection . . . at L4-L5
and L5-S1.” Plaintiff‟s counsel advised Allstate, “the cost of such injections . . . may
range from an additional $15,000 to $20,000 if she has only one to $45,000 to $60,000 if
she has three epidurals.”
In response, Allstate increased its valuation of plaintiff‟s claim to $27,084,
and offered her $12,084 ($27,084-15,000).
5
Later that month, Allstate retained Milton Legome, M.D., a board certified
orthopedic surgeon, to conduct a defense medical examination (DME) of plaintiff, review
her medical records, and determine whether epidural injections were appropriate.
Legome saw plaintiff on October 30, 2012, and prepared a report the same day, before he
reviewed any of her medical records. The next day he prepared another report, after he
reviewed some of her medical records.
Legome‟s reports offered the following opinions and conclusions:
• Lowenstein‟s findings were questionable because: (i) plaintiff‟s
complaints to him were at odds with what she told all of her previous doctors; (ii) she did
not report radiating pain during the DME; (iii) in a written questionnaire plaintiff noted
pain radiating up her spine, not to any lower extremities; and (iv) there was no evidence
Lowenstein performed any straight leg raise tests.
• Plaintiff had only a left-sided lumbar “disc protrusion, and not a
herniation. While some people use the terms synonymously, I do not, and the radiologist
who interpreted her scan referred to a protrusion and not a herniation.”
• “While Dr. Lowenstein recommended epidural steroid injections
at . . . L4/5 and L5/S1, there is no indication for such injections. She does not have
radicular symptoms, nor is there any evidence that she ever had radicular symptoms in
the past. Furthermore, there are no abnormalities at L4/5.”
• “From the records, I conclude that her present neck and back symptoms
are the result of her accident. However, I feel her neck symptoms represent only postural
strain symptoms, and much of her back complaints represent mechanical or postural
strain symptoms. There is no way of determining whether the disc protrusion at L5/S1 is
the cause of any of her axial back pain, but there is no indication that she has left-sided
radicular symptoms based on her history or examination.”
• “She is markedly overweight. This may be contributing to her chronic
back symptoms. . . . She has no indication for any type of injections.”
6
On November 30, Legome provided a third report, based on his review of
plaintiff‟s hospital records, which stated he had “no reason to change any opinions
expressed in previous reports after reviewing these additional records.”
On June 17, 2013, plaintiff‟s counsel sent Allstate a letter asking that the
arbitration be set for September or October, because plaintiff “is being scheduled for an
epidural injection in the next few weeks.”
Allstate‟s counsel responded promptly and asked plaintiff‟s counsel to
“Please send me any new records and bills ASAP (particularly pertaining to the epidural
injection mentioned in your letter) so that I may forward it to the adjuster for review and
re-evaluation well in advance of the arbitration date.”
On July 12, Allstate received a letter from plaintiff‟s counsel enclosing
medical records to support an additional claim of $6,850 in medical expenses for “a
lumbar epidural steroid injection” plaintiff had received from Dr. Neil Soni, on June 20.
The records consisted of an “Operative Report” and a $1,050 bill from Soni representing
his charges for the treatment. With this additional charge, the medical bills incurred by
plaintiff totaled $26,455.44.
On July 29, Allstate offered plaintiff $14,500.
On September 13, plaintiff‟s counsel sent Allstate a September 4 report
from Soni which stated: “I consider [plaintiff‟s] medical condition, as a result of the
incident of 3/25/2011 to remain guarded. I recommend that provisions are made to
mitigate [plaintiff‟s] pain symptoms to include (but may not be limited to) future medical
care in continuing of [medications]; and should drug therapy not prove effective,
repeating the lumbar epidural steroid injections in series of three injections over a six
month period and in conjunction with her physical therapy. [¶] I estimate the cost of each
of the epidural steroid injections would be $12,000 (combined physician and surgery
center). In addition, medications as described above would cost approximately $6,000
per year, likely cost of physical therapy would be $6,000 per year . . . .”
7
Allstate never had Legome review Soni‟s lumbar epidural steroid injection
treatments and recommendations. But Allstate increased its valuation of plaintiff‟s claim
to $30,584, and offered her $15,584 ($30,584 -$15,000).
The arbitration occurred in September, 2013. During the arbitration,
plaintiff introduced a report from Soni dated July 15, 2013, that plaintiff had never
provided to Allstate before. This report showed leg raise tests reflected downward-
radiating back pain to plaintiff‟s legs. Plaintiff argued it proved future epidural injections
were necessary and appropriate.
The arbitrator found for plaintiff and awarded her $35,000 ($21,205 in
economic damages and $13,795 in noneconomic damages), the full amount of her
remaining UIM policy limits demand. Allstate paid the arbitration award. Plaintiff then
sued Allstate for breach of contract and bad faith, claiming it did not fairly investigate her
claim and should have paid her the UIM policy limits sooner.
The court granted Allstate‟s motion for summary judgment on plaintiff‟s
1
bad faith cause of action, “based on the genuine dispute doctrine.” It explained:
“The [DME] report indicates Plaintiff saw Dr. Green (a chiropractor) who
ordered MRIs of the cervical and lumbar spines and mentioned a possible epidural steroid
injection. The report notes that Plaintiff saw Dr. Mashoof who told her, her obesity was
causing her pain. The report then notes that Plaintiff was seen by Dr. Lowenstein who
recommended an epidural steroid injection. Although Dr. Legome admits to not having
yet reviewed her medical records, he opines that „she describes treatment far in excess of
any that might reasonably have been necessary to lessen or resolve any symptoms
resulting from her accident.‟ In addition he states, „While by history an epidural steroid
injection has been recommended, neither from her history or examination, does she show
any problem for which an epidural steroid injection would be appropriate.‟
1
The court had previously granted judgment on the pleadings in favor of Allstate
on plaintiff‟s breach of contract cause of action.
8
“Accordingly, Defendant Allstate was permitted to rely on its expert‟s
opinion, who had a history of all of Plaintiff‟s treating doctors (Green, Lowenstein,
Mashoof) to determine that her treatment was excessive and she did not need the
expensive steroid injections.
“After reviewing Lowenstein‟s report suggesting Plaintiff get the epidural
injection . . ., Allstate offered $27,084 (including the $15,000 Plaintiff had already
received). However, then, after reviewing the [DME] report, Allstate concluded it did
not have any basis to increase its valuation of Plaintiff‟s claim. . . .
“The decision to not offer any more money was based on the [DME‟s]
determination that Plaintiff did not need expensive epidural injections. Defendant is
entitled to rely on this expert report. Allstate had legitimate bases for disputing
Plaintiff‟s claim in regards to the need for future epidural shots. This was not a case
where Allstate was simply unwilling to pay off on a policy; rather, on the table was an
offer for $12, 084 . . . . It does not appear unreasonable that Defendant did not offer up
the entire $35,000 at this point since Defendant‟s [DME] concluded Plaintiff‟s treatment
thus far had been excessive and epidural injections were unnecessary.”
DISCUSSION
The legal principles which govern this dispute are well established.
Applying these principles leads us to conclude the court erred. As we will explain,
plaintiff demonstrated triable issues of material fact as to Allstate‟s alleged bad faith.
1. The Legal Principles Which Govern This Dispute Are Well Established.
A trial court properly grants a motion for summary judgment only if no
issues of triable fact appear and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) “The moving party bears the burden of
showing the court that the plaintiff „has not established, and cannot reasonably expect to
establish,‟” the elements of his or her cause of action. (Miller v. Department of
Corrections (2005) 36 Cal.4th 446, 460.)
9
“The law implies in every contract, including insurance policies, a covenant
of good faith and fair dealing. „The implied promise requires each contracting party to
refrain from doing anything to injure the right of the other to receive the agreement‟s
benefits. To fulfill its implied obligation, an insurer must give at least as much
consideration to the interests of the insured as it gives to its own interests. When the
insurer unreasonably and in bad faith withholds payment of the claim of its insured, it is
subject to liability in tort.‟ [Citation.]” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 720.)
“While an insurance company has no obligation under the implied covenant
of good faith to pay every claim its insured makes, the insurer cannot deny the claim
„without fully investigating the grounds for its denial.‟ [Citation.] To protect its
insured‟s contractual interest in security and peace of mind, „it is essential that an insurer
fully inquire into possible bases that might support the insured‟s claim‟ before denying it.
[Citation.] By the same token, denial of a claim on a basis unfounded in the facts known
to the insurer, or contradicted by those facts, may be deemed unreasonable. „A trier of
fact may find that an insurer acted unreasonably if the insurer ignores evidence available
to it which supports the claim. The insurer may not just focus on those facts which
justify denial of the claim.‟ [Citations.]” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 721.)
As noted, an insurer‟s denial of or delay in paying benefits gives rise to tort
damages only if the insured shows the denial or delay was unreasonable. “[A]n insurer
denying or delaying the payment of policy benefits due to the existence of a genuine
dispute with its insured as to the existence of coverage liability or the amount of the
insured‟s coverage claim is not liable in bad faith even though it might be liable for
breach of contract.” (Chateau Chamberay Homeowners Assn. v. Associated Internat. Ins.
Co. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 335, 347 (Chateau Chamberay).) “This „genuine dispute‟ or
„genuine issue‟ rule was originally invoked in cases involving disputes over policy
interpretation, but in recent years courts have applied it to factual disputes as well.
[Citations.]” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 723.)
10
“The genuine dispute rule does not relieve an insurer from its obligation to
thoroughly and fairly investigate, process and evaluate the insured‟s claim. A genuine
dispute exists only where the insurer‟s position is maintained in good faith and on
reasonable grounds. [Citations.] Nor does the rule alter the standards for deciding and
reviewing motions for summary judgment. „The genuine issue rule in the context of bad
faith claims allows a [trial] court to grant summary judgment when it is undisputed or
indisputable that the basis for the insurer‟s denial of benefits was reasonable—for
example, where even under the plaintiff‟s version of the facts there is a genuine issue as
to the insurer‟s liability under California law. [Citation.] . . . On the other hand, an
insurer is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law where, viewing the facts in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff, a jury could conclude that the insurer acted unreasonably.‟
[Citation.]” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 723-724, fn. omitted.)
“Thus, an insurer is entitled to summary judgment based on a genuine
dispute over coverage or the value of the insured‟s claim only where the summary
judgment record demonstrates the absence of triable issues (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (c)) as to whether the disputed position upon which the insurer denied the claim
was reached reasonably and in good faith.” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 724.)
When determining if a dispute is genuine, we do “not decide which party is
„right‟ as to the disputed matter, but only that a reasonable and legitimate dispute actually
existed.” (Chateau Chamberay, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at p. 348, fn.7.) A dispute is
legitimate, if “it is founded on a basis that is reasonable under all the circumstances.”
(Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 724, fn. 7.) “This is an objective standard.” (Bosetti v.
United States Life Ins. Co. in City of New York (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1208, 1237.)
“Moreover, the reasonableness of the insurer‟s decisions and actions must be evaluated as
of the time that they were made; the evaluation cannot fairly be made in the light of
subsequent events which may provide evidence of the insurer‟s errors. [Citation.]”
(Chateau Chamberay, at p. 347.)
11
What is more, “[t]he „genuine dispute‟ doctrine may be applied where the
insurer denies a claim based on the opinion of experts. [Citations.]” (Fraley v. Allstate
Ins. Co. (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1282, 1292.) “As the Fraley court emphasized, where an
insurer, for example, is relying on the advice and opinions of independent experts, then a
basis may exist for invoking the doctrine and summarily adjudicating a bad faith claim in
the insurer‟s favor. [Citations.]” (Chateau Chamberay, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at p. 348.)
Still, under the genuine dispute doctrine, an expert‟s testimony will not automatically
insulate an insurer from a bad faith claim. (Ibid.) Case-by-case analysis is required.
2. Plaintiff Demonstrated Triable Issues of Material Fact.
Applying the foregoing principles to the facts in this case shows plaintiff
demonstrated triable issues of material fact regarding whether Allstate‟s repeated denials
of plaintiff‟s claim was unreasonable and in bad faith. A jury could reasonably find
Allstate‟s continued insistence plaintiff did not need epidural steroid injections, was
without a good faith investigation and without a reasonable basis for genuine dispute.
When Allstate moved for summary judgment, it presented evidence
consisting primarily of declarations, medical records and correspondence, which spelled
out in considerable detail the entire adjustment process as it unfolded. Allstate argued,
and the court agreed, the evidence revealed a reasonable and good faith dispute about the
value of plaintiff‟s claim, particularly as it related to her claimed need for epidural
injections, based upon the opinions of Allstate‟s medical expert, Legome.
The problem is the undisputed facts show Legome‟s opinions were
rendered in October and November 2012, but Allstate continued to rely on them through
the arbitration in September 2013, without ever consulting with Legome again or
conducting any further investigation. In the meantime, plaintiff had received one lumbar
steroidal epidural injection that cost $6,850, and Soni had recommended three more, if
drug therapy proved ineffective. Soni estimated these injections would each cost
$12,000, and the medications and physical therapy would each cost $6,000 per year.
12
Because it never asked Legome to review Soni‟s epidural treatments and
recommendations, Allstate‟s continued reliance upon Legome‟s opinions as the basis for
disputing the medical necessity or reasonable value of those treatments and
recommendations may have been unreasonable. And, leaving aside Legome‟s reports
and opinions, Allstate has not directed us to any other medical reports or opinions that
could reasonably support its ongoing denial of plaintiff‟s claim.
Of course, Allstate was not obliged to accept Soni‟s treatments and
recommendations “without scrutiny or investigation.” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at
p. 722.) To the extent it had good faith doubts, Allstate had the right to further
investigate the basis for plaintiff‟s claim by having Legome reexamine his 2012 opinions,
having another physician review all of plaintiff‟s medical records and offer opinions, or,
if necessary, having plaintiff further examined by Legome or another defense doctor.
What Allstate could not do, consistent with the implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing, was to ignore Soni‟s treatments and recommendations, without
adequately investigating them. (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 722.) To be clear, we are
not saying Allstate breached the implied covenant. We are saying a reasonable jury
could conclude it did so. Allstate‟s assertion it reasonably continued to rely on Legome‟s
opinions, or that it had inadequate time to have him reexamine those opinions or conduct
further investigation, merely inform our conclusion plaintiff has demonstrated triable
issues of material fact that cannot be resolved by summary judgment.
For these same reasons, the court erred by granting summary judgment
based upon the genuine dispute doctrine. Again, the genuine dispute rule does not relieve
an insurer from its obligation to thoroughly and fairly investigate the insured‟s claim, and
a genuine dispute exists only where the insurer‟s position is maintained in good faith and
on reasonable grounds. Once more, an insurer is not entitled to judgment as a matter of
law where, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, a jury could
conclude that the insurer acted unreasonably. (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 723-724.)
13
Considering the objective facts known to Allstate at the time its final
decision to deny plaintiff‟s $35,000 demand was made, and viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to plaintiff as required, we are convinced “„a jury could conclude
that the insurer acted unreasonably.‟” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 724.) Specifically,
there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find Allstate‟s continued insistence she did not
need expensive epidural injections was, “„“prompted not by an honest mistake, bad
judgment or negligence but rather by a conscious and deliberate act, which unfairly
frustrates the agreed common purposes and disappoints the reasonable expectations of the
other party thereby depriving that party of the benefits of the agreement.”‟” (Id. at
p. 726.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. Plaintiff is entitled to costs on appeal.
THOMPSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.
MOORE, J.
14