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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
Janice M. Hinrichsen, Inc., a Nebraska corporation,
appellant and cross-appellee, v. M essersmith
Ventures, L.L.C., a Nebraska limited liability
company, appellee and cross-appellant, and
R isk Assessment and M anagement, Inc.,
a Nebraska corporation, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed May 19, 2017. No. S-16-086.
1. Conveyances: Fraud: Equity. An action under the Uniform Fraudulent
Transfer Act is equitable in nature.
2. Conveyances: Fraud: Equity: Appeal and Error. An appeal of a dis-
trict court’s determination that transfers of assets were in violation of the
Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act is equitable in nature.
3. Equity: Appeal and Error. In an appeal of an equity action, an appel-
late court tries factual questions de novo on the record, reaching a con-
clusion independent of the findings of the trial court, provided, however,
that where credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the
appellate court considers and may give weight to the fact that the trial
judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the
facts rather than another.
Appeal from the District Court for Buffalo County: John
P. Icenogle, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed and
remanded with directions.
Larry W. Beucke, of Parker, Grossart, Bahensky, Beucke,
Bowman & Symington, L.L.P., for appellant.
Bradley D. Holbrook and Nicholas R. Norton, of Jacobsen,
Orr, Lindstrom & Holbrook, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee
Messersmith Ventures, L.L.C.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
296 Nebraska R eports
JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
Miller-Lerman, J.
NATURE OF CASE
In this action brought under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer
Act, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 36-701 to 36-712 (Reissue 2016)
(UFTA), Janice M. Hinrichsen, Inc. (JMH), alleged that Risk
Assessment and Management, Inc. (RAM), against whom JMH
had a judgment from a previous action, had fraudulently trans-
ferred certain assets to Messersmith Ventures, L.L.C. The
district court for Buffalo County entered judgment in favor of
JMH in the amount of $250. JMH appeals, and Messersmith
Ventures cross-appeals.
We conclude that the district court did not err when it
implicitly found that a fraudulent transfer of assets had
occurred. However, we further conclude that the judgment in
the amount of $250 was not the appropriate relief. Instead, the
appropriate relief afforded under the UFTA in this case is for
the court to enter an order that would allow JMH’s previous
judgment against RAM to be satisfied by authorizing JMH
to levy execution on the assets or the proceeds of the assets
that RAM transferred to Messersmith Ventures. We therefore
affirm the judgment of the district court to the extent it found
that there was a fraudulent transfer, but we reverse the order to
the extent it awarded JMH a monetary judgment of $250. We
remand the cause with directions to the district court to order
the appropriate relief.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Janice M. Hinrichsen purchased an insurance agency in Elm
Creek, Nebraska, in 1999. She incorporated the business in
2000 as JMH and operated it under the name “Platte Valley
Insurance Agency.” In January 2011, JMH sold 90 percent of
its assets to RAM; Chad Messersmith is the sole shareholder
of RAM. Pursuant to the purchase agreement, RAM was to
pay JMH $108,870 over a period of time. JMH and RAM
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
formed PVIA Partnership and operated the insurance agency
through the partnership. RAM held a 90-percent interest in the
partnership, and JMH held a 10-percent interest.
In late 2011, RAM failed to make a required payment under
the purchase agreement. JMH thereafter left the partnership
and filed an action against RAM to enforce the purchase agree-
ment. In the amended complaint, this earlier case was referred
to as “Case No. C112-88.” In July 2012, the district court
for Buffalo County entered a judgment in favor of JMH and
against RAM in the amount of $98,606.94. In its answer in
the instant case, Messersmith Ventures admits the existence of
this judgment.
In October 2013, Messersmith created Messersmith Ventures
to operate a business under the name “Mid-States Insurance
Agency.” On October 28, RAM, as managing partner of PVIA
Partnership, transferred to Messersmith Ventures the customer
list of PVIA Partnership for the amount of $250. The pri-
mary agency contracts of PVIA Partnership were subsequently
renewed in the name of Messersmith Ventures. In November,
RAM notified JMH that RAM was withdrawing as a part-
ner of PVIA Partnership, and RAM filed paperwork with the
Nebraska Secretary of State indicating that PVIA Partnership
was dissolved effective October 31, 2013.
In February 2014, JMH filed the present action against
Messersmith Ventures in the district court. JMH alleged in its
complaint that RAM’s transfer of PVIA Partnership assets to
Messersmith Ventures was a fraudulent transfer. JMH alleged
various reasons the transfer was fraudulent, including (1) the
transfer was made with the actual intent to hinder, delay, or
defraud; (2) the transfer was made without receiving a reason-
ably equivalent value, and RAM was engaged, or was about
to engage, in a business or transaction for which its remain-
ing assets were unreasonably small in relation to the business
or transaction; (3) the transfer was made without receiving
a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer,
and RAM was insolvent at the time or became insolvent as a
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
result of the transfer; (4) the transfer was made to an insider
for an antecedent debt, the debtor was insolvent at the time,
and the insider knew or reasonably should have known the
debtor was insolvent. These allegations generally tracked the
language of provisions of the UFTA. JMH requested an order
avoiding the transfer to allow the assets to be used to satisfy
JMH’s judgment against RAM and an order allowing JMH
“to levy execution on the assets of Messersmith Ventures and
[its] proceeds” in accordance with § 36-708(b) of the UFTA.
JMH also requested “further relief as the Court deems just and
equitable.” JMH amended its complaint, and, inter alia, added
RAM as a defendant and added a request for “a charging order
charging the assets of Messersmith Ventures.”
After a bench trial, the district court filed an order ruling on
the action. After reviewing the evidence and JMH’s allegations,
the court stated, inter alia, that “the only assets considered
valuable by [JMH] transferred by RAM would be the customer
list and the agency contracts.” The court concluded its order
with the following paragraphs:
Nebraska law provides that if the court determines that
a transfer is voidable the creditor may recover judgment
for the value of the asset transferred as adjusted, or the
amount necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim, which-
ever is less. [Messersmith Ventures] at most acknowl-
edges that the assets transferred were valued at $250.00.
[JMH] obviously believes that the assets were valued
at a substantially greater amount. It is the burden of
[JMH], however, to establish the amount and value of
the transferred assets. The court finds that [JMH] did not
offer adequate and sufficient evidence to establish the
value of the assets transferred at the time of the trans-
fer. The court will therefore rely upon the testimony of
[Messersmith Ventures] and enter judgment in favor of
[JMH] and against [Messersmith Ventures] in the amount
of $250.00. Interest will accrue from today’s date at
2.137% per annum.
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
The remaining issue is the request of [JMH] to levy an
execution on the assets of [Messersmith Ventures] to sat-
isfy [JMH’s] judgment against RAM. Nebraska law pro-
vides that if a creditor has obtained a judgment on a claim
against the debtor, the creditor, if the court so orders, may
levy execution on the asset transferred or its proceeds.
The court again finds that the value of the asset trans-
ferred is $250.00 and [JMH] may levy execution against
[Messersmith Ventures] to partially satisfy the debt of the
transferor to [JMH]. The court, however, finds that there
is not sufficient evidence as to the amount of proceeds
received by [Messersmith Ventures] from the transferred
assets, and the court therefore limits the execution to the
amount set forth above.
JMH subsequently filed a motion for new trial, which the
district court denied.
JMH appeals, and Messersmith Ventures cross-appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
In its appeal, JMH claims, restated, that the district court
erred when it (1) failed to specifically find that the transfer of
assets from RAM to Messersmith Ventures was a fraudulent
transfer and (2) awarded a monetary judgment in the amount
of $250 rather than, inter alia, the requested relief of per-
mitting JMH to levy execution on all assets of Messersmith
Ventures and their proceeds in accordance with § 36-708(b) or
“a charging order” on the assets of Messersmith Ventures.
In its cross-appeal, Messersmith Ventures claims that the
district court erred when it awarded relief to JMH, because no
fraudulent transfer occurred. Messersmith Ventures contends
that, in any event, there was no evidence the assets were worth
anything more than the $250 that Messersmith Ventures paid
to RAM.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
[1-3] An action under the UFTA is equitable in nature, Reed
v. Reed, 277 Neb. 391, 763 N.W.2d 686 (2009), and an appeal
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
of a district court’s determination that transfers of assets were
in violation of the UFTA is equitable in nature. Eli’s, Inc. v.
Lemen, 256 Neb. 515, 591 N.W.2d 543 (1999). In an appeal
of an equity action, an appellate court tries factual questions
de novo on the record, reaching a conclusion independent of
the findings of the trial court, provided, however, that where
credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the
appellate court considers and may give weight to the fact that
the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted
one version of the facts rather than another. Id.
ANALYSIS
In its appeal, JMH assigns error both to the district court’s
failure to explicitly find that the transfer of assets from RAM
to Messersmith Ventures was a fraudulent transfer and to
the form of relief that the district court ordered. In its cross-
appeal, Messersmith Ventures contends that no relief should
have been given, because no fraudulent transfer occurred. It
argues in the alternative that, if an award is warranted, the
district court’s award of $250 in monetary damages was cor-
rect. In view of the foregoing arguments, both parties raise
issues regarding (1) whether the record supported a find-
ing that a fraudulent transfer occurred and (2) whether the
relief given by the district court was appropriate. In our de
novo review of the record in this equity action, we consider
together the parties’ arguments regarding each of these issues.
As explained below, we conclude that, although the record
supported the district court’s implicit finding that a fraudu-
lent transfer occurred, the monetary judgment awarded by the
district court was not appropriate relief under the UFTA in
this case.
The Record Supports the Court’s Implicit
Finding That Under the UFTA, There
Was a Fraudulent Transfer.
We initially address JMH’s claim that the district court erred
when it failed to specifically find that a fraudulent transfer
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
occurred under the UFTA. We agree that, although the court
entered a monetary judgment in favor of JMH, it did not
explicitly state in its journal entry that it found RAM’s transfer
of assets to Messersmith Ventures was a fraudulent transfer.
However, because JMH brought its action under the UFTA,
and because relief under the UFTA generally requires a finding
that a fraudulent transfer occurred as a predicate to relief, we
read the district court’s findings and its entry of a monetary
judgment in favor of JMH as an implicit finding that a fraudu-
lent transfer occurred.
In the absence of a claim that JMH made a request for spe-
cific findings under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1127 (Reissue 2016),
we believe the district court’s narrative of its findings was ade-
quate. Further, we note that regardless of whether the district
court made an explicit or an implicit finding that a fraudulent
transfer had occurred, on appeal, we review the question de
novo on the record and reach a conclusion independent of the
finding of the district court. Therefore, in our appellate analy-
sis, we consider whether the record supports a finding that a
fraudulent transfer occurred.
Sections 36-705 and 36-706 describe various types of trans-
fers that would be considered fraudulent for purposes of the
UFTA. JMH contends that RAM’s transfer of the assets at
issue in this case to Messersmith Ventures was fraudulent,
because the debt arose before the transfer was made, no rea-
sonably equivalent value was received in exchange for the
transfer, and RAM was insolvent at the time of the transfer.
JMH’s argument appears to be based on § 36-706(a) which
provides in relevant part as follows:
A transfer made . . . by a debtor is fraudulent as to a
creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made
. . . if the debtor made the transfer . . . without receiv-
ing a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the
transfer . . . and the debtor was insolvent at that time
or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the trans-
fer . . . .
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
Messersmith Ventures does not appear to dispute that
RAM’s debt to JMH reflected in the judgment against RAM
in case No. C112-88, arose before the transfer at issue, nor
does it appear to dispute that RAM was insolvent at the time
of the transfer or became insolvent as a result of the transfer.
Instead, Messersmith Ventures claims that JMH failed to prove
a fraudulent transfer of assets had occurred for two reasons:
(1) neither the customer lists nor the agency contacts trans-
ferred were “assets” within the meaning of the UFTA, because
at all relevant times, they were subject to a valid lien of
another creditor, and (2) even if a transfer of assets occurred,
JMH failed to show that the transfer was not for a reasonably
equivalent value, because there was no evidence the assets
were worth more than the $250 that Messersmith Ventures
paid to RAM.
Regarding Messersmith Ventures’ first argument, the word
“asset” is defined in § 36-702(2) of the UFTA as follows:
“Asset means property of a debtor, but the term does not
include[, inter alia,] property to the extent it is encumbered by
a valid lien.” Messersmith Ventures argues that the evidence
shows that RAM’s assets, including the customer lists and
agency contracts, were encumbered by a bank’s security inter-
est which operated as a valid lien against RAM’s assets “in the
amount of at least $22,750.00.” Brief for appellee on cross-
appeal at 12. Messersmith Ventures contends that because the
assets transferred to it by RAM were worth no more than the
$250 it paid to RAM, the transferred assets were fully encum-
bered by the bank’s lien and therefore not “assets” within the
meaning of the UFTA. See § 36-702(2).
Messersmith Ventures alternatively argues that JMH did not
prove that the transfer was made “without receiving a reason-
ably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer” as required
for a fraudulent transfer under § 36-706(a). Messersmith
Ventures asserts that the district court found that JMH had
not proved that the transferred assets were worth anything
more than the $250 that Messersmith Ventures paid to RAM
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
and that therefore, in the language of § 36-706(a), RAM had
received “a reasonably equivalent value” in exchange for
the transfer.
Both of these arguments are premised on Messersmith
Ventures’ assertion that JMH did not present evidence to prove
that the assets transferred to it by RAM were worth anything
more than the $250 as found by the court. But, based on our
de novo review of the record, we disagree with the court’s
determination that the assets transferred were worth no more
than $250.
Having reviewed the record, we recognize that JMH did not
establish the specific value of the assets RAM transferred to
Messersmith Ventures in October 2013. However, it was not
required to do so to support its contention that the $250 was not
a reasonably equivalent value compared to the assets received.
The evidence shows that in January 2011, JMH sold 90 percent
of its assets to RAM for $108,870; that in July 2012, the dis-
trict court entered judgment in favor of JMH and against RAM
in case No. C112-88 in the amount of $98,606.94; and that in
October 2013, RAM transferred its customer lists and agency
contracts to Messersmith Ventures for $250.
The record supports JMH’s assertion that the $108,870
which RAM paid JMH in 2011 included 90 percent of the
book of insurance business and good will of the Platte Valley
Insurance Agency, as well as furniture, fixtures, and equipment.
The purchase included the carrier and customer contracts, and
as JHM notes, “RAM utilized these contracts and was paid
commissions of $83,311 in 2012 . . . and $47,220.00 in 2013.”
Brief for appellant at 12.
It is reasonable to infer from such evidence that the assets
RAM transferred to Messersmith Ventures in October 2013
were basically the book of insurance business that RAM
purchased from JMH in January 2011 at a price in excess of
$100,000. It is further reasonable to infer that the worth of
such assets in October 2013 was considerably closer to the
$98,606.94 judgment, rather than the $250 that Messersmith
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
Ventures paid to RAM. Therefore, although JMH did not
prove a specific value for the transferred assets, the evidence
was sufficient to find both that RAM transferred the assets
“without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange
for the transfer,” under § 36-706(a), and that the transferred
assets were not entirely encumbered by the bank’s secu-
rity interest.
Based on this and other evidence noted in our de novo
review of the record, we conclude that the district court did
not err when it implicitly found that a fraudulent transfer
had occurred. Having determined that a fraudulent transfer
occurred, we next consider whether the district court awarded
appropriate relief under the UFTA.
Based on the Nature of the Fraudulent Transfer in
This Case, a Monetary Judgment of $250 Was Not
Appropriate Relief; the Court Instead Should Have
Ordered That JMH May Levy Execution on the
Assets That Were Transferred to Messersmith
Ventures or the Proceeds of Such Assets.
Both parties claim on appeal that the district court erred
when it awarded a monetary judgment in the amount of $250.
Messersmith Ventures claims that the judgment was in error,
because JMH did not prove a fraudulent transfer and, therefore,
should not have been awarded any relief, whereas JMH claims
that it was entitled to relief, but that the money judgment in the
amount of $250 was not the appropriate relief. We concluded
above that JMH proved a fraudulent transfer, and we therefore
reject Messersmith Ventures’ argument that JMH should not
have been awarded any relief. We further conclude that, apply-
ing the UFTA, the district court’s judgment in favor of JMH in
the amount of $250 was not appropriate relief under the facts
of this case.
As an initial matter with respect to the appropriate form of
relief, we comment briefly on JMH’s argument that it was enti-
tled to a “charging order.” We believe JMH is contemplating
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JANICE M. HINRICHSEN, INC. v. MESSERSMITH VENTURES
Cite as 296 Neb. 712
a provision in the Nebraska Uniform Limited Liability
Company Act, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 21-142(a) (Reissue 2012),
which provides:
On application by a judgment creditor of a member or
transferee, a court may enter a charging order against
the transferable interest of the judgment debtor for the
unsatisfied amount of the judgment. A charging order
constitutes a lien on a judgment debtor’s transferable
interest and requires the limited liability company to pay
over to the person to which the charging order was issued
any distribution that would otherwise be paid to the judg-
ment debtor.
Section 21-142(a) is similar to the limited liability com-
pany laws adopted in other states. The Florida equivalent of
Nebraska’s § 21-142(a) has been explained as follows: “A
charging order issued under this provision acts as a lien on
the member’s interest in the limited liability company and
grants the judgment creditor the right to receive distributions
from the company which the member would have otherwise
been entitled to receive.” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Barber,
85 F. Supp. 3d 1308, 1313 (M.D. Fla. 2015). The court in
Barber continued: “Generally, ‘a charging order is the sole
and exclusive remedy by which a judgment creditor . . . may
satisfy a judgment’ from a member’s interest in a limited lia-
bility company or distributions therefrom.” Id. See, similarly,
§ 21-142(g).
In Barber, plaintiffs alleged four counts and sought relief
under the Florida Limited Liability Company Act and the
Florida Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act. Therefore, the fed-
eral district court considered both statutes. In contrast, the
instant case has been tried under the UFTA, and accordingly,
we restrict our consideration of the appropriate relief to the
UFTA’s remedies. Remedies under the UFTA are directed
at the assets that were transferred; in this case, no member-
ship interests were transferred. A charging order is directed
at reaching a debtor’s membership interest and is therefore
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not applicable to the assets transferred in this case. Compare,
§ 36-708 (pertaining to remedies) with § 21-142(a) (pertaining
to charging orders in connection with limited liability compa-
nies), and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 67-430 (Reissue 2009) (pertaining
to charging orders in connection with partnerships).
Section 36-708 of the UFTA is entitled “Remedies of credi-
tors,” and § 36-709 of the UFTA is entitled “Defenses, liabil-
ity, and protection of transferee.” Both sections relate to
remedies. Subsection (a) of § 36-708 sets forth remedies
including, inter alia, avoidance of the transfer, attachment
against the asset transferred, and “any other relief the circum-
stances may require.” The district court’s award of a mon-
etary judgment set at the amount of $250 appears to be either
“other relief” under § 36-708(a)(3)(iii) or relief in the form of
avoidance of the transfer, which pursuant to § 36-709(b) may
be accomplished by a “judgment for the value of the asset
transferred.” However, as we discussed above, the evidence in
this case indicates that the value of the asset transferred was
significantly more than the $250 that Messersmith Ventures
paid to RAM.
We have considered the record de novo in this equitable
case. We determine instead of the relief directed by the district
court, the more appropriate relief in this case is that set forth
in § 36-708(b) which provides that “[i]f a creditor has obtained
a judgment on a claim against the debtor, the creditor, if the
court so orders, may levy execution on the asset transferred
or its proceeds.” In this case, JMH is the creditor who had
obtained a $98,606.94 judgment on a claim against RAM in
case No. C112-88. Given the fraudulent transfer and the equi-
ties involved, the court in this case should order, pursuant to
§ 36-708(b), that JMH may levy execution on the assets or the
proceeds of the assets that RAM transferred to Messersmith
Ventures. This remedy allows JMH to levy execution on the
assets transferred to Messersmith Ventures or their continuing
proceeds in order to satisfy JMH’s judgment against RAM.
This remedy is more equitable than the specific monetary
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judgment awarded by the district court because it allows JMH
to execute on the assets or the proceeds of such assets in the
hands of Messersmith Ventures to the extent of their produc-
tive value and JMH’s judgment against RAM, rather than lim-
iting JMH’s recovery to $250.
CONCLUSION
Based on our de novo review of the record, we conclude
that the district court did not err when it implicitly found
that RAM’s transfer of assets to Messersmith Ventures was
a fraudulent transfer. We affirm this part of the court’s order.
However, we conclude that the district court’s award of a
monetary judgment of $250 in favor of JMH was not appro-
priate relief in this case and that instead, the court should
have ordered, pursuant to § 36-708(b), that JMH may levy
execution of its judgment against RAM on the assets or the
proceeds of the assets that RAM transferred to Messersmith
Ventures. We reverse the district court’s monetary judgment
of $250, and we remand the cause with directions to the dis-
trict court to order the appropriate relief in accordance with
this opinion.
A ffirmed in part, and in part reversed
and remanded with directions.
Cassel, J., concurring.
The court’s opinion, which I join in full, mandates relief
under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 36‑708(b) (Reissue 2016). This statute
authorizes the trial court to order that the judgment creditor
“may levy execution on the asset transferred or its proceeds.”1
Thus, this court says, the trial court should have ordered that
the creditor “may levy execution of its judgment against [the
transferee] on the assets or the proceeds of the assets.” On
remand, the trial court undoubtedly will do so.
But, in this case, the transferred assets are intangible. Our
execution statute makes only “[l]ands, tenements, goods and
1
§ 36‑708(b).
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chattels, not exempt by law, . . . liable to be taken on execu-
tion and sold . . . .”2 This may prompt some confusion on how
our mandate is to be carried out. It may be that an officer to
whom a writ of execution is directed regarding intangible
assets may find it outside of his or her experience. But the
means of carrying out our mandate is a matter that in the first
instance, must be addressed in the court below.
Equitable principles should guide the parties and the trial
court. A claim to set aside fraudulent conveyances is an action
in equity.3 Where a situation exists which is contrary to the prin-
ciples of equity and which can be redressed within the scope of
judicial action, a court of equity will devise a remedy to meet
the situation.4 Where relief may be granted, although no prec-
edent may be found, the court will so proceed.5
2
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25‑1503 (Reissue 2016).
3
Bowers v. Dougherty, 260 Neb. 74, 615 N.W.2d 449 (2000).
4
O’Connor v. Kearny Junction, 295 Neb. 981, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2017).
5
Trieweiler v. Sears, 268 Neb. 952, 689 N.W.2d 807 (2004).