McNerney v. Allamuradov

2017 IL App (1st) 153515

FIFTH DIVISION
June 30, 2017

No. 1-15-3515

SUSANNA MCNERNEY, )
) Appeal from the
Plaintiff/Appellant and Cross-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
) Cook County
v. )
)
MUHTAR ALLAMURADOV, ) No. 2013 L 009759
)
Defendant, )
) Honorable
303 TAXI, LLC, GRAND TRANSPORTATION, INC., ) Kathy M. Flanagan,
) Judge Presiding.
Defendants/Appellees and Cross-Appellants. )

JUSTICE REYES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Lampkin concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 After Susanna McNerney (McNerney) contacted 303 Taxi, L.L.C. (303) to arrange

transportation, a taxicab marked with 303’s logo, telephone number, and distinctive colors

arrived at McNerney’s residence at the designated time. The taxicab driver, Muhtar Allamuradov

(Allamuradov), sexually assaulted McNerney as he drove her to the airport. McNerney filed an

action in the circuit court of Cook County against (i) Allamuradov, (ii) 303, a taxicab dispatch

company, and (iii) Grand Transportation, Inc. (Grand), which had leased the taxicab to

Allamuradov. On appeal, McNerney challenges the grant of summary judgment in favor of 303

and Grand. She also contends that the circuit court erred in not permitting her to supplement the
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record with certain “newly discovered” evidence, including a license application completed by

Allamuradov. In separately-filed cross-appeals, Grand and 303 contend that this Court lacks

jurisdiction because the circuit court improperly considered McNerney’s late-filed motion

contesting the grant of summary judgment. For the reasons set forth below, we find that this

Court has jurisdiction, and we reverse the decision of the circuit court granting summary

judgment and remand this matter for additional proceedings.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 Prior to the incident involving McNerney, the defendants had executed two agreements:

(1) a dispatch services agreement between Grand and 303; and shortly thereafter, (2) a taxicab

lease agreement between Grand and Allamuradov. Pursuant to the dispatch services agreement,

303 provided various dispatch services to Grand, and Grand was permitted to use 303’s logo,

colors, and contact information on its taxicabs. Pursuant to the taxicab lease agreement, Grand

leased a taxicab to Allamuradov. 303 and Allamuradov did not enter into any written agreement.

¶4 The taxicab lease agreement provided that Allamuradov, at his sole discretion, could

utilize services provided by Grand, which included dispatch services through 303; redemption of

credit card payments through 303; participation in 303’s voucher program; and routine repair and

maintenance services from Grand. Grand was required to provide: an operable vehicle equipped

with a taxi meter; access to radio/computer dispatching service from 303 and credit card reading

equipment; affiliation with 303 and license to use the “303 Taxi” name and service marks for

display on the taxicab; and public liability and property damage insurance covering itself and

Allamuradov in the amounts prescribed by law. Grand could terminate the agreement without

advance notice under specified circumstances, including nonpayment of the lease fee or if

Allamuradov’s driving record became an unacceptable insurance risk. Allamuradov’s

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responsibilities included: reporting any accident to the proper authorities and to Grand’s insurer;

prompt payment of parking tickets, traffic citations, and fines; purchase of gasoline and all other

operating expenses; and liability for physical damage to the taxicab and equipment beyond the

normal wear and tear.

¶5 The taxicab lease agreement provided that nothing therein created or implied the

existence of an employer-employee or principal-agent relationship between Grand and

Allamuradov. The agreement referred to Allamuradov as a “self-employed businessperson, free

from authority and control” of Grand.

¶6 After her assault, McNerney initially filed a complaint against 303, Stellar

Transportation, Inc. (Stellar), and Allamuradov, individually and as agent and servant of 303

and/or Stellar. McNerney then filed a nine-count amended complaint, which added Grand as a

defendant, alleging assault and battery, negligence, and negligent hiring, supervision, and

training. Stellar was subsequently dismissed from the action because Grand, and not Stellar,

leased the taxicab to Allamuradov.

¶7 Grand and 303 filed answers to the amended complaint and motions for summary

judgment. Grand argued, among other things, that there was no agency relationship between

Grand and Allamuradov, that his alleged conduct was not within the scope of any purported

agency, that Grand was not a common carrier and thus did not owe any heightened duty of care,

and that federal law prohibits vicarious liability for a commercial lessor of a vehicle for the

actions of its lessee. Grand further contended that there was no evidence that it negligently hired,

supervised, or trained Allamuradov. The attachments to its motion for summary judgment

included the deposition testimony of Sergey Rapoport (Rapoport) and McNerney.

¶8 Although compensated by another company, Rapoport performed work as a manager for

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Grand, a taxicab leasing company in operation since the beginning of 2012. 1 Rapoport also

worked as a driver coordinator for 303. He testified that Allamuradov was referred to Grand by

another driver. Other than his driver’s license, Allamuradov did not provide any other form of

identification at the time he leased the taxicab. Allamuradov did not provide a social security

number, and Rapoport was unaware of any alternative name or alias he may have used. 2

Rapoport did not request references nor did he communicate with Allamuradov’s prior

employers.

¶9 Grand did not perform a background check on Allamuradov prior to entering into the

taxicab lease agreement. Although Allamuradov made payments pursuant to the lease agreement,

he was not required to provide a credit card. He paid Grand a fixed weekly fee that was not

contingent upon his earnings. Grand did not issue him a 1099 and did not require him to drive

the taxicab during any particular hours (or at all), nor did it require that he record or report his

fares.

¶ 10 Rapoport further testified that the taxicab driven by Allamuradov was “affiliated with”

303, meaning that Grand had purchased dispatch services and licensed 303’s trademarks. 303 did

not lease vehicles. Although Grand did not have a relationship with dispatch service companies

other than 303, individual drivers could utilize the services of other companies. If 303 was

contacted by a party requesting a taxicab, it relayed the request to all taxicabs affiliated with 303

whose operators had chosen to “book into” the terminal.

¶ 11 Although Allamuradov initially denied any wrongdoing, Rapoport after learning of the

incident with McNerney terminated his lease and required the return of the taxicab. In March

1
Although he denied ever serving as vice president of Grand during his deposition, Rapoport
averred that he was the vice president in an earlier affidavit.
2
Both Rapoport and Baqthiar Khan (discussed below) were questioned by McNerney’s counsel
regarding a particular name, suggesting that Allamuradov had utilized that name.
4
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2014, Allamuradov met with Rapoport to inquire whether he could again lease a taxicab from

Grand. Rapoport denied Allamuradov’s request.

¶ 12 During his September 2014 deposition, Rapoport testified that Grand leased out between

20 to 30 taxicabs at any given time, some of which were equipped with surveillance systems

which were installed by the individual drivers. According to Rapaport, Grand viewed its

“customers” as the lessees of the taxicabs, not the passengers in the vehicles. Rapoport also

testified that Grand did not market itself as a provider of taxi services to the general public.

¶ 13 A portion of McNerney’s deposition testimony was appended to Grand’s motion for

summary judgment. She testified that she began using 303 in 2002, based on the

recommendation of her former in-laws. Her former husband also “swore by 303.” Prior to her

assault, she had used 303 taxicabs exclusively in the Chicagoland area. Although she did not pay

attention to the logos on the exterior of 303 taxicabs, she was aware of their white and turquoise

colors.

¶ 14 On August 22, 2012, McNerney requested a taxicab for the following morning through

303’s online ordering website. She subsequently called 303 to change her pick-up time. When

Allamuradov arrived at McNerney’s residence in Winnetka, Illinois, at 4 a.m. on August 23,

2012, she received a telephone call and a text message from 303. While traveling to the airport,

Allamuradov stopped the taxicab in a deserted area of Northbrook, Illinois, and insisted that

McNerney move to the front seat. Despite her objections and her attempts to thwart him, he

engaged in unwanted sexual and physical contact with her. She was able to surreptitiously record

portions of the assault using her mobile telephone. Allamuradov subsequently confessed and

pled guilty to battery.

¶ 15 McNerney testified that she had not heard of Grand prior to the incident. She further

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testified that she had no “special relationship” with 303 except that its telephone number was

programmed into her telephone. Although she “used to trust it,” 303 never made any

representations or guarantees to her. She was not aware that the taxicab drivers who utilized 303

were independent contractors.

¶ 16 Like Grand, 303 in its motion for summary judgment argued that it had no employment

or agency relationship with Allamuradov and that his actions were outside the scope of any

alleged agency. 303 also asserted that it did not hire Allamuradov and that its orientation for

Allamuradov regarding the workings of the dispatch system did not constitute negligent training.

The attachments to 303’s motion included the deposition testimony of Rapoport, McNerney, and

Baqthiar Khan (Khan).

¶ 17 Khan testified that he was employed by 303 as a driver coordinator. He explained that

certain vehicles that utilized 303’s dispatch services were operated by the owners of the vehicles.

Other affiliates which utilized 303’s dispatch services owned multiple vehicles. Khan’s

responsibilities included introducing drivers to 303’s affiliates, including Grand.

¶ 18 In his testimony Khan provided that 303 handles dispatch services in the suburbs of

Chicago, and a “sister company” provides services in Chicago. When a customer calls for a

taxicab, 303 checks the location. If certain taxicabs are licensed for a particular municipality,

they are prioritized for that pick-up. Pursuant to the dispatch services agreement, 303 had

established requirements regarding the vehicles used by Grand, i.e., a four-door, full-sized, air-

conditioned taxicab, painted certain colors to represent 303, with a toplight, a calibrated meter,

and a functioning radio receiver. Khan confirmed that “[t]he cab itself says that the cab is an

affiliate of 303 Taxi but owned by someone else.” According to Khan, the logos on the taxicabs

are required by the city and/or state.

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¶ 19 Khan further testified that the drivers are independent contractors. 303 does not dictate

how many hours the driver works and does not require that the driver provide trip logs or work in

a particular geographic location. 303 neither pays the driver nor withholds taxes. 303 also does

not provide for repairs nor limits whether the driver may use the taxicab for personal purposes.

A driver such as Allamuradov may choose to log into or out of the 303 terminal, and may

otherwise solicit passengers in whatever legally-permissible manner he chooses.

¶ 20 According to Khan, Grand periodically met with drivers at 303’s offices and

Allamuradov went to 303’s office in June 2012 with a friend who was already driving for Grand.

At this initial meeting, Allamuradov provided an information sheet, his driver’s license, his

social security number, and a driving abstract from the State of Illinois that would have listed

any moving violations. Approximately one week later, Allamuradov returned to the office to

lease a taxicab from Grand.

¶ 21 Although not mandated by 303, most municipalities require a background check. Khan

testified that the municipalities accepted background checks performed by a company called

Accurate Biometrics. 303 initially provided Allamuradov with a form for Accurate Biometrics,

and a 303 employee subsequently verified that Allamuradov had completed the background

check—which was “clean”—and was fingerprinted, per the municipal requirements. 303 only

informs an affiliate, such as Grand, if a background check reveals a red flag.

¶ 22 303 did not require references, an employment history, or verification that he lived at the

address listed on his driver’s license. Apart from the municipal requirements, 303 did not require

that he disclose any prior criminal convictions.

¶ 23 303 provided training to Allamuradov pertaining to the operation of the taxi meter and

the dispatch equipment. 303 also instructs drivers regarding customer service issues, i.e., how to

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be courteous so as to maximize tips. Although drivers are advised to not discuss religion, politics

and sex, 303 provides no training to minimize the likelihood of sexual violence.

¶ 24 After the incident involving McNerney, the Northbrook police contacted 303 regarding

Allamuradov’s whereabouts. 303 ceased providing service to Allamuradov and informed him of

his termination. Khan testified that he was unaware of any changes to 303’s policies or

procedures after the incident. He was also not aware of any sexual assaults committed by taxicab

drivers prior to the assault on McNerney, but testified that another driver was subsequently

accused of sexual assault.

¶ 25 Khan testified that if a customer calls regarding an issue with a vehicle, 303 contacts the

driver to “tell them to stop by and we need to take a look at the [vehicle].” If a complaint is

received regarding a driver, a notation on the 303 system is occasionally made. 303 has

terminated dispatch services to repeatedly poor drivers. If dispatch services are terminated, a

driver is nevertheless able to use the meter, pick up passengers, and take any other actions

permitted by his license.

¶ 26 In her responses to the motions for summary judgment, McNerney included the affidavit

of a purported common carrier expert, Ned Einstein (Einstein). Einstein averred that taxicabs

“have a significantly higher standard of care” than personal occupancy vehicles (i.e., everyday

drivers) and transit national companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft, which “merely sell a

‘tool’ ” (an “app”) that enables passengers to directly contact drivers. According to Einstein,

operators of taxicab services within the Chicago metropolitan area, like 303 and Grand, are

“proscribed by law from failing to monitor their drivers.” Einstein also averred that state-of-the-

art taxi systems contain GPS-oriented technology which enables a dispatcher to digitally track a

taxicab’s movement on and off routes.

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¶ 27 Einstein opined that 303 and Grand are both common carriers and thus held to the highest

duty and standard of care. According to Einstein, 303 and Grand controlled Allamuradov’s

conduct and performance as a taxicab driver during the incident, which occurred in the course

and scope of his duty.

¶ 28 McNerney also submitted her own affidavit, which was executed after her deposition.

McNerney averred that for 12 years she exclusively ordered taxicabs from 303 and had relied on

303 to keep her safe when using its services. She stated that she fully trusted 303’s reputation for

safety. McNerney assumed the driver was employed by 303 and that 303 had screened and

trained drivers who would keep her safe and not attack her.

¶ 29 McNerney further averred that she never spoke with Allamuradov during the process of

ordering the taxicab. According to McNerney, every taxicab she had ever ordered from 303 was

painted turquoise and white and prominently featured 303’s logo and telephone number on its

exterior. She stated that she would not have used 303 had she known that “303 Taxi does not

monitor the whereabouts of its cab drivers or request references, employment history or even

social security numbers.”

¶ 30 Having received all of the briefs and all other supporting documents, the circuit court

entered an order on August 20, 2015, setting the matter for ruling on September 25, 2015. Prior

to the circuit court issuing its ruling, 303 filed a four-count cross-claim against Grand and

Allamuradov. In the cross-claim, 303 alleged, in part, that on the date of the incident with

McNerney, Allamuradov “was acting within the scope of his employment as the agent and

servant of [Grand].” 303 further alleged that Grand owed “the highest duty of care” to provide a

safe environment for the patrons of its taxicabs.

¶ 31 On September 15, 2015, McNerney filed a motion for leave to supplement the record

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with newly discovered facts. According to the motion, McNerney’s counsel on August 26, 2015,

had submitted a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the Winnetka police department.

In response to the FOIA request, the Village of Winnetka provided a blank license application on

that date and a redacted copy of Allamuradov’s license application on August 28, 2015. On the

license application, Allamuradov identified 303 as the “Name of Employer or Business.” 3

Because the application requested a letter from the cab company verifying Allamuradov’s

employment or a copy of his identification card, McNerney posited that 303 had “provided a

letter to the Winnetka Police Department verifying [Allamuradov’s] employment and/or

agency.” 4 McNerney requested leave to supplement the record with the Winnetka documents and

303’s cross-claim.

¶ 32 In a memorandum opinion and order entered on September 25, 2015, the circuit court

granted Grand’s and 303’s motions for summary judgment. The order included an Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 304(a) finding that there was no just reason to delay the enforcement or

appeal of the order. On October 27, 2015, one day after the deadline, McNerney’s counsel

electronically filed a motion for reconsideration of the order granting summary judgment to 303

and Grand. Although the circuit court’s memorandum opinion and order of November 12, 2015,

permitted the retroactive filing of McNerney’s motion for reconsideration, the motion was

denied.

¶ 33 After a hearing, the circuit court on October 2, 2015, denied McNerney’s motion for

leave to supplement the record. The circuit court noted that all discovery had closed on May 20,

2015. The circuit court had also ordered that materials submitted after the scheduling of the

ruling date—August 20, 2015—would not be accepted or considered in rendering its ruling. In

3
Allamuradov appears to have written “Cab 303 Taxi School Servese [sic].”
4
No such letter, however, is included in the record on appeal.

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an order entered on November 12, 2015, the court denied McNerney’s motion to reconsider the

denial of her motion for leave to supplement the record.

¶ 34 McNerney filed a notice of appeal on December 9, 2015, and an amended notice of

appeal on December 11, 2015. Grand and 303 filed separate notices of cross-appeal on

December 18, 2015, challenging the order permitting the retroactive filing of McNerney’s

motion for reconsideration of the grant of summary judgment.

¶ 35 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 36 McNerney argues that the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of

Grand and 303 and that she pled sufficient facts to create a triable issue of apparent authority.

McNerney further asserts that the circuit court erred in denying her motion to supplement the

record. In their cross-appeals, Grand and 303 argue that this court lacks jurisdiction over

McNerney’s appeal because her motion for reconsideration was not timely filed in the circuit

court. As the cross-appeals challenge our jurisdiction, we shall address this issue first.

¶ 37 A. Grand’s and 303’s Cross-Appeals

¶ 38 The circuit court entered a memorandum opinion and order on September 25, 2015,

granting summary judgment in favor of Grand and 303. The order included a Rule 304(a) finding

that there was no just reason to delay the enforcement or appeal of the order. Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(a)

(eff. Feb. 26, 2010). Pursuant to section 2-1203 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-

1203 (West 2014)), McNerney had 30 days to file a motion for reconsideration of the order

granting summary judgment. Since the 30th day was a Sunday, her motion was due on Monday,

October 26, 2015. See 5 ILCS 70/1.11 (West 2014).

¶ 39 McNerney’s counsel electronically submitted her motion to reconsider on October 26,

2015, at 11:30 p.m. At that time, her counsel paid a filing fee of $7.90, which was the amount

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that the e-filing system purportedly prompted counsel to pay. At 4:08 p.m. on the following day,

her counsel received an electronic notice of rejection. The motion was rejected because the

proper filing fee of $60 was not paid. 5 After contacting the office of the clerk of the circuit court,

McNerney’s counsel refiled the motion electronically on October 27, 2015, and paid the full

filing fee. McNerney then filed a motion for an order nunc pro tunc, requesting that her motion

be considered timely filed. The circuit court subsequently held that the motion to reconsider shall

be deemed timely filed, retroactive to October 26, 2015, at 11:30 p.m.

¶ 40 The parties disagree regarding the applicable standard of review. Grand and 303 argue

that a de novo standard of review applies to this jurisdictional matter. See, e.g., Gardner v.

Mullins, 234 Ill. 2d 503, 508 (2009) (stating that whether the appellate court has jurisdiction to

consider an appeal presents a question of law which we review de novo). McNerney contends

that the proper standard of review is an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Draper & Kramer, Inc. v.

King, 2014 IL App (1st) 132073, ¶ 26. Regardless of the applicable standard of review, our result

herein remains the same.

¶ 41 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 21(c) authorizes the chief judge of the circuit court to enter

general orders in the exercise of his or her general administrative authority. Ill. S. Ct. R. 21(c)

(eff. Dec. 1, 2008). Cook County Circuit Court General Administrative Order 2014-02 (eff. Jan.

1, 2013; amended Sept. 16, 2014) addresses the electronic filing of court documents. The

administrative order provides that filers should attempt to resolve filing errors based on technical

failures, such as rejection by the clerk’s office. If unable to resolve the problem, the aggrieved

filer may seek relief from the court. Pursuant to the administrative order, the court, in its

discretion, may enter an order nunc pro tunc to resolve the filing discrepancy (Cook Co. Cir. Ct.

5
The circuit court order indicates that the fee is $60 for motions filed within 30 days and $90 for
motions filed after 30 days.
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Gen. Adm. Order 2014-02(6)).

¶ 42 We agree with the circuit court that the language of the general administrative order

permits the entry of an order resolving this issue which arose from an error in the e-filing

process. The general administrative order provides that the circuit court may enter an order nunc

pro tunc within its discretion, and neither Grand nor 303 have provided any evidence that the

circuit court abused its discretion herein. See also Ayala v. Goad, 176 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1095

(1988) (concluding that a complaint was timely filed despite the clerk having accepted it for

filing without the required fee). As the motion to reconsider was properly deemed to have been

timely filed, the challenge to our jurisdiction raised by Grand and 303 must fail.

¶ 43 B. McNerney’s Appeal

¶ 44 1. Denial of Motion to Supplement

¶ 45 We next address McNerney’s contention that the circuit court erred in denying her

motion to supplement the record with “newly discovered facts.” McNerney sought to supplement

the record and her responses to the motions for summary judgment with 303’s cross-claim and

evidence that: (1) Allamuradov identified 303 as his “employer” and/or “business” on the taxicab

license application which he submitted to the Village of Winnetka (Village); (2) the Village

requires a letter from cab companies verifying the employment of their drivers who apply for a

taxicab license; and (3) the Village granted Allamuradov’s license application.

¶ 46 We initially note McNerney’s reliance on section 2-1005 and 2-616 of the Code of Civil

Procedure (Code) is misplaced. See 735 ILCS 5/2-1005, 2-616 (West 2014). For example,

section 2-1005(g) permits “pleadings” to be amended upon just and reasonable terms before or

after the entry of a summary judgment. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(g) (West 2014). Her motion to

supplement, however, does not seek an amendment of a “pleading.” See, e.g., In re Marriage of

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Wolff, 355 Ill. App. 3d 403, 407 (2005) (distinguishing a “pleading,” which “consists of a party’s

formal allegations of his claims or defenses,” from a “motion,” which is an “application to the

court for a ruling or an order in a pending case”). Although both section 2-1005(g) and section 2-

616(a) address amendments, neither statutory section uses the word “supplement.” As previously

stated, neither provision of the Code provides for the supplementing of a pleading. 735 ILCS

5/2-1005(g) (West 2014); 735 ILCS 5/2-616(a) (West 2014).

¶ 47 In any event, even if plaintiff had properly set forth her motion to amend, the granting or

denying of a motion for leave to amend pursuant to section 2-616 lies in the discretion of the trial

court, and the exercise of that discretion will be reversed only on a finding that the discretion has

been abused. Clemons v. Mechanical Devices Co., 202 Ill. 2d 344, 351 (2002). The discretion of

the trial court has been described by the Illinois Supreme Court as “broad” and subject to

reversal only if the abuse is “manifest.” Loyola Academy v. S&S Roof Maintenance, Inc., 146 Ill.

2d 263, 273-74 (1992). As we set forth below, the trial court in this case did not abuse its

discretion in denying McNerney’s motion. McNerney’s attempt to supplement the record and her

responses to the motions for summary judgment by utilizing section 2-616 was misplaced.

¶ 48 First, we reject McNerney’s contention that her motion to supplement was timely.

McNerney submitted her FOIA request to the Village in late August 2015—months after

discovery was closed in this case. The circuit court had entered an order expressly providing that

documents submitted after a specified date would not be considered in its summary judgment

ruling. Furthermore, McNerney did not timely raise any concerns regarding the deadlines

imposed by the circuit court with respect to the motions for summary judgment.

¶ 49 Second, we are also puzzled by McNerney’s assertion that 303 had a duty to produce the

documents that she obtained via the FOIA request. As Allamuradov appears to have completed

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the license application himself, there is no indication that 303 was aware of his responses therein.

Even assuming that 303 was aware, McNerney has provided no support for the proposition that

303 would be legally bound by Allamuradov’s responses. Although McNerney posits that the

approval of his license application inherently means that 303 submitted a verification letter to the

Village, neither the Village nor 303 have produced such a letter. 6

¶ 50 Third, we further note that McNerney’s utilization of the term “supplement” is

inaccurate, given that Allamuradov’s application was submitted to and approved by Village

years before the motions for summary judgment were filed. Section 2-609 provides that

“[s]upplemental pleadings, setting up matters which arise after the original pleadings are filed,

may be filed within a reasonable time by either party.” 735 ILCS 5/2-609 (West 2014); Bentley

v. Hefti, 2015 IL App (4th) 140167, ¶ 16. The purpose of the provision is to bring before the

court facts which came into existence after the original complaint was filed. Kovac v. Kovac, 26

Ill. App. 2d 29, 48 (1960). See also Petrella v. Leisky, 92 Ill. App. 3d 880, 881 (1981) (noting

that the label “[s]upplemental [c]ounts” was “not correct because supplemental pleadings are

employed to set forth matters arising after the original pleading has been filed”).

¶ 51 For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of the motion to

supplement. We further conclude that the circuit court properly denied McNerney’s motion to

reconsider the denial of her motion for leave to supplement. The purpose of a motion to

reconsider is to bring to the court’s attention newly discovered evidence that was not available at

the time of the original hearing, changes in existing law, or errors in the court’s application of the

law. Evanston Insurance Co. v. Riseborough, 2014 IL 114271, ¶ 36. None of the foregoing

circumstances were present in the instant case.

6
We observe, however, that a notation on the application suggests that the Village did, in fact,
receive a verification letter or copy of Allamuradov’s identification card.
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¶ 52 As discussed below, we are reversing the circuit court order granting summary judgment

and remanding this matter for additional proceedings. Given that the discovery deadlines have

passed, the circuit court may make any necessary discovery-related determinations it deems

necessary on remand. See, e.g., Avery v. Sabbia, 301 Ill. App. 3d 839, 845 (1998) (noting that the

“trial court is in the best position to weigh fairly the competing needs and interests of parties

affected by the discovery”).

¶ 53 2. Grant of Summary Judgment in Favor of Defendants

¶ 54 McNerney also challenges the grant of summary judgment in favor of Grand and 303.

Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, depositions, admissions and affidavits on file

show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. 1010 Lake Shore Ass’n v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co., 2015

IL 118372, ¶ 20; 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2014). “Summary judgment is a drastic measure

and should only be granted if the movant’s right to judgment is clear and free from doubt.”

Seymour v. Collins, 2015 IL 118432, ¶ 42. We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment

de novo. 1010 Lake Shore Ass’n, 2015 IL 118372, ¶ 20.

¶ 55 At common law, an employee’s malfeasance may generally create liability for his or her

employer in two ways: direct liability for the employer’s own acts or vicarious liability for the

acts of the employee. Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d 352, 375 (2010). In her amended complaint,

McNerney alleges Grand and 303 are directly liable based on their own acts, i.e., negligent

hiring, supervision, and training of Allamuradov. McNerney also alleges that Grand and 303 are

vicariously liable for the assault and battery committed by Allamuradov and for his negligence,

e.g., that he “[c]arelessly and negligently attempt[ed] to engage in unprovoked and unwarranted

sexual behavior” with McNerney. We address these claims below.

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¶ 56 a. Negligent Hiring, Supervision, and Training

¶ 57 Illinois courts have recognized a cause of action against an employer for negligently

hiring, or retaining in its employment, an employee it knew, or should have known, was unfit for

the job so as to create a danger of harm to third persons. Van Horne v. Muller, 185 Ill. 2d 299,

310 (1998). An action for negligent hiring or retention of an employee requires the plaintiff to

plead and prove that: (1) the employer knew or should have known that the employee had a

particular unfitness for the position so as to create a danger of harm to third persons; (2) such

particular unfitness was known or should have been known at the time of the employee’s hiring

or retention; and (3) this particular unfitness proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. Id. at 311.

“Under a theory of negligent hiring or retention, the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury is

the employer’s negligence in hiring or retaining the employee, rather than the employee’s

wrongful act.” Id.

¶ 58 Although Grand and 303 assert that they neither hired nor employed Allamuradov,

Illinois courts have recognized a cause of action based on the negligent hiring of an independent

contractor. See, e.g., Hayward v. C.H. Robinson Co., 2014 IL App (3d) 130530, ¶ 35. As stated

in Strickland v. Communications & Cable of Chicago, Inc., 304 Ill. App. 3d 679, 682 (1999), a

“defendant may be liable for negligent hiring whether the person was retained as an employee or

an independent contractor.”

¶ 59 The defendants further contend that McNerney does not point to any evidence in

Allamuradov’s background that would have alerted them to his particular unfitness to be a

taxicab driver, i.e., the government-required background check performed by Accurate

Biometrics did not reveal any red flags. Grand’s counsel represented during oral argument that if

an individual cannot obtain a chauffeur’s license, he would not be permitted to drive for Grand.

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¶ 60 While we recognize that the Village and other municipalities impose requirements prior

to granting a license to operate a taxicab, we do not consider the existence of such requirements

as necessarily absolving companies like Grand or 303 from conducting a more thorough

investigation into a prospective driver’s background. See, e.g., Workplace Trends, 27 No. 6 Ill.

Emp. L. Letter (BLR) 4 (Jan. 2017) (noting that employers which conduct background checks

“analyze for the following aspects: criminal background (82%), confirm employment (62%),

confirm identity (60%), confirm education (50%), check for illegal drug use (44%), check

licensing (38%), and check credit (29%)”). See also Malorney v. B&L Motor Freight, Inc., 146

Ill. App. 3d 265, 267-68 (1986) (discussing the duties “imposed by law on owners of vehicles

who permit or hire other persons to drive on our highways,” including a duty to deny the

entrustment of a vehicle to a driver it knows or should have known is incompetent). Grand does

not require drivers to provide references or an employment history. Allamuradov was required to

provide only a minimal amount of information, e.g., his driver’s license and his driving record

report, for the “Independent Contractor Information Sheet” completed by 303. Although we

recognize that the background check conducted by Accurate Biometrics did not reveal any red

flags, we cannot state as a matter of law that such an examination was sufficient, particularly

given the high duty of care imposed on common carriers, as discussed below. See, e.g.,

Przybylski v. Yellow Cab Co., 6 Ill. App. 3d 243, 246 (1972) (noting that the defendant-taxicab

company, as a common carrier, owed the plaintiff-passenger “the duty to use the highest degree

of care consistent with the mode of conveyance and the practical operation thereof, and was

responsible for any departure from that high standard”). We thus conclude that summary

judgment in favor of the defendants was not proper with respect to McNerney’s negligent hiring

claims.

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¶ 61 To state a cause of action for negligent supervision, the plaintiff must establish that

(1) the employer had a duty to supervise its employee; (2) the employer negligently supervised

its employee; and (3) such negligence proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries. Lansing v.

Southwest Airlines Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 101164, ¶ 22. The existence of a duty is a question of

law. Id. Whether a defendant has a duty to train its employees is also best analyzed under

principles generally applicable to negligence cases. Vancura, 238 Ill. 2d at 383; National R.R.

Passenger Corp. v. Terracon Consultants, Inc., 2014 IL App (5th) 130257, ¶ 15. “ ‘The

touchstone of the duty analysis is to ask whether the plaintiff and defendant stood in such a

relationship to one another that the law imposes on the defendant an obligation of reasonable

conduct for the benefit of the plaintiff.’ ” Vancura, 238 Ill. 2d at 383 (quoting Krywin v. Chicago

Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215, 226 (2010)). “The inquiry involves four factors: (1) the

reasonable foreseeability of the injury; (2) the likelihood of the injury; (3) the magnitude of the

burden of guarding against the injury; and (4) the consequences of placing the burden on the

defendant.” Id.

¶ 62 We reject the contention that neither Grand nor 303 owed a duty to supervise or

train Allamuradov because neither was his employer. We are hard-pressed to conclude that,

because of the business structure crafted by Grand and 303, neither company owes any duty to

passengers like McNerney to supervise the conduct of their drivers. See, e.g., Grinyov v. 303

Taxi, L.L.C., 2017 IL App (1st) 160193, ¶ 45 (finding no error where a defendant-taxicab owner

introduced testimony regarding the payments it made to its co-defendant 303 to create an

“inference that [303] exercised leverage and control over [the owner] to create an agency

relationship”). 303 further contends that although it provided training regarding the dispatch

system, there is no evidence that its purported failure to properly train or supervise Allamuradov

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caused his assault on McNerney. See, e.g., Dennis v. Pace Suburban Bus Service, 2014 IL App

(1st) 132397, ¶ 26 (stating that the “plaintiff alleged no facts as to how Pace’s failure to employ

procedures dictating how its drivers handled incapacitated passengers proximately caused [the

driver] to sexually assault plaintiff”). We are uncertain, however, whether training regarding

sexual assault prevention or whether supervision in the form of cameras, GPS tracking, or other

measures could have prevented the assault on McNerney. Although we share the circuit court’s

assessment that Einstein’s affidavit “is replete with legal conclusions rather than facts,” his

representations regarding the available technology suggests a factual question as to what a

taxicab company could or should do to lessen the likelihood of an assault on a passenger. For the

foregoing reasons, we reverse the grant of summary judgment in favor of Grand and 303 on

McNerney’s claims of negligent hiring, supervision, and training.

¶ 63 b. Assault and Battery Claims and Negligence Claims

¶ 64 We next consider McNerney’s claims of assault and battery and negligence. According to

McNerney, vicarious liability is demonstrated because a principal/agent relationship existed

between Grand and Allamuradov and between 303 and Allamuradov. An agency is a fiduciary

relationship in which the principal has the right to control the agent’s conduct and the agent has

the power to act on the principal’s behalf. Amcore Bank, N.A. v. Hahnaman-Albrecht, Inc., 326

Ill. App. 3d 126, 134 (2001); Hirst v. Stackowski, 202 Ill. App. 3d 718, 721 (1990). See also

Sperl v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 408 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1057 (2011) (noting that an

agency is a consensual relationship in which a principal has the right to control an agent’s

conduct and an agent has the power to affect a principal’s legal relations). Although the existence

of an agency relationship is typically a question of fact, it becomes a question of law when the

facts regarding the relationship are undisputed or no liability exists as a matter of law. Daniels v.

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Corrigan, 382 Ill. App. 3d 66, 75 (2008). The burden of proving the existence of an agency

relationship and the scope of authority is on the party seeking to charge the alleged principal.

Id.

¶ 65 An agent’s authority may be actual or apparent. Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of

Naperville, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 34. “Actual agency consists of a principal/agent, master/servant,

or employer/employee relationship and the principal’s control or right to control the conduct of

the agent, servant, or employee.” Jacobs v. Yellow Cab Affiliation, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st)

151107, ¶ 64. Apparent agency liability occurs when a purported principal has created the

appearance that someone is his or her agent, and an innocent third party has reasonably relied on

such appearance to his or her detriment. Id.

¶ 66 1. Actual Authority

¶ 67 The doctrine of respondeat superior allows an injured party to hold a principal

vicariously liable for the conduct of its agent. Daniels, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 75. “Proof of actual

agency, or respondeat superior, requires a showing that (1) a principal/agent, master/servant, or

employer/employee relationship existed; (2) the principal controlled or had the right to control

the conduct of the alleged employee or agent; and (3) the alleged conduct of the agent or

employee fell within the scope of the agency or employment.” Wilson v. Edward Hospital, 2012

IL 112898, ¶ 18.

¶ 68 As a general rule, no vicarious liability exists for the actions of independent contractors.

Grinyov, 2017 IL App (1st) 160193, ¶ 26. See also Sperl, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 1057 (noting that a

principal is vicariously liable for the conduct of its agent but not for the conduct of an

independent contractor). An independent contractor relationship is one in which an independent

contractor undertakes to produce a given result but, in the actual execution of the work, is not

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under the orders or control of the person for whom he does the work. Id.

¶ 69 Both Grand and 303 have characterized Allamuradov as an independent contractor, and

the taxicab lease agreement expressly provides for this relationship. Our supreme court has

stated, however, that the label of “independent contractor” does not bar the attachment of

vicarious liability if the party is also an agent. Horwitz v. Holabird & Root, 212 Ill. 2d 1, 13

(2004). See also Grinyov, 2017 IL App (1st) 160193, ¶ 26. Furthermore, the declaration of the

parties is not controlling where the conduct of the parties demonstrates the existence of an

agency relationship. Daniels, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 75. Specific conduct can demonstrate by

inference the existence of an agency relationship, despite contractual evidence that the parties

intended an independent contractor relationship. Sperl, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 1057.

¶ 70 No one factor determines what the relationship is between the parties. Some courts have

considered factors such as the right to control the manner in which the work is done, the method

of payment, the right to discharge, the skills required in the work to be done, and who provides

the tools, materials, or equipment. Davila v. Yellow Cab Co., 333 Ill. App. 3d 592, 596 (2002).

Although no single factor is determinative, the right to control the manner in which the work is

performed is considered to be the most important factor. Dowe v. Birmingham Steel Corp., 2011

IL App (1st) 091997, ¶ 30. Accord Davila, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 596. In addition, courts have stated

that the right of control, not the fact of control, is the principal factor in distinguishing a servant

from a contractor. Id.

¶ 71 In cases involving taxicab drivers, particular weight has been given to the following

factors in determining the issue of control of the manner in which the work is done: (1) whether

the driver accepted radio calls from the company; (2) whether the driver had his radio and cab

repaired by the company; (3) whether the vehicles were painted alike with the name of the

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company and its telephone number on the vehicle; (4) whether the company could refuse the

driver a cab; (5) whether the company had control over work shifts and assignments; (6) whether

the company requires that gasoline be purchased from the company; (7) whether repair and tow

services are supplied by the company; (8) whether the company has the right to discharge the

driver or cancel the lease without cause; and (9) whether the lease contains a prohibition against

subleasing the taxicab. Yellow Cab Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 238 Ill. App. 3d 650, 653 (1992),

overruled by West Cab Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 376 Ill. App. 3d 396, 405 (2007).

¶ 72 As to Grand, certain of the foregoing factors are present. Grand acknowledges that all of

its taxicabs were painted alike, with 303’s color scheme, logo, and telephone number, in

accordance with the dispatch services agreement. In addition, the taxicab lease agreement

provided that Allamuradov could sublease the taxicab only upon the prior written approval of

Grand. Furthermore, although Grand did not force drivers to utilize 303’s radio dispatch services,

Khan testified that affiliates such as Grand could contact him to discontinue dispatch services,

e.g., if there were customer complaints. The agreement further provided that Grand, at its sole

discretion, could replace Allamuradov’s taxicab with another taxicab. Based on the foregoing

factors, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that no agency relationship existed between Grand

and Allamuradov.

¶ 73 We reach the same result as to 303. Although marked as an “affiliate” of 303, according

to Khan’s testimony, the taxicab was painted with the 303 logo and colors. Although he was not

required to log into the dispatch system or to answer any call, Allamuradov was provided

dispatch services through 303. While 303 narrowly characterizes itself as the provider of

dispatch services, the record suggests that 303 plays a more active role in taxicab operations. For

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example, given the interconnected relationship between Grand, 303, and taxicab drivers, 7 it

appears that a driver’s noncompliance with the restrictions imposed by Grand or 303 could result

in the termination of dispatch services and/or the taxicab lease. The record suggests that 303

played a role in the recruitment, screening, orientation, retention, performance management,

discipline, and termination of drivers.

¶ 74 Based on the foregoing, material questions of fact exist as to whether Allamuradov was

an agent of Grand and 303. We conclude that the evidence that no agency relationships existed is

insufficient as a matter of law.

¶ 75 Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, a principal or employer can be held liable for

the acts committed by an agent or employee acting within the scope of his agency or

employment. See, e.g., Lang v. Silva, 306 Ill. App. 3d 960, 972 (1999). A taxicab, however, is a

common carrier (e.g., Przybylski, 6 Ill. App. 3d at 246), and a common carrier may be liable for

intentional acts even if committed outside of the scope of employment. Dennis, 2014 IL App

(1st) 132397, ¶ 18. A common carrier serves all of the public alike, whereas a private carrier only

serves certain persons by special agreement in particular instances. Doe v. Sanchez, 2016 IL App

(2d) 150554, ¶ 11. During oral argument, Grand’s counsel acknowledged the company’s likely

status as a common carrier. Given 303’s role in coordinating the operations of the taxicab

system, 303 is also likely to be considered a common carrier.

¶ 76 Illinois courts recognize that common carriers owe a heightened duty of care. Id. ¶ 55.

The high duty of care owed by a common carrier to its passengers is “premised on the carrier’s

unique control over its passengers’ safety.” Id. ¶ 39. As stated in Green v. Carlinville Community

7
For example, a recent decision of this court in an unrelated case identifies Rapoport as a 303
employee. Grinyov, 2017 IL App (1st) 160193, ¶ 11. Under the dispatch services agreement, Grand
agreed to indemnify 303 for various liabilities, including damages resulting from “the acts or omissions of
Operators or [Grand’s] employees or agents.”
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Unit School District No. 1, 381 Ill. App. 3d 207, 213 (2008), “if an employee of a common

carrier intentionally injures a passenger, the common carrier is liable for the passenger’s injuries,

even if the employee’s actions were not in his actual or apparent scope of authority.”

¶ 77 Not all courts have relied on the doctrine of respondeat superior in finding liability. In

Doe v. Sanchez, 2016 IL App (2d) 150554, ¶ 2, a school bus driver employed by a private

contractor was accused of inappropriately touching a student. After the circuit court denied the

contractor’s motion to dismiss, two certified questions were presented to the appellate court:

whether the private contractor should be held to the same standard of care as a common carrier

and whether it could be vicariously liable for the actions of its employee committed outside the

scope of employment. Id. ¶ 3. The appellate court answered both questions in the affirmative. Id.

¶ 4. As to the second question, the appellate court noted that it was not relying on a theory of

respondeat superior, but instead relied on a “common carrier’s nondelegable duty.” Id. ¶ 46.

Stating that “Illinois courts recognize that a common carrier’s high duty of care is a nondelegable

duty,” the Sanchez court concluded that an employer with a nondelegable duty of care is liable

for an employee’s misconduct outside the scope of employment. Id. ¶ 52.

¶ 78 Whether we rely on the theory of respondeat superior or the concept that a common

carrier’s high duty of care is non-delegable, our result herein is the same. We cannot conclude

that Grand’s or 303’s right to judgment is “clear and free from doubt.” Seymour, 2015 IL

118432, ¶ 42.

¶ 79 2. Apparent Authority

¶ 80 The order granting summary judgment also rejected McNerney’s contention that there

was a question of fact as to 303’s apparent agency. 8 On appeal, she argues that “Allamuradov

8
McNerney does not raise any apparent authority argument with respect to Grand.

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appeared to be an agent of 303, as 303 held itself out as the principal of Allamuradov.” 303

initially responds that McNerney did not plead the elements of apparent agency in her amended

complaint. We note, however, that McNerney expressly raised her apparent authority argument

in her response to 303’s motion for summary judgment. Furthermore, our supreme court has

stated that “actual agency and apparent agency are not causes of action” but instead are “merely

part of the duty analysis in a case where the plaintiff seeks to hold the principal liable for the

agent’s alleged negligence.” Wilson, 2012 IL 112898, ¶ 24 (addressing res judicata arguments).

Even assuming that McNerney’s apparent agency theory was not adequately pled, she could

potentially amend her complaint to address any deficiency on remand. See, e.g., Plooy v.

Paryani, 275 Ill. App. 3d 1074, 1081 (1995) (permitting plaintiff to amend complaint to add

apparent agency count shortly before jury deliberations). We thus consider her argument.

¶ 81 “ ‘Apparent authority in an agent is the authority which the principal knowingly permits

the agent to assume, or the authority which the principal holds the agent out as possessing.’ ”

Jacobs, 2017 IL App (1st) 151107, ¶ 31 (quoting Gilbert v. Sycamore Municipal Hospital, 156

Ill. 2d 511, 523 (1993)). In order to impose liability on the basis of apparent authority, a plaintiff

need only demonstrate (1) that the principal held out the agent as having authority or knowingly

acquiesced in the agent’s exercise of authority, (2) based on the actions of the principal and

agent, the third person reasonably concluded that an agency relationship existed, and (3) the third

person relied on the agent’s apparent authority to her detriment. Id. (citing Oliveira-Brooks v.

Re/Max International, Inc., 372 Ill. App. 3d 127, 137 (2007)).

¶ 82 The apparent authority of an agent must be based on words and acts of the principal and

not on anything the agent himself has said or done. Graver v. Pinecrest Volunteer Fire

Department, 2014 IL App (1st) 123006, ¶ 17. Accord Jacobs, 2017 IL App (1st) 151107, ¶ 32.

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“The manifestations by the apparent principal may be made directly to the third party or may be

made to the community by signs or advertising.” Id. 303 advertises for passengers, as noted in

Grinyov, 2017 IL App (1st) 160193, ¶ 4.

¶ 83 In the instant case, McNerney communicated exclusively with 303—and not

Allamuradov—to arrange her taxicab ride to the airport. She used 303 based on her former

relatives’ recommendation and believed its drivers were screened by the company. The taxicab

that appeared at her residence had the colors, logo, and telephone number of 303. McNerney

averred that she would not have used 303 had she known that the company did not monitor the

whereabouts of the cab drivers or request their employment history or references. We reject

303’s contention that McNerney’s affidavit contradicted her deposition testimony. Unlike in

Smith v. Ashley, 29 Ill. App. 3d 932, 935 (1975), which is cited by 303—where the court noted

that “a counteraffidavit does not place in issue material facts which were removed by a party’s

deliberate admission under oath”—McNerney’s deposition testimony was not inconsistent with

her subsequent affidavit.

¶ 84 The determination of apparent agency is generally not a question of law. Jacobs, 2017 IL

App (1st) 151107, ¶ 79. Although the existence of an agency relationship may become a question

of law when the facts regarding the relationship are undisputed or no liability exists as a matter

of law, such is not the case herein. Id. Here, the purported principal—303—may have created the

appearance that Allamuradov was its agent, and an innocent third party—McNerney—

potentially relied on the apparent agency and was harmed as a result. There is sufficient evidence

in the record to create a genuine issue of material fact as to the existence of apparent agency.

Summary judgment in favor of 303 was thus improper with respect to any apparent agency

claim.

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¶ 85 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 86 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County granting

summary judgment in favor of Grand and 303 is hereby reversed, and the matter is remanded for

additional proceedings consistent with this order.

¶ 87 Reversed and remanded.

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