STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CONNIE JOUGHIN, FOR PUBLICATION
July 11, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellee, 9:15 a.m.
v No. 329993
Lenawee Circuit Court
Family Division
WILLIAM JOUGHIN, LC No. 02-025414-DM
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and JANSEN and SAAD, JJ.
SAAD, J.
In this post-divorce proceeding, defendant appeals1 the entry of a proposed qualified
domestic relations order (QDRO) in favor of plaintiff, which related to her interest in $23,823 of
defendant’s profit sharing annuity plan (the annuity plan). For the reasons provided below, we
affirm.
On April 28, 2003, the trial court entered a judgment of divorce that dissolved plaintiff
and defendant’s marriage. In the judgment of divorce, under the heading “PENSION,
ANNUITY OR RETIREMENT BENEFITS,” the trial court ordered the following:
Plaintiff shall receive 50% of the sum of Defendant’s accrued balance as of April
30, 2002, in the International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental
Iron Workers Local #55 Pension Plan. In addition, Plaintiff shall receive the sum
of $23,823.00 from the Defendant’s Iron Workers Local #55 Profit Sharing
Annuity Plan and Trust. . . . The Plaintiff and Defendant shall cooperate in the
execution of a Qualified Domestic Relations Order to transfer said interest to the
Plaintiff. Both parties shall execute whatever documents may be necessary to
complete the transfer.
1
This Court granted leave to appeal in Joughin v Joughin, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered March 24, 2016 (Docket No. 329993).
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However, for reasons not apparent from the record, plaintiff and defendant did not
promptly file proposed QDROs2 to transfer interest in defendant’s retirement benefits to plaintiff.
Instead, plaintiff submitted proposed QDROs3 to the trial court on June 30, 2015, approximately
12 years after the judgment of divorce was entered. On July 6, 2015, defendant filed objections
to plaintiff’s proposed QDROs under MCR 2.602, and in his objections, defendant argued that
plaintiff’s submission of the proposed QDROs was an attempt to enforce the April 28, 2003
judgment of divorce and was barred by the statute of limitations found in MCL 600.5809(3)
because more than 10 years had elapsed since the trial court entered the judgment of divorce.
Plaintiff filed a response to defendant’s objections on August 11, 2015, and argued that
under MCL 600.5809(1), the statute of limitations to bring an action to enforce a noncontractual
money obligation does not begin to run until there is a triggering event, and a claim to retirement
benefits accrues when a party subject to that claim retires. Thus, she argued that, because
defendant had not yet retired, her efforts to record her claim on defendant’s retirement benefits
had not yet accrued and, therefore, she was seeking enforcement of her claim prior to the
expiration of the statute of limitations.
At the hearing on defendant’s objections, defendant’s counsel confirmed that defendant
had not yet retired and that he had not yet received any funds from his retirement benefits.
While recognizing that MCL 600.5809(3) provides for a 10-year limitations period, the trial
court ultimately concluded that it would permit entry of the proposed QDROs because they had
not “been reduced to the same.” The trial court entered the orders on the same day.
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it entered the proposed QDRO
affecting the annuity plan because plaintiff’s effort to pursue the entry was time-barred by the
statute of limitations. We disagree.
Whether a “claim is statutorily time-barred is a question of law for this Court to decide de
novo.” DiPonio Const Co, Inc v Rosati Masonry Co, Inc, 246 Mich App 43, 47; 631 NW2d 59
(2001), citing Ins Comm’r v Aageson Thibo Agency, 226 Mich App 336, 340-341; 573 NW2d
637 (1997). We also review de novo questions of statutory interpretation. Rock v Crocker, 499
Mich 247, 260; 884 NW2d 227 (2016), citing Halloran v Bhan, 470 Mich 572, 576; 683 NW2d
129 (2004).
“Congress passed the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 in
order to provide better protection for beneficiaries of private employee pension plans.” Roth v
2
Technically, under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 USC 1001 et seq., these
orders are domestic relation orders. 29 USC 1056(d)(3)(B)(ii). As discussed later in this
opinion, they do not become qualified domestic relation orders, i.e., QDROs, until approved by
the plan administrator. Thus, herein we will refer to domestic relation orders that have not been
approved by a plan administrator as “proposed QDROs.”
3
The trial court entered a proposed QDRO as to both the annuity plan and defendant’s pension;
however, defendant has only appealed from the one related to the annuity plan.
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Roth, 201 Mich App 563, 567; 506 NW2d 900 (1993) (citations omitted); see also 29 USC 1001
et seq. “ERISA contained an anti-alienation provision which precluded plan participants from
assigning or alienating their benefits under pension plans subject to the act.” Roth, 201 Mich
App at 567. However,
[t]he Retirement Equity Act of 1984 provides an exception to this restriction. A
qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) “creates or recognizes the existence of
an alternative payee’s right to, or assigns to an alternate payee the right to, receive
all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to a participant under the
plan . . . .” 29 USC 1056(d)(3)(B)(i)(I). Thus, a QDRO is exempted from
ERISA’s preemption provisions and may be used to distribute funds to a payee
who was not a named beneficiary. 29 USC 1144(b)(7). [Moore v Moore, 266
Mich App 96, 100 n 5; 700 NW2d 414 (2005).]
Both parties contend that MCL 600.5809 provides the applicable statute of limitations in
this matter. MCL 600.5809 states, in pertinent part:
(1) A person shall not bring or maintain an action to enforce a noncontractual
money obligation unless, after the claim first accrued to the person or to someone
through whom he or she claims, the person commences the action within the
applicable period of time prescribed by this section.
* * *
(3) Except as provided in subsection (4),[4] the period of limitations is 10 years for
an action founded upon a judgment or decree rendered in a court of record of this
state, or in a court of record of the United States or of another state of the United
States, from the time of the rendition of the judgment or decree.
Plaintiff argues that her claim has not accrued because she has no right to the funds until
defendant retires and he has not done so. Thus, plaintiff reasons that because her claim has not
accrued, it is impossible for her action to have been brought 10 years after it accrued and the
statute of limitations cannot act as a bar. Defendant, on the other hand, argues that plaintiff’s
claim accrued once the judgment of divorce was entered on April 28, 2003, which means that
plaintiff’s motion to enter the QDRO over 12 years later is time-barred.
We disagree with the parties’ premise that MCL 600.5309 controls in this situation. The
statute applies only to “action[s] to enforce [] noncontractual money obligation[s].” And here,
we hold that the entry of the proposed QDRO is not an action to enforce a noncontractual money
obligation. This Court has held that, when a judgment of divorce requires a QDRO to be
entered, the QDRO is to be considered “as part of the divorce judgment.” Neville v Neville, 295
Mich App 460, 467; 812 NW2d 816 (2012). Thus, because a QDRO is part of the judgment, it
necessarily cannot be viewed as enforcing that same judgment. As our sister court in Tennessee
4
Subsection (4) applies to child support and is not applicable here.
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noted, “[T]he approval of the proposed QDRO is adjunct to the entry of the judgment of divorce
and not an attempt to ‘enforce’ the judgment.” Jordan v Jordan, 147 SW3d 255, 262 (Tenn
App, 2004).
Additionally, to further demonstrate that the entry of the proposed QDRO is not
equivalent to the enforcement of a “noncontractual money obligation,” the entry of the order here
did not compel the payment of any money to plaintiff. Indeed, after a court enters a proposed
QDRO, as the trial court did here, the order is not enforceable until the plan administrator
determines that the proposed QDRO is “qualified” under ERISA. 29 USC 1056(d)(3)(G)(i). As
the Tennessee Court of Appeals aptly explained:
Under ERISA, a QDRO “creates or recognizes the existence of an alternate
payee’s right to . . . receive all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to
a participant under a plan . . . .” 29 USC 1056(d)(3)(B)(i)(I) (1999). A proposed
QDRO under ERISA, on the other hand, is “any judgment, decree, or order”
entered by a trial court that “relates to the provision of . . . marital property rights
to a . . . former spouse . . . , and . . . is made pursuant to a State domestic relations
law . . . .” 29 USC 1056(d)(3)(B)(ii). Typically, . . . a proposed QDRO is
prepared by the parties’ attorneys and submitted to the trial court for approval and
entry, after which, it is submitted to the administrator who administers the pension
plan in question. The plan administrator must then determine if the proposed
QDRO is “qualified” under ERISA. [Jordan, 147 SW3d at 259-260 (footnotes
omitted).
Therefore, an alternate payee only becomes entitled to rights under an ERISA plan when the
proposed QDRO becomes qualified. And a proposed QDRO becomes qualified after it is
approved by the plan administrator. See 29 USC 1056(d)(3)(G)(i); Jordan, 147 SW3d at 260; In
re Marriage of Cray, 18 Kan App 2d 15, 21; 846 P2d 944 (1993), rev’d in part on other grounds
254 Kan 376 (1994). Consequently, plaintiff’s motion to have the trial court enter the proposed
QDRO was not an act to enforce a judgment or obligation.
Instead, we hold that under these circumstances, the act to obtain entry of a proposed
QDRO is a ministerial task done in conjunction with the divorce judgment itself. Indeed, the
judgment established the distribution of the couple’s assets and expressly requested this
particular task (obtain entry of a proposed QDRO) to be accomplished. See Duhamel v
Duhamel, 194 Misc2d 100, 101; 753 NYS2d 673 (NY Sup Ct, 2002). In its judgment of divorce,
the trial court gave specific instructions to the parties to “cooperate” and “execute . . .
documents” as part of an established routine in divorce cases to ultimately get a QDRO entered.
Accordingly, when a party complies with the court’s instructions, albeit late, as here, the party is
simply engaged in supplying documents and information to the court, to comply with its
ministerial obligations under the judgment—nothing more, nothing less. Though such actions
ultimately will have the effect of allowing one party to share in the retirement benefits of the
other, this procedure is not an enforcement of a money judgment in the sense covered by the
statute. Indeed, unlike the standard enforcement case, neither party here is or has been
prejudiced by the passage of time, because no party has changed any position relative to the
annuity, nor has any party triggered the necessary preconditions for the application of the
QDRO.
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Therefore, we hold that because the entry of the proposed QDRO is not an enforcement
of a noncontractual money obligation, the 10-year period of limitations provided in MCL
600.5309(3) does not apply, and plaintiff’s request to have the proposed QDRO entered by the
trial court was not time-barred.
Defendant, for the first time, in his reply brief on appeal, suggests that the statute of
limitations of MCL 600.5309 applies because the annuity plan at issue is a “defined-contribution
plan,” as opposed to a “defined-benefit plan.” Without supplying any authority, defendant
claims that because the fund at issue is a defined-contribution plan, plaintiff could have received
the funds immediately with the entry of the proposed QDRO, which makes it distinguishable
from cases like Jordan. First, this assertion is without merit because, as we have already
explained, a proposed QDRO that is entered by a trial court is not enforceable until it is approved
by the plan administrator. Second, defendant provides no citation to the record5 or other
authority for his theory that plaintiff could have obtained her $23,823 immediately after the
judgment of divorce was entered despite the fact that defendant had yet to retire. Indeed,
401(k)s, which defendant acknowledges are a common type of defined-contribution plan, have
strict limits on when money can be disbursed without incurring substantial tax penalties. See 26
USC 72(t); IRS, 401(k) Resource Guide–Plan Participants–General Distribution Rules
(accessed May 17, 2017) (stating that, generally,
distributions from 401(k)s “cannot be made” unless certain conditions happen). Accordingly,
defendant has failed to properly present this theory to the Court for our consideration. See
McIntosh v McIntosh, 282 Mich App 471, 484; 768 NW2d 325 (2009); Peterson Novelties, Inc v
City of Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 14; 672 NW2d 351 (2003).
Affirmed. Plaintiff, as the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
5
Indeed, when specifically asked at oral argument if there was anything in the record to show
that plaintiff could have received any of the benefits immediately after the entry of the QDRO,
defense counsel conceded that there was nothing.
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