FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT July 13, 2017
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE
COMPANY, a Michigan corporation,
Plaintiff - Counter-Defendant -
Appellee,
v. No. 16-4118
(D.C. No. 2:12-CV-00786-CW)
GEORGE FLEMING, an individual; (D. Utah)
JANIS FLEMING, an individual,
Defendants - Counterclaimants -
Third-Party Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v.
CHARTER OAK FIRE INSURANCE
COMPANY, a Connecticut corporation,
Third-Party Defendant - Appellee,
and
TIMBERSMITH, INC., a Utah
corporation,
Defendant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, LUCERO, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
George and Janis Fleming appeal a district court order granting summary
judgment to The Charter Oak Fire Insurance Company (“Charter Oak”) and Auto-
Owners Insurance Company (“Auto-Owners”). Exercising jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I
The parties are familiar with the facts of this case, which we do not recite in
detail. The Flemings hired Timbersmith, Inc. in 2008 to build a residential property
in Utah. During construction, LC Builders, Inc., working with Timbersmith,
incorrectly framed the house, and both Timbersmith and LC Builders ultimately
abandoned the project before construction was completed. The Flemings filed a
state-court action against LC Builders and an arbitration action against Timbersmith,
asserting various claims for negligence and breach of contract. The Flemings
prevailed in both actions and were awarded $1,113,780.63 against LC Builders and
$1,109,642.50 against Timbersmith. The owners of both companies filed for
bankruptcy before satisfying the judgments against them.
During the relevant period, LC Builders was insured by Charter Oak and
Timbersmith was insured by Auto-Owners. Charter Oak was made aware of the
litigation against LC Builders but determined that its policy did not cover the alleged
damages. Accordingly, it declined to defend LC Builders. The parties dispute
whether Auto-Owners received adequate notice of the arbitration proceedings against
Timbersmith. However, after final judgment was entered, the Flemings contacted
Auto-Owners and requested payment on behalf of Timbersmith. Auto-Owners
2
subsequently filed this declaratory judgment action against Timbersmith and the
Flemings in state court, asserting that it had no duty to defend or indemnify
Timbersmith against the Flemings’ claims. After removing the case to federal court
on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, the Flemings filed a counterclaim against Auto-
Owners and a third-party complaint against Charter Oak, arguing that both insurance
companies are obligated to pay the judgments against their insured. The parties filed
cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment
in favor of Charter Oak and Auto-Owners. The Flemings timely appealed.
II
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party. Yousuf v. Cohlmia, 741 F.3d 31, 37
(10th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is warranted if “there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). Because this is a diversity action, we apply the substantive law of
the forum state, Utah. Signature Dev. Cos. v. Royal Ins. Co. of Am., 230 F.3d 1215,
1218 (10th Cir. 2000).
A
The Flemings argue that because Charter Oak and Auto-Owners breached their
respective duties to defend LC Builders and Timbersmith, they are now estopped
from challenging coverage. In rejecting this argument, the district court determined
the insurance companies are entitled to contest coverage under Utah law because the
issue was not adjudicated in the prior litigation. We agree.
3
Utah law provides that, “as a general rule[,] when an insurer, whose policy
requires it to defend its insured, receives notice of a suit against [the insured] and is
allowed an opportunity to defend, but refuses, [the insurer] is bound by the findings
and judgment therein.” McCarty v. Parks, 564 P.2d 1122, 1123 (Utah 1977).
However, this general rule “does not extend to matters collateral or immaterial to the
essential issues involved in the case, but is limited to those necessary to
determination of the controversy between the immediate parties.” Id. Thus, an
insurer whose liability for a judgment was not litigated or necessarily decided
“should be afforded an opportunity to raise and have determined the issue as to its
own liability, so long as doing so is not inconsistent with the findings on material
issues which were determined between the plaintiff and defendant.” Id. These
principles were recently reaffirmed by the Utah Supreme Court. See Speros v.
Fricke, 98 P.3d 28, 31, 34-39 (Utah 2004) (holding that insurer had “forfeited its
opportunity to dispute the underlying facts” giving rise to insured’s liability by
breaching duty to defend, but considering insurer’s argument challenging policy
coverage (emphasis added) (citing McCarty, 564 P.2d at 1123-24)).1
1
The Flemings’ citation to Summerhaze Co., L.C. v. Federal Deposit
Insurance Corp., 332 P.3d 908 (Utah 2014), does not alter our interpretation of Utah
law. The issue presented in that case was whether the court had subject matter
jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ claims, despite their failure to exhaust administrative
remedies. Id. at 911. The plaintiffs asserted that the administrative claims review
process did not apply because the agency had “tendered defense of the claim[s] to
BancInsure and thus lost authority to resolve the claims.” Id. at 920. It was in
rejecting this argument—and considering the effect of a tender of defense on the
rights of the agency—that the Utah Supreme Court discussed estoppel and an
insurer’s duty to defend. See id. at 920-21. However, that discussion was only
4
The underlying litigation between the Flemings and the construction
companies addressed the companies’ liability for negligence and the damages owed.
“[T]here was no necessity for any adjudication as to whether” the damages were
covered under the relevant insurance policies. McCarty, 564 P.2d at 1123.
Accordingly, neither insurer is estopped from challenging coverage.2
B
We must next consider whether the Charter Oak or Auto-Owners insurance
policies (collectively, “Policies”) provide coverage for the damage awards against LC
Builders and Timbersmith. The district court concluded that neither Policy applies.
Again, we agree.
Under Utah law, “[a]n insurance policy is merely a contract between the
insured and the insurer and is construed pursuant to the same rules applied to
ordinary contracts.” Alf v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 850 P.2d 1272, 1274 (Utah
1993); see also Houston Gen. Ins. Co. v. Am. Fence Co., 115 F.3d 805, 806 (10th
Cir. 1997) (interpretation of insurance contract governed by state law). The parties
do not contend that any provisions in the Policies are ambiguous. Thus, there is no
intended to provide context to the jurisdictional analysis and was not necessary to the
ultimate resolution of the case. Such dicta should not be taken to overrule the
express holdings of McCarty and Speros, which were not cited. Cf. Alexander v.
Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 282 (2001) (the court “is bound by holdings, not language”).
2
Our conclusions on this and on the issue of coverage, infra, obviate the need
to address whether Auto-Owners received adequate notice of the arbitration against
Timbersmith or whether either insurer breached its duty to defend.
5
presumption in favor of the insured, and “the policy language is construed according
to its usual and ordinary meaning.” Alf, 850 P.2d at 1274.
Both Policies are Commercial General Liability (“CGL”) policies with
substantially similar coverage.3 The Policies cover “property damage” caused by an
“occurrence,” which is defined as “an accident, including continuous or repeated
exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” “[A]ccident” is not
further defined by the Policies. However, Utah law has consistently construed the
term in the insurance policy context as being
descriptive of means which produce effects which are not their natural
and probable consequences. . . . An effect which is the natural and
probable consequence of an act or course of action is not an accident,
nor is it produced by accidental means. It is either the result of actual
design, or it falls under the maxim that every man must be held to
intend the natural and probable consequence of his deeds.
N.M. ex rel. Caleb v. Daniel E., 175 P.3d 566, 569 (Utah 2008) (quotation omitted).
Under this definition, “harm or damage is not accidental if it is the natural and
probable consequence of the insured’s act or should have been expected by the
insured.” Id. (footnote omitted).
Applying Utah law, this court has previously determined that “the natural
results of an insured’s negligent and unworkmanlike construction do not constitute an
occurrence triggering coverage under a CGL policy.” Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co. v.
Bartile Roofs, Inc., 618 F.3d 1153, 1174 (10th Cir. 2010) (brackets and quotation
omitted); see also Farmington Cas. Co. v. Duggan, 417 F.3d 1141, 1142 (10th Cir.
3
The one substantive difference between the Policies, which relates to the
“your work” coverage exclusion, does not affect the outcome of this appeal.
6
2005) (“Most policies of [CGL] insurance exclude the insured’s faulty workmanship
from coverage. The rationale for such exclusions is that faulty workmanship is not
an insurable ‘fortuitous event,’ but a business risk to be borne by the insured.”
(quoting Lee R. Russ & Thomas F. Segalla, 9 Couch on Insurance § 129:11 (3d ed.
1995 & Supp. 2005))).4 Two exceptions to this general rule might exist “where
defective workmanship causes damage to property other than the work product
itself,” Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. AMSCO Windows, 921 F. Supp. 2d 1226, 1260 (D.
Utah 2013), or where damage is caused by “the negligent acts of [the insured’s]
subcontractors,” Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Woodside Homes Corp., 448 F. Supp. 2d
1275, 1281 (D. Utah 2006).5
Pursuant to these rules, we conclude the Flemings have failed to provide
sufficient evidence that the judgments against LC Builders and Timbersmith include
a covered “occurrence” under the Policies. The Flemings allege only faulty
4
To the extent the Flemings disagree with this reading of Utah law, we are
“bound by our own prior interpretations of state law,” absent “an intervening
decision of the state’s highest court.” Kokins v. Teleflex, Inc., 621 F.3d 1290, 1295
(10th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted).
5
The Utah Supreme Court has not directly addressed whether these two
scenarios constitute an “occurrence” under a CGL policy. In diversity cases,
“[w]here no controlling state decision exists, the federal court must attempt to predict
what the state’s highest court would do.” Wankier v. Crown Equip. Corp., 353 F.3d
862, 866 (10th Cir. 2003). Both Cincinnati Insurance Co. and Great American
Insurance Co.—District of Utah cases—predicted that Utah courts would likely
endorse a definition of “occurrence” that includes damage to property other than the
work product itself or damage caused by a subcontractor’s negligence. See 921 F.
Supp. 2d at 1260; 448 F. Supp. 2d at 1281. Because the Flemings have failed to
demonstrate a coverable occurrence even applying such a definition, we will assume
without deciding that these are accurate predictions.
7
construction causing damage to the insureds’ own work. There are no allegations in
the pleadings, nor factual findings in the final judgments against the insured, that the
“defective workmanship cause[d] damage to property other than the work product
itself.” Cincinnati Ins. Co., 921 F. Supp. 2d at 1260.6 The Flemings’ vague
assertions, without citations to record evidence, that LC Builders and Timbersmith
caused “latent defects” or “dangerous,” “unsafe,” and “hazardous” conditions in the
home are insufficient to demonstrate coverage. MacKenzie v. City & Cty. of Denver,
414 F.3d 1266, 1273 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Unsupported conclusory allegations . . . do
not create an issue of fact.”).
Further, the Flemings have failed to present evidence that any of the faulty
workmanship was performed by subcontractors of Timbersmith or LC Builders. In
the arbitration petition against Timbersmith, the Flemings expressly alleged that Cory
Lowder—owner of LC Builders—worked on their home as an employee of
Timbersmith. They now reverse course and assert that Lowder and LC Builders were
Timbersmith’s subcontractors. However, they offer no record evidence supporting
this contention or rebutting the substantial evidence provided by defendants
confirming Lowder and LC Builders’ employee status. Accordingly, the Flemings
have failed to demonstrate a genuine dispute of fact on this issue.
6
The district court noted evidence that part of the foundation had to be
chiseled out to move piping that was incorrectly placed due to defective framing.
The Flemings argued below that this evidence was irrelevant and inadmissible. To
the extent they now assert this is admissible evidence demonstrating coverage, we
decline to consider the argument as it was addressed only summarily in their reply
brief. Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998)
(“Arguments inadequately briefed in the opening brief are waived . . . .”).
8
There is a similar lack of evidence that LC Builders’ defective work was
performed by subcontractors. The Flemings did not allege in their state-court
complaint that LC Builders employed any subcontractors, and although the final
judgment against LC Builders cursorily concluded that LC Builders and “their sub-
contractors” were negligent, the issue was immaterial to a determination of LC
Builders’ liability in those proceedings. See McCarty, 564 P.2d at 1123. Even
assuming we are bound by the court’s statement, the Flemings have failed to specify
which portions of the work were performed by LC Builders and which were
performed by a subcontractor on LC Builders’ behalf, making it impossible for us to
determine what—if any—damage might be covered.
As the party asserting a loss under an insurance policy, the Flemings have the
burden of demonstrating coverage. See Utah Farm Bureau Ins. Co. v. Dairyland Ins.
Co., 634 F.2d 1326, 1328 (10th Cir. 1980); Cincinnati Ins. Co., 921 F. Supp. 2d at
1233. They have failed to do so.7
III
For the foregoing reasons, the district court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
7
In light of this conclusion, we need not address whether the Policies’
coverage exclusions would also bar the Flemings’ recovery.
9