Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt Lodge No. 1 v. City of Pittsburgh

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt :
Lodge No. 1, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1429 C.D. 2016
:
City of Pittsburgh, :
Respondent :
:
City of Pittsburgh, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1512 C.D. 2016
: Argued: April 5, 2017
Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt :
Lodge No. 1, :
Respondent :

BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge

OPINION BY
JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER FILED: July 17, 2017

In 2003, the City of Pittsburgh (City) was designated a financially distressed
city by the Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED)
pursuant to the Municipalities Financial Recovery Act1 (Act 47), and entered into

1
Act of July 10, 1987, P.L. 246, as amended, 53 P.S. §§ 11701.101-11701.712.
Act 47 oversight. As part of the Act 47 process, the City has implemented several
Act 47 recovery plans, the most recent a Second Amended Recovery Plan in 2014
(2014 Plan). Relevant here, the 2014 Plan addresses the compensation of the
City’s employees, including its police officers. The City and the Fraternal Order of
Police Fort Pitt Lodge No. 1 (FOP), which represents the City’s police officers, are
parties to a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that expired on December 31,
2014. Being unable to reach an agreement on a new CBA, they entered into
interest arbitration under the Act Governing Collective Bargaining by Policemen
or Firemen2 (Act 111). An arbitration board (Board) issued an interest arbitration
award (Award), from which FOP appeals and the City cross-appeals to this Court.
FOP appealed directly to this Court, asserting that the Award is a deviation
from the 2014 Plan because it does not ensure the competitive compensation
required by the 2014 Plan. (FOP’s Br. at 25 (citing R.R. at 258a-61a).) FOP,
therefore, contends that, pursuant to Section 252(e) of Act 47, 53 P.S.
§ 11701.252(e), this Court can review the Award to determine if the Board’s
deviation is in accordance with Section 252(b) of Act 47, 53 P.S. § 11701.252(b).3
The City argues that the Award was consistent with the 2014 Plan and that FOP is
really challenging, not the Award, but the 2014 Plan, which does not provide this
Court with jurisdiction under Section 252(e). Because the Award complies with
the 2014 Plan’s allocations, the City argues the Award does not deviate from the

2
Act of June 24, 1968, P.L. 237, as amended, 43 P.S. §§ 217.1-217.10.
3
FOP also asserts the Award violates Section 252 because, although it deviated from the
2014 Plan, the Award did not make all of the findings required by Section 252(b) and (b.1) for it
to do so.

2
2014 Plan, and the normal appeals process should be followed. The City has
therefore filed a Motion to Quash FOP’s Petition for Review.4
Typically, the process for challenging an interest arbitration award begins
with filing a petition to vacate with the local county court of common pleas
(common pleas), with further appeal as necessary. City of Scranton v. Firefighters
Local Union No. 60, of Int’l Ass’n of Fire Fighters, 29 A.3d 773, 778-79 (Pa.
2011). Here, in addition to the appeals before this Court, both FOP and the City
have also filed petitions to vacate the Award, which currently are pending before
the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County.5
However, the Legislature recently amended Section 252 to allow for an Act
111 arbitration board to deviate from an Act 47 plan under certain circumstances
and to provide for a direct appeal to this Court of an award doing so. 53 P.S.
§ 11701.252(b), (b.1), (e). Prior to the amendment, Section 252 provided that “a
collective bargaining agreement or arbitration settlement executed after the
adoption of a plan shall not in any manner violate, expand or diminish its
provisions.” Former 53 P.S. § 11701.252 (emphasis added). In City of Scranton,
our Supreme Court applied this section where a board of arbitrators issued an Act

4
See Rule 1972(a)(7) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, Pa. R.A.P.
1972(a)(7) (authorizing a party to move “[t]o quash for any other reason appearing on the
record”). The City also filed a cross-petition for review, asserting that the Award infringes upon
its managerial prerogatives, in the event the Court determines that it does have jurisdiction to
review the Award. The City offered to withdraw its cross-petition for review with prejudice if its
Motion was granted. (City’s Memorandum of Law at 30 n.7.)
5
The petitions are docketed at GD-16-016074. FOP includes in its petition for review to
this Court the issues it also raises in its petition to vacate before common pleas, including an
argument that “the Award violates Article 3, Section 31 of the Pennsylvania Constitution[, Pa.
Const., art. 3, § 31,] by improperly delegating to Act 47 Plan coordinators responsibilities
conferred exclusively upon the municipality.” (FOP’s Petition for Review ¶ 10.) DCED has
filed an amicus brief responding to FOP’s constitutional challenge to the Award.

3
111 interest arbitration award, which set compensation rates that exceeded the
limits in the municipality’s Act 47 plan. The municipality argued that the
arbitrators lacked the authority to do so because the award could not “violate,
expand or diminish” the provisions of its Act 47 plan. City of Scranton, 29 A.3d at
777. After reviewing the statutory language, the Court found that it was unclear
whether an Act 111 interest “arbitration award” was an “arbitration settlement”
that could not “violate, expand or diminish [an Act 47 plan’s] provisions,” former
53 P.S. § 11701.252(a). Id. at 789. Because the “policies underlying Act 111
interest arbitration [were] too strong and engrained in Commonwealth public-
sector labor law to be displaced by extrapolation or on account of an ambiguous
reference,” the Court stated that if the Legislature wanted to displace these
policies, it should do so “in explicit terms.” Id. Accordingly, the Court held that
an interest arbitration board could render an award pursuant to Act 111 that
exceeded the compensation limits of an Act 47 plan.
The Legislature subsequently amended Section 252,6 explicitly expressing
its intent to allow an Act 111 arbitration board to deviate from an Act 47 plan, but
only if the criteria set forth in that section are met. 53 P.S. § 11701.252(b), (b.1).
Where there is a deviation from the Act 47 Plan, the Legislature also created a
direct appeal to this Court, an exception to the normal appeal process of Act 111
awards. 53 P.S. § 11701.252(e). In its entirety, Section 252 now provides:

(a) General rule.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a
collective bargaining agreement or arbitration settlement[7] executed

6
Section 3 of the Act of July 5, 2012, P.L. 1104.
7
The term “Arbitration settlement” is defined as “An adjustment or settlement of a
collective bargaining agreement or dispute. The term includes a final or binding arbitration
award or other determination.” Section 103 of Act 47, 53 P.S. § 11701.103 (emphasis added).

4
after the adoption of a plan shall not in any manner violate, expand or
diminish its provisions.

(b) Arbitration settlements for policemen and firemen.--An
arbitration settlement rendered under [Act 111], may deviate from the
plan, but only if the arbitration settlement:

(1) except as set forth in subsection (b.1), will not cause the
distressed municipality to exceed any limits on expenditures for
individual collective bargaining units imposed under the plan;

(2) will not further jeopardize the financial stability of the
distressed municipality, as measured by the criteria set forth in section
201; and

(3) is not inconsistent with the policy objectives set forth in
section 102(a) to relieve the financial distress of the distressed
municipality.

(b.1) Exception.--Subsection (b)(1) shall not apply to a limit on
expenditures for an individual bargaining unit that is determined to be
arbitrary, capricious or established in bad faith.

(c) Hearing before board of arbitration and expert
testimony.--The issue of whether an arbitration settlement deviating
from the plan satisfies the criteria under subsection (b) and any
exception under subsection (b.1) must be determined by a board of
arbitration appointed under [Act 111] and reflected in findings of fact
that are supported by substantial evidence and consistent with this
section. During the hearing, the testimony of experts in municipal
finance, called by the distressed municipality or the collective
bargaining organization, is admissible as evidence before the board.
An arbitration settlement deviating from the plan must be supported
by the credible testimony of an expert in municipal finance that the
arbitration settlement satisfies the criteria in subsection (b) and any
exception under subsection (b.1). For purposes of this subsection, the
term “expert in municipal finance” means an individual holding an
advanced degree who has at least eight years of experience in issues
relating to municipal finance.

(d) Review by coordinator.--An arbitration settlement
deviating from the plan under subsection (b) must be provided to the
coordinator by the chairman of the board of arbitration within 48

5
 hours of issuance. The coordinator shall review the arbitration
settlement to determine whether it violates this section.

(e) Appeal.--The distressed municipality, collective bargaining
organization and the coordinator or secretary have the right to
appeal to Commonwealth Court from an arbitration settlement
which deviates from the plan under subsection (b).

(1) An appeal must be commenced not later than 30 days after
issuance of the arbitration settlement.

(2) The record of the arbitration settlement becomes part of the
record on appeal. The court may also supplement the record.

(3) To the extent an appeal alleges that an arbitration settlement
violates this section, the standard of review governing an appeal from
an arbitration settlement governed by this section shall be de novo.
The court shall not be bound by the factual or legal conclusions of the
board of arbitration. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to
otherwise affect the scope or standard of review applicable to
certiorari review of arbitration awards.

(4) The coordinator’s decision setting a limit on expenditures
for an individual collective bargaining unit under section 241(11)
shall not be disturbed on appeal unless the limit is determined to be
arbitrary, capricious or established in bad faith.

53 P.S. § 11701.252 (emphasis added).
The Legislature did not alter the normal appeal process for challenging
interest arbitrations under Act 111 in its amendment of Section 252. Under its
terms, the direct appeal process to this Court in Section 252(e) is available only if
an award deviates from the Act 47 Plan. Therefore, for the appeals in this case to
be properly before this Court at this time, the Award must deviate from the 2014
Plan.
The City’s Act 47 recovery coordinators (Coordinators) developed,
amended, and assisted the City in implementing the 2014 Plan, which focuses on

6
addressing the City’s operational deficit. (Award, Factual Determinations (FD)
¶¶ 19, 37.8) The 2014 Plan establishes, in relevant part, maximum compensation
allocations for the City’s workforce to “better secure Pittsburgh’s financial health
and sustainability,” with the target outcome being “[m]aintaining budget stability
and competitive compensation.” (R.R. at 258a.) The maximum workforce
allocations for the police force are: $82,675,892 in 2015; $84,342,072 in 2016;
$86,611,958 in 2017; and $89,990,263 in 2018. (Id. at 258a-59a.) Wage increases
were authorized at the following rates: “No Across-the-Board Increase” in year
one; a one-percent increase in year two; and a two-percent increase in years three,
four, five, and beyond. (Id. at 260a.) In creating these workforce allocations, the
Coordinators considered the costs, both short and long term, of those allocations,
but noted that the City’s funding needs for its “long-term sustainability left little
for workforce allocations.” (FD ¶¶ 64-65.)
After considering market factors, such as the City’s financial situation,
inflation, productivity, workforce size, and “pay and benefit levels in economically
and demographically comparable political subdivisions,” a majority of the Board
concluded “that the workforce allocations contained in the [2014] Plan are not
arbitrary, capricious or established in bad faith” and that it would not be
“actuarially sound to enhance pension benefits.” (Id. ¶¶ 68-81, 83.) Accordingly,

8
The Award contains 83 factual determinations, which the Board issued following 10
days of evidentiary hearings, written submissions by the parties, and several executive sessions.
The Award makes numerous findings regarding the City’s initial fiscal problems, the City’s
improving fiscal well-being as the recovery process has progressed, the specific actions and
investments the City has taken to improve its fiscal position, the required contributions the City
must make to its pension plan and other post-employment benefits (OPEB) trust fund, the
required levels of funding the City must maintain in various accounts, and how certain events
have helped or hindered the City’s progress towards fiscal recovery.

7
the Board set forth the terms and conditions of the new CBA, which were not all
unanimously agreed upon. Specifically, the Award addresses “wage adjustments”
for full-time officers and adopts the no increase in 2015, one-percent increase in
2016, and two-percent increases in 2017 and 2018, as set forth in the 2014
Plan.9 (Award ¶ 10.) Other than this change to the wage increase schedule, the
Award did not alter the salary structure that had existed in the prior CBA.
(Award ¶ 17 (stating that “[a]ll other provisions of the Agreement shall remain as
is”); Section 6 of the 2010-2014 CBA at 27-30, R.R. at 40a-43a; Agreement
between City and FOP amending Section 6(f) (base wage rates) of the 2010-2014
CBA, R.R. at 160a-61a, 166a.)
On its face, the Award does not deviate from the 2014 Plan. To deviate is to
“diverge or turn aside . . . [or] stray esp. from a standard, principle, or topic.”
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 618 (2002). The Award states that
it was the Board’s intent that the Award “be applied consistent with the terms of
Act 47 and the City[’s] . . . [2014] Plan.” (Award at 10.) Paragraph 10 of the
Award directly adopts the wage increases set forth in that 2014 Plan. (Award ¶
10.) And FOP acknowledges that the Board “relied upon the expenditure limits for
the FOP contract found in the” 2014 Plan. (FOP’s Br. at 23.) In relying upon or
adopting these provisions of the 2014 Plan, the Award has not deviated, diverged,
or strayed therefrom.
FOP’s argument that the Award deviates from the 2014 Plan is based on the
following statement contained in the 2014 Plan: “Target outcome: Maintaining
budget stability and competitive compensation.” (R.R. at 258a (emphasis

9
The FOP-appointed arbitrator specifically dissented from this paragraph of the Award.
(Award at 15.)

8
added).) FOP asserts that the 2014 Plan required the payment of competitive
compensation and the Board deviated from this requirement by not increasing the
compensation of the police officers in the Award. However, our review of this
entire provision reveals that its purpose was to set “the maximum dollars available
for each bargaining unit . . . in each year, inclusive of increases and improvements
to all components of employee compensation other than pensions and retiree
health.” (Id.) Other than this statement, the provision does not further discuss the
maintenance of competitive compensation or otherwise require, as FOP argues,
the City to increase compensation to ensure such competition. Thus, there was no
“competitive compensation” requirement mandating an increase in compensation
from which the Board turned aside, diverged, or strayed in issuing the Award.10
FOP also argues the Board should not have relied upon the workforce
allocations in the 2014 Plan because those allocations are arbitrary, capricious, or
established in bad faith. However, objections to allocations contained in the 2014
Plan are different from a claim that the Award deviated from the 2014 Plan. The
majority of the Board used those allocations in rendering the Award, concluding

10
The dissent contends this holding “excises” the words “competitive compensation”
“from the [2014] Plan and negates their import[ance]” thereby not giving effect to the
Legislature’s broadening of Section 252 to allow an interest arbitration award to deviate from an
Act 47 plan and a direct appeal to this Court when an award does so. Fraternal Order of Police
Fort Pitt Lodge No. 1 v. City of Pittsburgh, __ A.3d __, __ (Pa. Cmwlth., Nos. 1429, 1521 C.D.
2016) (Cosgrove, J., dissenting), slip op. at 2-3. We respectfully disagree. Rather, our opinion
recognizes that, because the Award adopts the wage increases and relies upon the expenditure
limits set forth in the 2014 Plan, it cannot be said to have deviated from the 2014 Plan. We also
note that, to “maintain” is to “preserve from . . . decline” or to “keep up: CONTINUE.”
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1362 (2002). Therefore, the target outcome in the
2014 Plan of “maintaining . . . competitive compensation,” (R.R. at 258a (emphasis added)),
which does not require increasing compensation, is consistent with the wage increases set forth
in the 2014 Plan, which “preserve from . . . decline” or “keep up” or “CONTINUE,” the wages.

9
that the allocations were not arbitrary, capricious, or established in bad faith, and
therefore neither made the finding required by Section 252(b.1) to justify deviating
from the 2014 Plan nor deviated from the 2014 Plan. 53 P.S. § 11701.252(b.1).
FOP’s objection is really to the terms of the 2014 Plan, not the Award, an
objection that does not fall within the narrow category of direct appeals authorized
by Section 252(e).
Because there is no deviation between the Award and the 2014 Plan, the
direct appeal process in Section 252(e) is not applicable. Rather, the challenges to
the Award should follow the normal appeals process to common pleas.
Accordingly, the City’s Motion to Quash is granted, and the petition for review
filed by FOP and the cross-petition for review filed by the City are quashed.11

_____________________________________
RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge

Judge McCullough did not participate in the decision in these cases.

11
On May 15, 2017, the City filed an Application for Leave to Withdraw Appeal
(Application), asserting the issue raised in its cross-petition had become moot. (Application at 1-
2.) Because we lack jurisdiction, we quash the City’s cross-petition for review for that reason
and will therefore dismiss the Application as moot.

10
 IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt :
Lodge No. 1, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1429 C.D. 2016
:
City of Pittsburgh, :
Respondent :
:
City of Pittsburgh, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1512 C.D. 2016
:
Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt :
Lodge No. 1, :
Respondent :

ORDER

NOW, July 17, 2017, the Motion to Quash Petition for Review filed
by the City of Pittsburgh (City) is hereby GRANTED, and the petition for review
filed by the Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt Lodge No. 1 and the cross-petition
for review filed by the City are hereby QUASHED. The Application for Leave to
Withdraw Appeal filed by the City is therefore DISMISSED AS MOOT.

_____________________________________
RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
 IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Fraternal Order of Police :
Fort Pitt Lodge No. 1, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
City of Pittsburgh, : No. 1429 C.D. 2016
Respondent :
:
:
City of Pittsburgh, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
Fraternal Order of Police :
Fort Pitt Lodge No. 1, : No. 1512 C.D. 2016
Respondent : Argued: April 5, 2017

BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge

DISSENTING OPINION
BY JUDGE COSGROVE FILED: July 17, 2017

In quashing the appeal of the Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt
Lodge, No. 1 (Designated Petitioner), the Majority reads into Section 252 of the
Municipalities Financial Recovery Act (Act 47)1 something which the Legislature
did not intend. As a result, I am compelled to dissent.

1
Act of July 10, 1987, P.L. 246, as amended, 53 P.S. §§ 11701.101-11701.712.
 While restating its intent to protect financially distressed
municipalities, the General Assembly twice in the last five years has amended Act
47 to address circumstances such as those present in the case before us. These
changes were designed to loosen the contours of the collective bargaining process
which were originally imposed on matters arising under Act 47’s prior incarnation.
Under that scheme, where a municipality was operating pursuant to an Act 47 Plan,
a collective bargaining agreement or arbitration resolution executed after adoption
of the Plan was essentially set in stone, with no opportunity for alteration. As the
Majority recognizes, the revised Section 252 allows for “deviat[ion] from an Act
47 [P]lan under certain circumstances and [ ] provide[s] for a direct appeal to this
Court of an award doing so.” See Majority, Slip Op. at 3. It appears that the
Majority interprets this permission to “deviat[e]” so narrowly as to strangle it of
meaning. It is here that the Majority and I differ.
In the present case, and as the Majority recognizes, the Plan at issue
specifically made “[m]aintaining … competitive compensation” an issue in
determining the compensation to be paid to police officers in the City of
Pittsburgh. Majority, Slip Op. at 8-9. According to Designated Petitioner, failure
to provide compensation at a competitive rate constitutes a deviation from the Plan,
thus entitling it to direct appeal to this Court. This is a simple point which the
Majority somehow misses. Instead of allowing an appeal, the Majority looks to the
“entire provision” where this statement is found, and summarily determines that
“its purpose was to set ‘the maximum dollars available for each bargaining unit …
in each year, inclusive of increases and improvements to all components of
employee compensation other than pensions and retiree health.” Id. at 9. Finding
no “further discuss[ion of] maintenance of competitive compensation” within this

JMC-2
provision, the Majority leaps to the conclusion that “there was no ‘competitive
compensation’ requirement” from which the award at issue strayed. Id.
The words “competitive compensation” are rich with meaning in the
collective bargaining context. They provide a framework from which to judge an
award such as that present and to determine whether it complies with the plan on
which it is based. The Majority, however, completely excises these words from
the Plan and negates their import to it as if they were never written. This is an
astonishing move, one which treats the legislative broadening of the revised
Section 252 as if it were a mere draft.
In taking the steps it did with Section 252, the General Assembly
recognized the importance of allowing direct appeal to this Court in matters like
this. Such an appeal helps to streamline a complicated process and allows for a
swift resolution which would otherwise be denied by further litigation at a lower
level. The Majority strains its judicial muscle in this case to find otherwise, and in
so doing, renders the corrective measures of the Legislature nearly meaningless.
As I would allow this appeal to proceed, I must dissent.

___________________________
JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge

JMC-3