NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0431n.06
No. 16-3959
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
DAVID FUNDERWHITE, Jul 24, 2017
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
LOCAL 55, UNITED ASSOCIATION, STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
et al., NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
Defendants-Appellees.
BEFORE: GUY, CLAY, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff David Funderwhite sought a declaratory judgment
pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201–2202, against Defendants Local
55, United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting
Industry of the United States and Canada, et al. (“Local 55”), in connection with his termination
from Local 55’s apprenticeship program. Additionally, Funderwhite alleged state law breach of
contract claims against Local 55. The district court dismissed the complaint for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual background
Funderwhite began his journeyman plumber apprenticeship with Local 55 on September
8, 2009. As a condition of enrollment, Funderwhite entered into an apprenticeship agreement
No. 16-3959
(the “Apprenticeship Agreement”) whereby he agreed to abide by Local 55’s written standards
and policies. Under the terms of the Apprenticeship Agreement, an apprentice who accumulates
a total of thirty disciplinary points or more during the course of his apprenticeship is subject to
discharge from the program. Local 55’s apprenticeship program is registered with the United
States Department of Labor under the National Apprenticeship Act (“NAA”), 29 U.S.C. § 50, as
a program approved by a state apprenticeship agency. The state agency responsible for
overseeing the apprenticeship program is the Ohio State Apprenticeship Council (“OSAC”).
On March 26, 2012, Funderwhite incurred twenty disciplinary points for falsification of
information and failure to follow instructions. An additional three points were levied against him
for failing his third-year drawing course. On March 13, 2014, Funderwhite accrued an additional
disciplinary point for neglecting to make up lost class time. Finally, on June 11, 2014,
Funderwhite incurred three additional disciplinary points for failing his fifth-year plumbing
design and layout class. This brought his accumulated disciplinary point total to thirty-two.1 As a
consequence, Local 55 expelled Funderwhite from the apprenticeship program on June 13, 2014.
Funderwhite appealed his expulsion to Local 55’s Joint Apprenticeship Training
Committee. To this end, he appeared personally before the committee on August 6, 2014 to
challenge the individual assessment of his disciplinary points. Specifically, Funderwhite
contended that Local 55 either did not have sufficient grounds for assessing the points or that the
assessment of points was not applied uniformly. Funderwhite received a letter dated August 11,
2014, informing him that the committee denied his appeal. Funderwhite appealed to OSAC.
Pursuant to their independent investigation, OSAC affirmed Local 55’s assessment of
disciplinary points against Funderwhite and his discharge. During OSAC’s review of
1
The initial letter attached to the record indicates that Funderwhite was previously assessed five points,
which Funderwhite does not seek to challenge.
2
No. 16-3959
Funderwhite’s appeal, the agency cited one area of concern with respect to Local 55’s record-
keeping. OSAC recommended that Local 55 review and revamp its polices to ensure appropriate
documentation.
II. Procedural History
On March 10, 2016, Funderwhite filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for
the Northern District of Ohio. His complaint alleged three separate avenues of relief. In Count
One, Funderwhite sought declaratory relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2201 and § 2202. Specifically,
Funderwhite asserted that insufficient grounds existed for his expulsion; accordingly, Local 55’s
failure to preserve adequate records violated the federal policy underlying the NAA. Counts Two
and Three alleged state law breach of contract claims relating to the Apprenticeship Agreement.
Local 55 filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, contending that
Funderwhite’s complaint failed to raise a federal question. The district court agreed and
dismissed the complaint on July 20, 2016, declining to take supplemental jurisdiction over the
state law claims. On August 19, 2016, Funderwhite filed timely notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
Generally, this Court reviews de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss a case for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Cartwright v. Garner, 751 F.3d 752, 760
(6th Cir. 2014). A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction involves either a facial
attack or a factual attack. Glob. Tech., Inc. v. Yubei (XinXiang) Power Steering Sys. Co., Ltd.,
807 F.3d 806, 810 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Am. Telecom Co., LLC v. Republic of Lebanon,
501 F.3d 534, 537 (6th Cir. 2007)). “When reviewing a facial attack, a district court takes the
allegations in the complaint as true.” Gentek Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Sherwin–Williams Co.,
3
No. 16-3959
491 F.3d 320, 330 (6th Cir. 2007). But when a Rule 12(b)(1) motion attacks a complaint’s
factual predicate, the court does not presume that the plaintiff’s factual allegations are true.
Russell v. Lundergan–Grimes, 784 F.3d 1037, 1045 (6th Cir. 2015). As always, the party
invoking federal jurisdiction has the burden to prove the existence of that jurisdiction. See id.
II. Analysis
The Constitution gives Congress the exclusive power to determine a federal court’s
subject matter jurisdiction. U.S. Const. art. III, § 1; Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 452 (2004).
To that end, Congress has articulated two circumstances under which a federal court may
exercise jurisdiction over a claim: (1) in civil actions between citizens of different states where
the amount in controversy exceeds $ 75,000, called diversity jurisdiction; and (2) in civil actions
“arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States,” referred to as federal
question jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331–1332. Funderwhite never pled diversity
jurisdiction, and therefore, we focus solely on whether his complaint raises a federal question.
Under federal question jurisdiction, a claim must arise under federal law. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1331. To determine whether federal question jurisdiction exists, we consider the “well-
pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Berera v. Mesa Med. Grp., PLLC, 779 F.3d 352, 357 (6th
Cir. 2015). Generally, a suit “arises under” federal law “only when the plaintiff’s statement of his
own cause of action shows that it is based upon [federal law].” Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S.
49, 60 (2009) (quoting Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149, 152 (1908)).
However, there are exceptions to the well-pleaded complaint rule. One exception is the artful-
pleading doctrine: plaintiffs may not “avoid . . . jurisdiction by artfully casting their essentially
federal law claims as state-law claims.” Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394,
397 n. 2 (1981) (internal citations and alterations omitted). A related exception is the “complete-
4
No. 16-3959
preemption doctrine,” whereby “a federal statute wholly displaces the state-law cause of action
through complete pre-emption.” Beneficial Nat. Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 8 (2003).
Most relevant for purposes of this appeal is the substantial federal question doctrine. The
Supreme Court “has . . . long recognized that [ ] jurisdiction will lie over some state-law claims
that implicate significant federal issues.” Grable & Sons Metal Prods., Inc. v. Darue Eng’g &
Mfg., 545 U.S. 308 (2005); see also Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co., 255 U.S. 180, 200
(1921). Such claims arise “where the vindication of a right under state law necessarily turn[s] on
some construction of federal law,” even though the complaint does not articulate a federal cause
of action. Franchise Tax Bd. v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Trust, 463 U.S. 1, 9 (1983). It should
be noted that the mere presence of a federal issue in what is otherwise a state law claim does not
automatically confer federal jurisdiction. Empire Healthchoice Assur., Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U.S.
677, 701 (2006) (“[I]t takes more than a federal element to open the ‘arising under’ door.”)
(internal citations omitted). Such jurisdiction remains exceptional. Mikulski v. Centerior Energy
Corp., 501 F.3d 555, 565 (6th Cir. 2007). Put in other terms, the disputed question of federal law
must be a “necessary element” of the state law claim, such that the state law claim is “really one
of federal law.” Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. at 13 (emphasis added and internal quotation marks
omitted).
According to Funderwhite, Local 55 did not afford Funderwhite with the opportunity to
contest twenty-seven of his thirty-two disciplinary points. Funderwhite asserts that under the
federal regulatory scheme in place governing registered apprenticeship programs, he is entitled
to certain due process protections as a member of such a registered program. Consequently,
Funderwhite contends that his claims “arise under” federal law because this Court must
5
No. 16-3959
determine the scope of such purported rights by interpreting federal regulations expressed by the
NAA. This Court disagrees, and holds that no basis exists for federal jurisdiction.
a. Well-pleaded complaint
As a threshold matter, not one of Funderwhite’s three alleged causes of action satisfies
the well-pleaded complaint rule. With respect to his first claim, Funderwhite seeks declaratory
relief pursuant to alleged violations of the NAA. In the declaratory-judgment context, the
existence of federal jurisdiction is determined by reference to a hypothetical non-declaratory suit
between the same parties. If a federal question appears in the complaint in this hypothetical suit,
then federal jurisdiction would lie between the parties. See Chase Bank USA, N.A. v. City of
Cleveland, 695 F.3d 548, 554 (6th Cir. 2012). But courts have long recognized that the operation
of the Declaratory Judgment Act is procedural and does not extend the jurisdiction of the federal
courts. Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671–72 (1960). Rather, the statute
affords federal courts the ability to declare the rights of a party in a case without granting any
other form of relief. Operating by itself, the Declaratory Judgment Act does not confer federal
jurisdiction upon the courts. See Michigan Corr. Org. v. Michigan Dep’t of Corr., 774 F.3d 895,
902 (6th Cir. 2014) (the act does not provide “an independent basis for federal subject matter
jurisdiction.”). Therefore, a federal court “must have jurisdiction already under some other
federal statute” before a plaintiff can invoke the Declaratory Judgment Act. Toledo v. Jackson,
485 F.3d 836, 839 (6th Cir. 2007).
Funderwhite does not assert that the NAA functions as an independent basis for
jurisdiction, and in any event, this Court has previously held that the NAA does not provide an
enforcement mechanism to private litigants. See Thomas v. Joint Apprenticeship Comm. of
Plumbing & Pipefitting Indus., Local No. 225, 823 F.2d 553, at *2–3 (6th Cir. 1987)
6
No. 16-3959
(unpublished) (finding that in light of the NAA’s explicit grant of enforcement authority to the
Secretary of Labor, no private cause of action can be implied). Insofar as the underlying basis for
relief is the NAA, this Court cannot exercise jurisdiction because a hypothetical litigant cannot
state a cognizable claim under the NAA. And because Funderwhite fails to provide a federal
cause of action which may serve as a basis for declaratory relief, his first claim does not satisfy
the well-pleaded complaint rule.
With respect to his second and third claims, Funderwhite again fails to satisfy the well-
pleaded complaint rule. On its face, neither Funderwhite’s breach of contract claim nor his
breach of implied contract claim arises under the United States Constitution or a federal statute.
Funderwhite does not dispute this fact; instead, he contends that the substantial federal question
doctrine applies in the instant action.
b. Substantial Federal Question
Funderwhite argues that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over his case because
his state law breach of contract claims contain an embedded federal question, making federal
court the appropriate forum to resolve his dispute with Local 55. The basis for his belief is less
than clear. Funderwhite repeatedly references the NAA and states that the NAA contains certain
provisions and policies that ensure “due process” protections for apprentices. However, as we
have previously stated, he lacks standing to challenge violations of the NAA. Therefore, his
claim is either that: (1) his apprenticeship agreement does not contain those protections, but
should; or (2) that his apprenticeship agreement incorporates by reference certain protections of
the NAA, the scope of which must be determined by a court before ruling upon his breach of
contract claim. We need not go any further in discerning Funderwhite’s precise argument
because any construction of his claim fails to raise a substantial federal question.
7
No. 16-3959
This Court has established a three-part test for determining whether a state law claim
involves a substantial federal question: “(1) the state law claim must necessarily raise a disputed
federal issue; (2) the federal interest in the issue must be substantial; and (3) the exercise of
jurisdiction must not disturb any congressionally approved balance of federal and state judicial
responsibilities.” Mikulski, 501 F.3d at 568 (citing Grable, 545 U.S. at 314). Upon reviewing
these factors, we are convinced that the exercise of federal jurisdiction is inappropriate in the
instant case.
i. Disputed federal issue
With respect to the first factor, this Court made clear in Columbia Gas Transmission,
LLC v. Singh, 707 F.3d 583, 589 (6th Cir. 2013), that in order for a litigant to implicate federal
jurisdiction there needs to be an actual dispute over a federal issue by both parties. In order to do
so, the parties must “cross swords over” a federal issue such that two competing interpretations
are asserted. Mikulski, 501 F.3d at 569 (quoting Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 512
(2006)). Given Funderwhite’s ever-changing framing of his argument, it is difficult for us to
ascertain the precise nature of the federal dispute at issue in this case. But because the existence
of a disputed federal issue is not a dispositive factor in the Mikulski test, we assume without
deciding that Funderwhite has met this prong of the test. See id. at 569–70 (concluding that there
was no basis for subject matter jurisdiction even though plaintiffs presented the court with a
federal issue that was disputed). Even assuming that this component is satisfied, we decline to
assert jurisdiction because neither of the two remaining factors of Mikulski test have been
satisfied.
8
No. 16-3959
ii. Nature of the federal interest
Under the second factor expressed by Mikulski, in order to give rise to subject matter
jurisdiction the issue must be of substantial federal interest. There are four aspects of a case that
affect the substantiality of the federal issue:
(1) whether the case includes a federal agency, and particularly, whether that
agency’s compliance with the federal statute is in dispute; (2) whether the federal
question is important (i.e., not trivial); (3) whether a decision on the federal
question will resolve the case (i.e., the federal question is not merely incidental to
the outcome); and (4) whether a decision as to the federal question will control
numerous other cases (i.e., the issue is not anomalous or isolated).
Mikulski, 501 F.3d at 570. “While certain of these factors may be more applicable than others in
any given set of circumstances, no single factor is dispositive and these factors must be
considered collectively, along with any other factors that may be applicable in a given case.” Id.
Funderwhite argues that the federal interest is substantial because the “entire framework
of the National Apprenticeship Act stems from a congressional declaration that regulation of
apprenticeship programs at the federal level is ‘necessary to safeguard the welfare of
apprentices.’” (Appellant Br., pg. 36) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 50). This Court disagrees as the
factors all cut against jurisdiction.
The first factor weighs against characterizing the federal interest as substantial because
there is no federal agency involvement. The agency responsible for overseeing the
apprenticeship program operated by Local 55 is not a federal agency but the Ohio State
Apprenticeship Council. It regulates and monitors all Ohio apprenticeship programs to ensure
compliance with both Ohio law and federal law. OSAC has the power to punish a non-compliant
apprenticeship program, and any remedy for such a violation would take the form of an
enforcement action by OSAC, ultimately resulting in the de-registration of Local 55’s
apprenticeship program.
9
No. 16-3959
The second factor is more subjective, but nonetheless, cuts against Funderwhite. In its
consideration, this Court must determine whether the federal question “implicate[s] any broader
or more substantial issue.” Mikulski, 501 F.3d at 571. Even assuming that the NAA gives rise to
due process rights, it is unclear how answering the specific question of whether breach of the
Apprenticeship Agreement by Local 55 implicates such due process concerns, requires resolution
of any broader or more substantial federal issue. Although Funderwhite claims that the entire
framework of the NAA stems from a congressional declaration that apprentice rights should be
protected, the responsibility for enforcement of such rights has been assigned to the Secretary of
Labor and not to individual plaintiffs. Consequently, our resolution of this case should be narrow
and confined to the factual circumstances giving rise to the dispute.
The third factor—whether resolution of the federal question is dispositive of this case—
also cuts against Funderwhite. Assuming that the Court finds that the NAA imbues Funderwhite
with certain procedural protections, the Court would still need to determine whether the process
in place was somehow insufficient. And even if the process in place was insufficient, the real
gravamen of Funderwhite’s dispute is that Local 55 improperly assessed the disciplinary points
against him. Under such circumstances, a federal court would still be required to engage in fact-
finding to resolve whether Funderwhite should be reinstated to the program.
The fourth factor also weighs against Funderwhite. Foremost, given the amorphous
nature of his claims, it is impossible to say that a decision in this case would provide any
meaningful precedent. The issues appear limited to the specific factual circumstances
surrounding Funderwhite’s expulsion from the apprenticeship program. Consequently, the
totality of these factors suggests that no substantial federal issue is implicated in this dispute.
10
No. 16-3959
iii. Congressionally approved balance
The last factor to be considered is whether a federal court’s exercise of jurisdiction
disturbs any congressionally approved balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities.
Courts have denied subject matter jurisdiction when the grant of jurisdiction would greatly
expand the number of cases brought before federal courts. See Grable, 545 U.S. at 314–15 (“But
even when the state action discloses a contested and substantial federal question, the exercise of
federal jurisdiction is subject to a possible veto. For the federal issue will ultimately qualify for a
federal forum only if federal jurisdiction is consistent with congressional judgment about the
sound division of labor between state and federal courts.”). Congress’s decision not to grant
individual apprentices the right to sue in order to enforce provisions of the NAA militates against
recognizing jurisdiction in this case. If Congress desired apprentices to have the ability to bring
suits under the NAA, it could have elected to grant them such a right. Allowing Funderwhite to
reframe his NAA argument as a breach of contract claim under federal jurisdiction would
undermine the enforcement framework created by the federal statute. And by recognizing such a
claim in the instant case, this Court would open the door for every disgruntled apprentice to seek
relief in federal court. This appears contrary to the congressional intent underlying the NAA.
Accordingly, we see no basis for a federal court to exercise jurisdiction in this dispute.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to dismiss the case
based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
11