Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
07/27/2017 12:09 AM CDT
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
Latriesha L. Rogers, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed July 21, 2017. No. S-16-1114.
1. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure: Motions to Suppress:
Appeal and Error. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
suppress based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment, an
appellate court applies a two-part standard of review. Regarding histori-
cal facts, an appellate court reviews the trial court’s findings for clear
error, but whether those facts trigger or violate Fourth Amendment pro-
tection is a question of law that an appellate court reviews independently
of the trial court’s determination.
2. Motions to Suppress: Trial: Pretrial Procedure: Appeal and Error.
When a motion to suppress is denied pretrial and again during trial on
renewed objection, an appellate court considers all the evidence, both
from trial and from the hearings on the motion to suppress.
3. Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sen-
tence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion
by the trial court.
4. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure. The Fourth Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution and article I, § 7, of the Nebraska Constitution
guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures.
5. Search and Seizure: Evidence: Trial. Evidence obtained as the fruit
of an illegal search or seizure is inadmissible in a state prosecution and
must be excluded.
6. Constitutional Law: Police Officers and Sheriffs: Search and
Seizure: Arrests. The Nebraska Supreme Court has described three
tiers of police-citizen encounters. A tier-one police-citizen encounter
involves the voluntary cooperation of the citizen elicited through non-
coercive questioning and does not involve any restraint of liberty of the
citizen. Because tier-one encounters do not rise to the level of a seizure,
they are outside the realm of Fourth Amendment protection. A tier-two
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
police-citizen encounter involves a brief, nonintrusive detention during
a frisk for weapons or preliminary questioning. A tier-three police-
citizen encounter constitutes an arrest, which involves a highly intrusive
or lengthy search or detention. Tier-two and tier-three police-citizen
encounters are seizures sufficient to invoke the protections of the Fourth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
7. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure. A seizure in the Fourth
Amendment context occurs only if, in view of all the circumstances sur-
rounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he
or she was not free to leave.
8. Police Officers and Sheriffs: Search and Seizure. In addition to situ-
ations where an officer directly tells a suspect that he or she is not free
to go, circumstances indicative of a seizure may include the threaten-
ing presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer,
some physical touching of the citizen’s person, or the use of language or
tone of voice indicating the compliance with the officer’s request might
be compelled.
9. Constitutional Law: Police Officers and Sheriffs: Search and
Seizure. An officer’s merely questioning an individual in a public
place, such as asking for identification, is not a seizure subject to Fourth
Amendment protections, so long as the questioning is carried on without
interrupting or restraining the person’s movement.
10. ____: ____: ____. An officer’s request that an individual step out of
a parked vehicle does not automatically transform a tier-one police-
citizen encounter into a tier-two encounter. But, if the totality of the
circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he or she
was not free to ignore the request and stay in the vehicle, a seizure has
occurred for Fourth Amendment purposes.
11. Probable Cause: Words and Phrases. Reasonable suspicion entails
some minimal level of objective justification for detention, something
more than an inchoate and unparticularized hunch, but less than the level
of suspicion required for probable cause.
12. Investigative Stops: Police Officers and Sheriffs: Probable Cause.
Whether a police officer has a reasonable suspicion based on sufficient
articulable facts depends on the totality of the circumstances and must
be determined on a case-by-case basis.
13. Sentences: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a sentence imposed within
the statutory limits, an appellate court considers whether the sentenc-
ing court abused its discretion in considering and applying the relevant
factors as well as any legal principles in determining the sentence to
be imposed.
14. Sentences. When imposing a sentence, the sentencing court is to con-
sider the defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3) education and experience,
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
(4) social and cultural background, (5) past criminal record or record of
law-abiding conduct, and (6) motivation for the offense, as well as (7)
the nature of the offense and (8) the amount of violence involved in the
commission of the crime.
15. ____. Because the appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjec-
tive judgment and includes the sentencing judge’s observation of the
defendant’s demeanor and attitude and all the facts and circumstances
surrounding the defendant’s life, a sentencing court is accorded very
wide discretion in imposing a sentence.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Lori
A. M aret, Judge. Affirmed.
Christopher Eickholt for appellant.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Joe Meyer for
appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
Cassel, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this direct appeal, Latriesha L. Rogers challenges the
denial of her motion to suppress evidence seized during the
detention and search of a vehicle in which she was a passenger.
The critical issue is when the encounter reached the second-tier
and what reasonable suspicion existed at that point. Rogers
also alleges that she received an excessive sentence. Finding
no merit in her arguments, we affirm.
II. BACKGROUND
1. Police-Citizen Encounter
On August 5, 2015, a Lincoln police officer located a
vehicle associated with an individual wanted on a federal
indictment. The vehicle was parked on a residential street and
had two occupants. A second vehicle was parked in front of
the target vehicle with the engine running and three occupants.
The officer parked her patrol vehicle in the middle of the
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
street and approached the second vehicle on foot to ensure the
wanted individual was not inside and about to leave.
On approaching the vehicle, the officer noticed the front
seat passenger reach under his seat and directed him to stop
in case he had a weapon. The officer then spoke to the driver
and explained that she was looking for a wanted individual.
Within 20 to 30 seconds, three officers from the Lincoln
Police Department and the Metro Area Fugitive Task Force
arrived to assist the lead officer in identifying the occupants of
the vehicle.
After a minute had passed, the officer realized that the
wanted individual was not in the vehicle. However, she contin-
ued to attempt to identify the occupants of the vehicle, because
she recognized the driver as a contact for several narcotics
investigations and believed he was involved with the selling
of narcotics. She also suspected the front seat passenger had
hidden a weapon or contraband under the front seat while she
walked up to the vehicle. She did not recognize that passenger
or the one in the back seat, but the back seat passenger was
later identified as Rogers.
While identifying the occupants of the vehicle, the officers
had the three individuals exit the vehicle and the front seat
passenger was arrested after determining there was a warrant
for his arrest. After Rogers exited the vehicle, the lead officer
looked through the windows and noticed a purse with a small
plastic bag sticking out of it on the floor in the back seat.
The officer recognized the bag as consistent with those used
in narcotics sales and asked for consent to search the vehicle,
but her request was denied. At this point, the officers called
for a drug detection dog to conduct a sniff search around
the vehicle.
The drug detection dog alerted on the driver’s side of the
vehicle, and the officers then conducted a search of the vehicle
and its contents—including the purse on the floor of the back
seat. The search of the purse yielded a pipe and the observed
plastic bag which contained some residue. The pipe pretested
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
positive for amphetamines. After the pipe and purse were con-
firmed to belong to Rogers, she was arrested and charged with
possession of a controlled substance.
2. Motion to Suppress
Rogers filed a motion to suppress evidence concerning the
stop and search of the vehicle and the evidence seized as a
result of the search. Following a hearing, the district court
overruled the motion. The court concluded that the encounter
was initially a first-tier encounter that escalated to a second-
tier and eventually a third-tier encounter. And, it found that
there was reasonable suspicion of illegal activity to justify
the second-tier investigation based on the lead officer’s past
encounters with the driver of the vehicle, “the furtive move-
ments of the front seat passenger, and the observation of the
baggie in the purse in the rear passenger floor board.”
The case proceeded to trial, where Rogers preserved her
objection raised in the motion to suppress. After all the evi-
dence was presented, the jury found Rogers guilty of the crime
charged. The district court sentenced her to 20 months’ to 5
years’ imprisonment.
Rogers appealed, and we moved the case to our docket.1
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Rogers assigns, restated, that the district court erred in
(1) overruling her motion to suppress the stop and search of
a vehicle in which she was a passenger and the subsequent
search and seizure of its contents and (2) imposing an exces-
sive sentence.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to sup-
press based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment,
an appellate court applies a two-part standard of review.2
1
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Reissue 2016).
2
State v. Milos, 294 Neb. 375, 882 N.W.2d 696 (2016).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
Regarding historical facts, an appellate court reviews the trial
court’s findings for clear error, but whether those facts trig-
ger or violate Fourth Amendment protection is a question of
law that an appellate court reviews independently of the trial
court’s determination.3 When a motion to suppress is denied
pretrial and again during trial on renewed objection, an appel-
late court considers all the evidence, both from trial and from
the hearings on the motion to suppress.4
[3] We will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statu-
tory limits absent an abuse of discretion by the trial court.5
V. ANALYSIS
1. Seizure
Rogers alleges that the district court erred when it overruled
her motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of her
encounter with law enforcement officials on August 5, 2015.
She argues that the initial encounter with the lead law enforce-
ment officer amounted to a seizure when she was detained
after the officer determined the wanted individual was not in
the vehicle. And, she argues that the investigatory stop was not
supported by reasonable suspicion.
[4,5] The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and
article I, § 7, of the Nebraska Constitution guarantee against
unreasonable searches and seizures.6 Evidence obtained as the
fruit of an illegal search or seizure is inadmissible in a state
prosecution and must be excluded.7
To analyze the legality of the search and seizure, we must
first determine when the seizure occurred and then address
whether the seizure was supported by reasonable suspicion.
3
Id.
4
State v. Tyler, 291 Neb. 920, 870 N.W.2d 119 (2015).
5
State v. Loding, 296 Neb. 670, 895 N.W.2d 669 (2017).
6
State v. Milos, supra note 2.
7
Id.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
(a) Classification of
Police-Citizen Encounter
[6] We have described three tiers of police-citizen encoun-
ters.8 A tier-one police-citizen encounter involves the volun-
tary cooperation of the citizen elicited through noncoercive
questioning and does not involve any restraint of liberty of the
citizen.9 Because tier-one encounters do not rise to the level of
a seizure, they are outside the realm of Fourth Amendment pro-
tection.10 A tier-two police-citizen encounter involves a brief,
nonintrusive detention during a frisk for weapons or prelimi-
nary questioning.11 A tier-three police-citizen encounter con-
stitutes an arrest, which involves a highly intrusive or lengthy
search or detention.12 Tier-two and tier-three police-citizen
encounters are seizures sufficient to invoke the protections of
the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.13
[7-9] A seizure in the Fourth Amendment context occurs
only if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the
incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he or
she was not free to leave.14 In addition to situations where an
officer directly tells a suspect that he or she is not free to go,
circumstances indicative of a seizure may include the threaten-
ing presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by
an officer, some physical touching of the citizen’s person, or
the use of language or tone of voice indicating the compli-
ance with the officer’s request might be compelled.15 But an
officer’s merely questioning an individual in a public place,
8
See State v. Van Ackeren, 242 Neb. 479, 495 N.W.2d 630 (1993).
9
State v. Milos, supra note 2.
10
Id.
11
Id.
12
Id.
13
Id.
14
Id.
15
Id.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
such as asking for identification, is not a seizure subject
to Fourth Amendment protections, so long as the question-
ing is carried on without interrupting or restraining the per-
son’s movement.16
Without repeating all the facts recited above, it is clear that
the police-citizen encounter began as a tier-one encounter and
escalated to a tier-two encounter when Rogers and the other
two passengers were directed to exit the vehicle. The district
court did not account for the passengers exiting or being
asked to exit the vehicle when it made its determination on
the motion to suppress. Thus, on this point, we are not con-
strained by a specific finding of historical fact.
[10] An officer’s request that an individual step out of a
parked vehicle does not automatically transform a tier-one
police-citizen encounter into a tier-two encounter.17 But, if the
totality of the circumstances are such that a reasonable person
would believe he or she was not free to ignore the request
and stay in the vehicle, a seizure has occurred for Fourth
Amendment purposes.18 The circumstances of the encounter
demonstrate that the law enforcement officials made a sig-
nificant show of authority before asking Rogers to exit the
vehicle. The passengers were outnumbered and surrounded by
law enforcement officials. And, Rogers was asked to exit the
vehicle after one of the other passengers was arrested. These
16
Id.
17
Id.
18
See State v. Hedgcock, 277 Neb. 805, 765 N.W.2d 469 (2009). See,
also, Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 99 S. Ct. 1391, 59 L. Ed. 2d
660 (1979); Frette v. City of Springdale, 331 Ark. 103, 959 S.W.2d 734
(1998); Sharp v. U.S., 132 A.3d 161 (D.C. 2016); Popple v. State, 626
So. 2d 185 (Fla. 1993); People v Freeman, 413 Mich. 492, 320 N.W.2d
878 (1982); State in Interest of A.P., 315 N.J. Super. 166, 716 A.2d 1211
(1998); People v Harrison, 57 N.Y.2d 470, 443 N.E.2d 447, 457 N.Y.S.2d
199 (1982); Johnson v. State, 658 S.W.2d 623 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983),
overruled on other grounds, Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
circumstances surrounding the request to exit the vehicle
would have made a reasonable person believe that he or she
was not free to stay in the vehicle. Consequently, for the
request to exit the vehicle to be a lawful seizure, the officer
needed to have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.
(b) Reasonable Suspicion
Rogers alleges that the lead officer had no reasonable suspi-
cion of illegal activity to justify the detention of the passengers
of the vehicle after the lead officer determined the wanted
individual was not in the vehicle. She argues that the deten-
tion was only supported by a “‘hunch’” that the driver may be
involved in illegal activity because he lived with individuals
who were being investigated for the sale of narcotics.19
[11,12] Reasonable suspicion entails some minimal level of
objective justification for detention, something more than an
inchoate and unparticularized hunch, but less than the level of
suspicion required for probable cause.20 Whether a police offi-
cer has a reasonable suspicion based on sufficient articulable
facts depends on the totality of the circumstances and must be
determined on a case-by-case basis.21
In this case, the lead officer witnessed the front seat pas-
senger reach underneath his seat, which suggested to her that
he was possibly retrieving or hiding contraband or weapons.22
The officer also recognized the driver as a known contact
for narcotics, and the assisting officers provided narcotics
intelligence regarding the front seat passenger. These facts
combined with the close proximity of the vehicle to the target
vehicle associated with a wanted individual were sufficient to
19
Brief for appellant at 17.
20
State v. Au, 285 Neb. 797, 829 N.W.2d 695 (2013).
21
State v. Wells, 290 Neb. 186, 859 N.W.2d 316 (2015).
22
See State v. Voichahoske, 271 Neb. 64, 709 N.W.2d 659 (2006) (determining
that observing passenger reach under seat to stow something contributed to
reasonable suspicion).
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297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the occupants of the
vehicle were involved in illegal drug activity.
After the lead officer observed the small plastic bag, similar
to those used in narcotics sales, inside Rogers’ purse, the offi-
cers had reasonable suspicion to further detain Rogers and the
other passengers of the vehicle for a drug detection dog sniff.
It is undisputed that the drug detection dog sniff was initiated
and concluded within a reasonable time and that the officers
had probable cause to search the vehicle after the dog alerted to
the presence of drugs. Therefore, the district court did not err
in overruling Rogers’ motion to suppress.
2. Sentence
Rogers alleges that she received an excessive sentence,
because the district court “failed to meaningfully consider
the circumstances surrounding the offense, the nature of the
offense, the age, mentality and history of [Rogers] and the
circumstances relating to [Rogers’] life.”23 She argues that the
district court made no specific factual findings to justify the
sentence and should have explained the maximum sentence
that “should be saved for the ‘worst of the worst’ offenders.”24
Because Rogers was convicted of a Class IV felony committed
before August 30, 2015, she was subject to a sentence of up
to 5 years’ imprisonment, a $10,000 fine, or both.25 Thus, her
sentence of 20 months’ to 5 years’ imprisonment was within
the statutory limits.
[13,14] In reviewing a sentence imposed within the statu-
tory limits, an appellate court considers whether the sentenc-
ing court abused its discretion in considering and applying the
relevant factors as well as any legal principles in determining
the sentence to be imposed.26 When imposing a sentence, the
23
Brief for appellant at 21.
24
Id. at 23.
25
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-105(1) (Cum. Supp. 2014). See, also, § 28-105(8)
(Reissue 2016) and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-116 (Reissue 2016).
26
State v. Loding, supra note 5.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. ROGERS
Cite as 297 Neb. 265
sentencing court is to consider the defendant’s (1) age, (2)
mentality, (3) education and experience, (4) social and cultural
background, (5) past criminal record or record of law-abiding
conduct, and (6) motivation for the offense, as well as (7) the
nature of the offense and (8) the amount of violence involved
in the commission of the crime.27
[15] There is no evidence that the district court failed to
consider the appropriate factors in sentencing Rogers. And,
the court was not required to make specific factual findings to
justify the sentence imposed. Because the appropriateness of a
sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the
sentencing judge’s observation of the defendant’s demeanor
and attitude and all the facts and circumstances surround-
ing the defendant’s life, a sentencing court is accorded very
wide discretion in imposing a sentence.28 Accordingly, we
conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in imposing
Rogers’ sentence.
VI. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the officers’ seizure of Rogers was sup-
ported by reasonable suspicion and that the district court did
not err in overruling Rogers’ motion to suppress. Because we
also conclude that the sentence imposed did not constitute
an abuse of discretion, we affirm the judgment of the dis-
trict court.
A ffirmed.
27
Id.
28
See, State v. Draper, 295 Neb. 88, 886 N.W.2d 266 (2016); State v. Custer,
292 Neb. 88, 871 N.W.2d 243 (2015).