De Sousa v. Embassy of the Republic of Angola

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LUIS DE SOUSA,
Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 16-367 (BAH)

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
ANGOLA,
Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The plaintiff, Luis de Sousa, who is proceeding pro se, filed this action seeking

$360,000,000.00 in damages from the defendant, the Embassy of the Republic of Angola, for

breach of contract, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. See Pl.’s

Proposed Third Amended Complaint (“Prop. Third. Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 44--47, 63, ECF No. 53-1.

After the Court’s resolution of nine initial motions, see De Sousa v. Embassy of Angl., 2017 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 2750 (D.D.C. Jan. 9, 2017), the defendant has filed the pending Motion to Dismiss

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim, Def.’s Mot. Dismiss

(“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 49; Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 49-1,

and in response, the plaintiff seeks a third amendment to his complaint, Pl.’s Third Mot. Amd.

Compl. (“Pl.’s Mot. Amd.”), ECF No. 53; see also Pl.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Amend (“Pl.’s

Reply”), ECF No. 55. For the reasons set forth below, the defendant’s motion to dismiss is

granted and the plaintiff’s motion is denied as futile.
I. BACKGROUND

Summarized below are the factual allegations made in the Proposed Third Amended

Complaint, which is difficult to understand in places but nonetheless assumed to be true for the

purpose of resolving the pending motions. 1

In July 2015, the plaintiff began performing and supervising construction work on the

Embassy of Angola at the request of the Ambassador, whose children had been friends with the

plaintiff “from a young age.” Prop. Third Amd. Compl. ¶¶ 11–14, 38. When submitting

invoices, some of which were billed by “[the plaintiff’s] business, Luenda Group LLC,” the

plaintiff artificially inflated his costs to receive a “commission,” which commission ultimately

totaled $14,000.. Id. ¶¶ 12, 17–18. The Ambassador approved the commission payments, but

“no one was suppose[d] to know” about the commissions or the details of the invoices. Id. ¶ 12--

13.

After a number of “strange and complicated transaction[s]” among the plaintiff’s

business Luenda Group LLC, the defendant, and a subcontractor, id. ¶¶ 13–18, the Ambassador

ended the arrangement and asked the plaintiff to repay his “commission” because the

Ambassador “did not want the employees at the embassy to think that he doing something

unethical,” id. ¶21–22. This request strained the plaintiff’s finances and the parties’ relationship,

which was then further damaged when the Ambassador’s daughter “Mrs. Guerreiro,” who was

an Embassy employee, refused to give the plaintiff a signed contract for the work he had been

doing because he had been “stealing” from the Embassy. Id. ¶¶ 24–25. The relationship reached

1
The Proposed Third Amended Complaint generally adds certain factual allegations absent from the two
prior iterations of the complaint, but these proposed further amendments do little to elucidate the actual claims the
plaintiff intends to raise. Rather than contain a “short and plain statement of [his] claim[s]” as required by Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), the plaintiff’s complaint is twenty-six pages of run-on narrative paragraphs followed
by a prayer for relief. See Prop. Third Amd. Compl. The claims the plaintiff likely intends to raise are nevertheless
considered to the extent they can be deciphered, given the liberal interpretation courts are required to accord to pro
se filings. Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

2
a total breakdown in late September 2015, when Mrs. Guerreiro’s husband, whom the parties do

not dispute was not an Embassy employee, “pushed and verbally attacked [the plaintiff’s] wife

and ma[de] death threats toward [the plaintiff]” at a social event because the plaintiff “hadn’t

answered [his] phone,” when “Mr. Guerreiro” had called him earlier. Id. ¶ 29. 2

The plaintiff continued to seek payment for his work after the pushing and verbal

altercation incident, but the Ambassador, the Guerreiros, and the Ambassador’s other daughter,

“Ms. Claudia,” who was also an Embassy employee, began a “very brutal campaign” involving

“intimidation and threats” against the plaintiff causing him “extensive emotional distress,” and

“defamation” that injured the plaintiff’s professional reputation. Id. ¶¶ 26–29, 30, 37–39. This

campaign apparently began a few weeks after the incident, when, at a meeting with the plaintiff,

Mrs. Guerreiro and “the financier of the Embassy” called him “derogatory names,” “threatened”

him, and berated him for “overcharging the Embassy.” Id. ¶ 26. The plaintiff, upset by the

meeting as well as his ongoing difficulties getting paid, went to the Ambassador, who turned him

away and told him that any financial dispute was between him and the subcontractor. Id. ¶ 27.1. 3

Frustrated with the situation, the plaintiff somehow “blocked . . . any contact” with the Embassy.

Id.

After some time, the plaintiff was contacted by the Ambassador, who “apologize[d]” to

the plaintiff, promising him a “newer, bigger contract” to make up for cancelling the

“commission,” and the plaintiff agreed to do more work on the Embassy. Id. ¶ 27.2. This

improved relationship apparently did not last. The plaintiff returned to the Embassy in January

2016 to begin his work, and on January 11, 2016, had a meeting with Ms. Claudia and her

2
The plaintiff asserts that his wife performed unpaid work for the Embassy in 2013, Prop. Third Amd.
Compl. ¶¶ 31–35, but the plaintiff’s wife is not a party to this suit.
3
The Proposed Third Amended Complaint contains two paragraphs labeled “27,” which the Court refers to
as ¶ 27.1 and ¶ 27.2, respectively.

3
husband, who threatened him for trying to get a signed contract and “allud[ed] to his death.” Id.

¶ 28. Despite this conduct, the meeting ended with the two Embassy employees promising to

help the plaintiff get a signed contract. Id. ¶ 28. The stress of these events caused the plaintiff

health issues and “a loss of business investment” because of his tarnished reputation. Id. ¶¶ 40,

47, 50. At some unspecified time during these events, the Ambassador “one time . . . threatened

[the plaintiff] with death.” Id. ¶ 30.

In February 2016, the plaintiff filed suit in this Court, seeking $360,000,000.00 for

breach of “verbal contract” and related injury, id. ¶ 46, “emotional distress,” id. ¶¶ 44, 51, 57,

and “defamation,” id. ¶¶ 42, 60. Three weeks later, Mr. Guerreiro flew to Angola and allegedly

threatened the plaintiff’s brother with “serious consequences” if the plaintiff did not drop the

case, and “a few weeks later,” the plaintiff’s brother-in-law lost his government job. Id. ¶ 39. At

this point, the plaintiff “began to take” the conduct of the Embassy employees “seriously.” Pl.’s

Reply at 12.

Mr. Guerreiro’s trip prompted the plaintiff to amend his complaint, to include

information about what had happened to his brother-in-law in Angola and to provide greater

detail about his previously-raised allegations. See Order, dated May 27, 2016 (granting plaintiff’s

motion to amend complaint “as a matter of course”). After resolving a series of motions from

both parties, including two defense motions to quash for insufficient service of process,

plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend the complaint, and five motions by the plaintiff to attach

embassy property, see De Sousa, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2750, the defendant filed the instant

motion to dismiss on grounds that the plaintiff’s suit was barred because he failed to comply with

local business registration requirements and because he failed to allege sufficient facts to support

his tort claims. Def.’s Mem. at 3–15; see also Def.’s Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Amd. (“Def.’s Opp’n”) at

4
4–11, ECF No. 54. The Court then advised the plaintiff of the consequences of failure to

respond to a dispositive motion or to dispute facts asserted by the movant, as required by Fox v.

Strickland, 837 F.2d 507, 509 (D.C. Cir. 1988) and Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453, 456 (D.C. Cir.

1992). See Order, dated January 25, 2017. In response to the motion to dismiss, the plaintiff

filed what appears to be both an opposition to the motion to dismiss and a motion for leave to

amend the complaint for a third time. See generally Pl.’s Mot. Amd. Both motions are now ripe

for review.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

“‘Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,’ possessing ‘only that power

authorized by Constitution and statute.’” Gunn v. Minton, 568 U.S. 251, 256 (2013) (quoting

Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994)). Indeed, federal courts

are “forbidden . . . from acting beyond our authority,” NetworkIP, LLC v. FCC, 548 F.3d 116,

120 (D.C. Cir. 2008), and, therefore, have “an affirmative obligation ‘to consider whether the

constitutional and statutory authority exist . . . to hear each dispute.’” James Madison Ltd. by

Hecht v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quotation omitted).

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the court’s jurisdiction

by a preponderance of the evidence. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561

(1992). When considering a motion under Rule 12(b)(1), the court must accept as true all

uncontroverted material factual allegations contained in the complaint and “construe the

complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the

facts alleged and upon such facts determine jurisdictional questions.” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co., 642

F.3d at 1139 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The court need not accept

5
inferences drawn by the plaintiff, however, if those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged

in the complaint or amount merely to legal conclusions. See Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235,

242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). In evaluating subject-matter jurisdiction, the court may look beyond the

complaint to “undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by

undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis.,

974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the

“complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that

is plausible on its face.” Wood v. Moss, 134 S. Ct. 2056, 2067 (2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009))). A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff pleads factual

content that is more than “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability,” and “allows the court

to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal,

556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)); see also Rudder

v. Williams, 666 F.3d 790, 794 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Although “detailed factual allegations” are not

required to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must offer “more than labels and

conclusions” or “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” to provide “grounds”

for “entitle[ment] to relief,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (alteration in original), and “nudge[ ] [the]

claims across the line from conceivable to plausible,” id. at 570; see Banneker Ventures LLC v.

Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1129 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“Plausibility requires more than a sheer

possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully . . . .”). Thus, “a complaint [does not] suffice if

it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557) (second alteration in original).

6
 As when considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the court

must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true for the purposes of the motion, “even

if doubtful in fact,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Harris v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 791

F.3d 65, 68 (D.C. Cir. 2015), “but is not required to accept the plaintiff’s legal conclusions as

correct,” Sissel v. U.S. Dep’t Health & Human Servs., 760 F.3d 1, 4 (D.C. Cir. 2014). In

addition, courts may “ordinarily examine” other sources “when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions

to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated the complaint by reference, and matters of

which a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S.

308, 322 (2007).

C. Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint

“[T]he grant or denial of leave to amend is committed to a district court’s discretion . . .

.” Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996). While the court should freely

grant leave to amend a complaint when justice so requires, see FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2), it may

deny a motion to amend in the case of “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of

the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue

prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of the

amendment.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). “A district court may deny a motion

to amend a complaint as futile if the proposed claim would not survive a motion to dismiss.”

Hettinga v. U.S., 677 F.3d 471, 480 (D.C. Cir. 2012); see Willoughby v. Potomac Elec. Power

Co., 100 F.3d 999, 1003 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (“With little chance of a successful Title VII claim, the

7
district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding [the plaintiff] was not entitled to add the

claim to his complaint.”).

III. DISCUSSION

The plaintiff’s pro se complaint, liberally construed, raises three claims: (1) breach of

implied contract, Prop. Third Amd. Compl. ¶ 46; (2) intentional infliction of emotional distress,

id. ¶¶ 44, 66; and (3) defamation, id. ¶¶ 56, 60. The legal sufficiency of each claim asserted

against the defendant, a foreign embassy, which is presumptively immune from suit under the

doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity, see Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28

U.S.C. § 1602 et seq., is assessed seriatim below.

A. THE PLAINTIFF’S BREACH OF CONTRACT CLAIM

The defendant concedes that the FSIA’s “commercial activity exception,” which waives

foreign sovereign immunity in “action[s] based upon a commercial activity carried on in the

United States by [a] foreign state,” 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2), operates to waive the defendant’s

immunity from the plaintiff’s contract claim. Def.’s Surreply to Pl.’s Mot. Amend (“Def.’s

Surreply”) at 5 n.9, ECF No. 62. Consequently, the defendant does not dispute that the Court

may exercise jurisdiction over the contract claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1330, which grants federal

courts jurisdiction over claims for which the FSIA provides a waiver of foreign immunity.

Nonetheless, the defendant raises two other challenges to the contract claim: first, the

defendant asserts that Luenda Group LLC is the “real party in interest” but is not a party to this

suit, in contravention of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17, Def.’s Opp’n at 3–6; Def.’s

Surreply at 2, and, second, the defendant contends that the D.C. “door-closing statute,” bars the

plaintiff’s suit. Def.’s Surreply at 1–5 (citing D.C. Code § 47-2855.02–.03). The defendant’s

first argument fails as a matter of law, but the second argument is correct.

8
 A suit must be brought by the “real party in interest,” which is the party that, under the

governing substantive law, is entitled to enforce the rights asserted. Cherry v. FCC, 641 F.3d

494, 497 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 17). D.C. law “makes no legal distinction

between the identity of a sole proprietorship and its owner.” Kopff v. Roth, 2007 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 43702 *5 n.3 (D.D.C. June 15, 2007) (citing Pritchett v. Stillwell, 604 A.2d 886, 889

(D.C. 1992) (holding the identity of a sole proprietorship is “the same as that of its owner”); see

also 65 C.J.S. Names § 13 (noting sole proprietorship and proprietor “are but two names for one

person”). The parties agree that the Luenda Group LLC is the plaintiff’s “sole proprietorship,”

Pl.’s Reply at 4, 10; Def.’s Surreply at 2, and given that there is “no legal distinction between”

them, the plaintiff may bring this suit in his own name. See York Grp., Inc. v. Wuxi Taihu

Tractor Co., 632 F.3d 399, 403 (7th Cir. 2011) (noting that a sole proprietorship and its

proprietor are “two names for the same person,” and, when bringing suit, the name of “[e]ither

will do; both are better”); see also Pritchett, 604 A.2d at 888 (changing the listed defendant from

sole proprietorship to the name of the sole proprietor “does not change [the] party against whom

a claim is asserted”).

Being a sole proprietor does not save the plaintiff’s contract claim, however, as the D.C.

door-closing statute, D.C. Code § 47-2855.02–.03, bars jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s contract

claim. See Def.’s Surreply at 1–5. This statute requires that any “person” operating a “sole

proprietorship” or other business entity, who “carries on, conducts, or transacts business in the

District of Columbia under any trade name shall register that trade name” with the District. D.C.

Code § 47-2855.02. 4 Failure to comply with this registration requirement bars access to the

4
The defendant also initially argued that the plaintiff’s suit is barred under the door-closing statute because it
is an unregistered corporation, Def.’s Mem. at 5–9, but in light of the plaintiff’s proposed third amended complaint
and clarification of the status of the plaintiff’s company, now concedes that “Luenda Group LLC” is in fact a sole
proprietorship, Def.’s Surreply at 2.

9
courts in this jurisdiction to the unregistered person or business entity under the D.C. door-

closing statute. This statute states that “[n]o person carrying on, conducting, or transacting

business under any trade name shall be entitled to maintain any suit in any of the courts of the

District of Columbia until the person has properly completed the registration as provided for [by

§ 47-2855.02].” Id. § 47-2855.03 (emphasis added). If that “person” brings suit in federal court,

the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction and should dismiss without prejudice. Landmark

Health Sols., LLC v. Not for Profit Hosp. Corp., 950 F. Supp. 2d 130, 134 (D.D.C. 2013) (noting

that a party’s “failure to register” under a D.C. door-closing statute strips the Court of “subject

matter jurisdiction” (citing Tel. & Data Sys., Inc. v. Am. Cellular Network Corp., 966 F.2d 696,

699 (D.C. Cir. 1992)); Hunter Innovations v. Travelers Indem. Co. of Connecticut, 605 F. Supp.

2d 170, 171 (D.D.C. 2009) (dismissing case without prejudice for failure to register under D.C.

Code § 47-2855.02).

Courts are required to apply door-closing statutes in diversity actions on the principle that

where “one is barred from recovery [for a state law claim] in the state court, he should likewise

be barred in the federal court.” Woods v. Interstate Realty Co., 337 U.S. 535, 538 (1949); see

also Tel. & Data Sys., Inc., 966 F.2d at 699 (applying the D.C. door-closing statute in diversity

jurisdiction under Woods). This reasoning compels the same result in this case, which is

analogous to a diversity case by requiring resolution of state law claims brought against a diverse

party, in this case a foreign sovereign. Indeed, the FSIA makes clear that foreign sovereigns are

to be held “liable in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like

circumstances” in cases brought pursuant to an FSIA waiver. See 28 U.S.C. § 1606.

The parties agree that the plaintiff is doing business in the District as a sole proprietorship

under the trade name Luenda Group LLC, and the plaintiff does not dispute the defendant’s

10
assertion that he has failed to register “Luenda Group LLC” in the District of Columbia in any

way. Indeed, the Court takes judicial notice that the District of Columbia has no record of any

trade name containing the word “Luenda” being filed at any time with the District. See Business

Filings Search, D.C. Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, https://corponline.dcra.dc

.gov/Home.aspx, (last visited July 25, 2017). 5 The D.C. door-closing statute therefore bars “any

suit” by the plaintiff for his breach of contract claim and deprives the Court of subject matter

jurisdiction over this claim. 6

B. THE PLAINTIFF’S TORT CLAIMS

The FSIA provides a waiver of foreign sovereign immunity over certain tort claims,

including intentional infliction of emotional distress, see 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(5), but excludes

defamation claims, El-Hadad v. U.A.E., 216 F.3d 29, 35 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Thus, the plaintiff’s

defamation claims are barred by the FSIA. 7

Under D.C. law, a plaintiff alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress must

demonstrate: “(1) extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the defendant which (2)

5
A court may take judicial notice of public registration databases. See Brooks-Ngwenya v. Indianapolis
Pub. Sch., 564 F.3d 804, 808 (7th Cir. 2009) (“[A] court may take judicial notice of [a publically-available]
registry.”); see also Shafer v. Children's Hosp. Soc’y, 265 F.2d 107, 110 (D.C. Cir. 1959) (taking judicial notice of
the District of Columbia “Register of Wills”).
6
The defendant argues that all of the plaintiff’s claims are barred by the door-closing statute, which bars a
party from bringing “any suit in any of the courts of the District of Columbia,” without limitation to only certain
types of claims. Def.’s Surreply at 5 n.9 (quoting § 47-2855.03). The Court need not address whether the D.C.
door-closing statute applies to tort claims for damages allegedly suffered by the plaintiff personally arising from his
business dealings with the defendant, since his defamation and emotional distress claims are dismissed on other
grounds.
7
To the extent the plaintiff’s complaint may be construed to base his tort claims on the same “commercial
activity” giving rise to his contract claim and thereby cloaked by the FSIA’s immunity exception for such activity, §
1605(a)(2), his tort claims would then be subject to the same bar required by the D.C. door-closing statute as his
contract claim. Further, the plaintiff’s apparent effort to assert a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim, see,
e.g., Pl.’s Reply at 15-19 (labelling discussion “Not intentional emotion Distress” but the subheading “Intecional
[sic] And Recklessly Emotion Distress”), falls far short. To make a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim
under D.C. law, a plaintiff must allege a “special relationship” between the parties that gives rise to a legal duty to
protect “the plaintiff’s emotional well-being,” Hedgepeth v. Whitman Walker Clinic, 22 A.3d 789, 818 (D.C. 2011),
and the only “special relationship” identified by the plaintiff is his friendship with Embassy employees. Pl.’s Reply
at 15. The plaintiff confuses an interpersonal relationship with a legal relationship that creates a duty to protect the
plaintiff’s emotional well-being.

11
intentionally or recklessly (3) causes the plaintiff to suffer severe emotional distress.” Ortberg v.

Goldman Sachs Grp., 64 A.3d 158, 163 (D.C. 2013) (internal quotation omitted). The defendant

only challenges the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s allegations with respect to the first prong. See

Def.’s Mem. 13–14; Def.’s Opp’n at 10–12.

The “outrageousness” requirement “is not an easy one to meet.” Homan v. Goyal, 711

A.2d 812, 818 (D.C. 1998). To qualify, the conduct at issue must be “so outrageous in character,

and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as

atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235,

248 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “[I]nsults, indignities, [and] threats,” without more, do not constitute

intentional infliction of emotional distress. King v. Kidd, 640 A.2d 656, 668 (D.C. 1993). When

determining whether conduct is extreme and outrageous, the court must consider the “specific

context in which the conduct took place,” including “the nature of the activity at issue, the

relationship between the parties, and the particular environment in which the conduct took

place.” Id. The threshold finding of “extreme and outrageous conduct” is a question of law.

Ortberg, 64 A.3d at 164.

The plaintiff identifies several instances of conduct that he believes support his emotional

distress claim. First, he points to the conduct of Mr. Guerreiro, who allegedly went to Angola at

the request of the Ambassador and somehow had the plaintiff’s brother-in-law fired from a

government position after threatening “consequences” if the plaintiff did not drop this suit. Pl.’s

Reply at 12. Yet Mr. Guerreiro is not even an employee of the defendant, so attributing his

conduct to the defendant is a stretch. Even if Mr. Guerreiro is viewed somehow as an agent of

the defendant, and in fact the plaintiff’s brother-in-law was terminated, the plaintiff’s allegations

12
offer little to suggest anything more than coincidence between Mr. Guerreiro’s trip and the

family member’s termination abroad

Second, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant “was aware” of the plaintiff’s expenses

working on the Embassy and, when told about “losing [his] money,” the defendant merely

advised the plaintiff to talk to one of the subcontractors to be compensated, since the defendant

believed that it had satisfied its obligations. Pl.’s Reply at 19. Even if assumed to be true that

the defendant denied liability for unpaid invoices, after the plaintiff’s willing participation in the

“strange and complicated transaction[s]” that give rise to his claim, Prop. Third Amd. Compl. ¶

12, this allegation simply does not reach the requisite level of outrageousness to support a tort

claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. The plaintiff cites no authority to support a

finding to the contrary and, given the plaintiff’s own conduct in padding invoices for

commissions allegedly authorized by the Ambassador, the defendant’s asserted callousness

toward the plaintiff’s financial difficulties is not extreme or outrageous.

Third, the plaintiff specifically alleges two meetings, held almost three months apart in

October 2015 and January 2016, during which he was berated, “humiliated,” and “threatened” by

two employees for allegedly “stealing” from the Embassy. Prop. Third Amd. Compl. ¶¶ 26, 28.

Calling the plaintiff names and even threatening the plaintiff may have indeed upset him, but

“inflict[ing] some worry and concern” does not bring the conduct to the level of “extreme and

outrageous,” Ortberg, 64 A.3d at 164, and these “insults, indignities, [and] threats,” even if the

meetings did in fact occur as the plaintiff alleges, are simply not sufficient to support the

plaintiff’s claim, King, 640 A.2d at 668.

Finally, the plaintiff has alleged that the Ambassador “one time” made a death threat

against him, Prop. Third Amd. Compl. ¶ 30, and Ms. Claudia “allud[ed] to [his] death” while

13
berating him for allegedly stealing from the Embassy during their January 2016 meeting, id. ¶

28. Def.’s Opp’n at 11–12. Threats themselves do not constitute extreme and outrageous

conduct, King, 640 A.2d at 668, but may be when a person would take the threat seriously in

light of the defendant’s conduct and the parties’ relationship, compare,e.g., Jonathan Woodner

Co. v. Breeden, 665 A.2d 929, 935 (D.C. 1995) (death threat was extreme and outrageous

because it was made by an individual who repeatedly “accidentally” dropped a gun while making

threats); Homan, 711 A.2d at 820 (death threat from an individual who had stalked and harassed

the plaintiff for a year both at the plaintiff’s home and place of business could be found to be

“outrageous”), with Otano v. Ocean, No. CV 13-01605 RSWL (JJCx), 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

77219, at *14 (C.D. Cal. May 30, 2013) (death threat that defendant insisted was “for real” was

not “extreme and outrageous” in context of the parties’ ongoing business relationship); Hartwell

v. Sw. Cheese Co., L.L.C., Civ. No. 15-1103 JAP/GJF, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10054 at *59

(D.N.M. Jan. 23, 2017) (co-employee’s statement that “he wanted to kill Plaintiff” was “more

like an empty threat or an expression of dismay or even banter” between co-workers than a

“serious death threat”).

The plaintiff’s argument on this point fails for the plain reason that he admits that he did

not take the alleged statements by the Ambassador and Ms. Claudia seriously, Pl.’s Reply at 12

(noting plaintiff only “began to take their threats and intimidations seriously” after his brother-

in-law was fired from his job). This fact is further demonstrated by his willingness to maintain

contact with and work with the Embassy after the alleged threats were made. Thus, these alleged

threats fail to meet the plaintiff’s “high burden” of alleging conduct “so outrageous in character,

and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as

14
atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Whitt v. Am. Prop. Constr., P.C.,

157 A.3d 196, 209 (D.C. 2017).

In the alternative, the plaintiff argues that even if he has “[n]ot adequately” pled his

claims, his suit should not be dismissed so that he can raise claims in the future that he will have

“learned through the flexible discovery process.” Pl.’s Reply at 21. The plaintiff

misunderstands the purpose of discovery. His complaint must allege sufficient facts that, if

proven true, would justify his claim for relief. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). The discovery process is

meant to provide an opportunity for a plaintiff to find factual support for those allegations, not to

give a plaintiff free reign to fish for evidence of other claims he may have against an opposing

party. As the purported victim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff should

already know a good amount of detail about the conduct that assertedly caused him distress.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Court is “not expected to assume the role of advocate” for the plaintiff. Pinson v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 177 F. Supp. 3d 56, 84 (D.D.C. 2016). Even construing the plaintiff’s pro

se filings liberally, the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over both the plaintiff’s contract

claims, because he has not registered his trade name as required by D.C. law, and over his

defamation claim, because the claim is barred by sovereign immunity. While the Court may

have jurisdiction to hear his intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, the plaintiff has

failed to allege sufficient facts to support this claim, and his repeated amendments to his

complaint have failed to correct these defects, which are likewise not remedied by his proposed

third amended complaint. Accordingly, the defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted and the

plaintiff’s motion to amend is denied as futile. Foman, 371 U.S. at 182.

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An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: July 27, 2017
____________________
BERYL A. HOWELL
Chief Judge

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