FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS August 1, 2017
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
KRISTINE BIGGS JOHNSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 16-4160
(D.C. No. 1:14-CV-00147-TC)
DANIEL SCOTT PEAY and (D. Utah)
MORGAN COUNTY,
Defendants - Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, LUCERO, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
Kristine Biggs Johnson suffered a non-fatal gunshot at the conclusion of a
lengthy, high-speed chase she initiated in Morgan County, Utah. Johnson then
sued the officer who fired the shot, Sergeant Daniel Scott Peay of the Morgan
County Sheriff’s Department. She claims Sergeant Peay violated her Fourth
Amendment right to be free from excessive force. The district court entered
summary judgment in favor of Sergeant Peay, finding that he acted reasonably in
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
the situation and the contours of Johnson’s Fourth Amendment right were not
clearly established at the time of the incident. The court therefore found that
Sergeant Peay was entitled to qualified immunity and dismissed Johnson’s
42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against him.
To succeed on appeal, Johnson must prove that the constitutional right at
issue was “clearly established” at the time of Sergeant Peay’s alleged misconduct.
We conclude the contours of Johnson’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from
excessive force at the conclusion of the confrontation were not sufficiently
definite to place Sergeant Peay’s conduct “beyond debate” at the time of the
incident.
We therefore conclude that Sergeant Peay is entitled to qualified immunity
and affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
I. Background
Johnson initiated the underlying car chase when Deputy Christian Peay of
the Morgan County Sheriff’s Department, Sergeant Peay’s brother, attempted to
initiate a traffic stop due to the fact that Johnson was driving late at night without
her headlights on. Johnson failed to yield to Deputy Peay, even after he activated
his overhead emergency lights and siren, and led Deputy Peay on a high-speed
chase lasting over half an hour. Law enforcement deployed spike strips, which
flattened three of Johnson’s tires. Nevertheless, she persisted in her attempt to
evade arrest. Johnson did not stop even after several tires came off her truck’s
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wheel rims altogether. Instead, Johnson continued to flee and drive erratically;
she drove off the right shoulder of the interstate, went back across both lanes, and
struck the cement barrier in the middle of the divided highway. Johnson
eventually exited the interstate and turned onto a rural road, but still refused to
yield to Deputy Peay or any of the other law enforcement vehicles that had joined
the pursuit by that time.
After she exited the interstate, Johnson stopped and began to turn her truck
around to face the officers. Several law enforcement vehicles, including both
Sergeant Peay’s and Deputy Peay’s vehicles, lined up across the road to block
Johnson’s westbound path. Cameras located on the dashboards of these law
enforcement vehicles recorded the rest of the encounter. Sergeant Peay exited his
vehicle and verbally ordered Johnson to stop and get out of her truck. Instead of
stopping, Johnson began to pull forward toward Sergeant Peay’s vehicle and
bumped into it with her truck. She then backed up and began to pull forward
again, turning and bumping into Deputy Peay’s stationary vehicle with even
greater force than the first collision and breaking the grill guard at the front of the
vehicle. By then, Deputy Peay had also exited his vehicle but dropped out of
Sergeant Peay’s view. Sergeant Peay therefore did not know whether Deputy
Peay was under Johnson’s truck, had been struck by Johnson’s truck, or if he had
been pinned between the two vehicles. As Johnson’s truck collided with Deputy
Peay’s vehicle, Sergeant Peay fired a single shot at Johnson’s truck. The bullet
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passed through Johnson’s windshield and struck her in the head. After securing
the scene, officers called for and provided immediate medical attention for
Johnson. Johnson survived the gunshot but suffered serious injuries and lost the
vision in her left eye.
Officers recovered a half-empty bottle of vodka at the scene, which
Johnson indicated she purchased from a gas station a few hours before the
incident. It was later determined that Johnson had a blood alcohol level of 0.358
at the time of the incident, more than four times the legal limit in Utah. And
Johnson stated that she “had every intention of trying to kill [herself],” “want[ed]
to die,” and was attempting “death by cop.” Supp. App. at 98, 110. In the
aftermath of the incident, Johnson was cited for a variety of violations and
eventually pleaded guilty to failure to respond to an officer’s signal to stop (a
third degree felony) and driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (a class B
misdemeanor).
Meanwhile, the Davis County Attorney’s Office investigated Sergeant
Peay’s use of force under state law governing a “peace officer’s use of deadly
force.” See Utah Code. Ann. § 76-2-404. The office determined that Sergeant
Peay’s “use of potentially lethal force . . . was not necessitated by the facts” and
the shooting did “not squarely fit with the letter, scope and intent of” state and
related federal law, but ultimately declined to prosecute Sergeant Peay because “a
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unanimous jury would not convict Sergeant Peay of a crime when presented with
all of the evidence.” App. at 63–64.
Following the conclusion of the office’s investigation, Johnson filed suit
against Sergeant Peay in federal district court. As relevant to this appeal,
Johnson claims Sergeant Peay’s use of deadly force violated her clearly
established Fourth Amendment right to be free from excessive force.
II. Analysis
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from
liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known.” Clark v. Wilson, 625 F.3d 686, 690 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009)). The plaintiff opposing a
defendant’s assertion of qualified immunity must prove both that: (1) a
constitutional violation occurred; and (2) the violated right was clearly
established at the time of the violation. See id. We have discretion to decide
which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed
first. Id. Because we conclude that Sergeant Peay did not violate a clearly
established constitutional right, we “take the advice of Pearson and address that
issue first.” Id.
“The relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly
established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct
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was unlawful in the situation.” Cortez v. McCauley, 478 F.3d 1108, 1114 (10th
Cir. 2007) (en banc) (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202 (2001)). In
other words, “[a] right is clearly established when it is ‘sufficiently clear that
every reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates
that right.’” Estate of Reat v. Rodriguez, 824 F.3d 960, 964 (10th Cir. 2016)
(quoting Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)). “An officer ‘cannot be
said to have violated a clearly established right unless the right’s contours were
sufficiently definite that any reasonable official in his shoes would have
understood that he was violating it,’ meaning that ‘existing precedent placed the
statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.’” City of San Francisco v.
Sheehan, 135 S. Ct. 1765, 1774 (2015) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S.
731, 741 (2011)) (alterations incorporated). This standard is relatively deferential
to government officials and, in any gray area, the officer prevails: “[Q]ualified
immunity protects actions in the ‘hazy border between excessive and acceptable
force.’” Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S. Ct. 305, 312 (2015) (per curiam) (citations
omitted; alterations incorporated).
Moreover, the Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that “‘clearly
established law’ should not be defined ‘at a high level of generality’” and “must
be ‘particularized’ to the facts of the case.” White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 552
(2017) (per curiam) (citations omitted). “Such specificity is especially important
in the Fourth Amendment context,” where the Supreme Court has recognized it
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may be “difficult for an officer to determine how the relevant legal doctrine, here
excessive force, will apply to the factual situation the officer confronts.”
Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 308 (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 205). When a case
“presents a unique set of facts and circumstances,” this quality “alone [is] an
important indication . . . that [the officer’s] conduct did not violate a ‘clearly
established’ right.” See Pauly, 137 S. Ct. at 552 (citations omitted). That is,
when there is no case “where an officer acting under similar circumstances . . .
was held to have violated the Fourth Amendment,” it is unlikely that the officer’s
conduct violated “clearly established” law. See id.
In general, it is not “constitutionally unreasonable” for an officer to prevent
a suspect’s escape by using deadly force when the officer “has probable cause to
believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the
officer or to others.” Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 197–98 (2004) (per
curiam) (quoting Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11 (1985)). Within this broad
framework, however, a series of excessive force cases involving car chases
reveals the “hazy legal backdrop,” Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 309, against which
Sergeant Peay acted. In Brosseau, for example, the Supreme Court reversed the
Ninth Circuit’s decision to withhold qualified immunity from officer Brosseau,
who shot Haugen in the back as he “attempted to flee from law enforcement
authorities in his vehicle.” Id. at 194. Brosseau explained that “she shot Haugen
because she was ‘fearful for the other officers on foot who she believed were in
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the immediate area, and for the occupied vehicles in Haugen’s path and for any
other citizens who might be in the area.’” Id. (citations omitted; alterations
incorporated). By the time of Brosseau’s use of deadly force, Haugen “had
proven he would do almost anything to avoid capture” and “posed a major threat
to, among others, the officers at the end of the street.” See id. at 200. After
summarizing the existing case law, the Court concluded it “by no means ‘clearly
establish[ed]’ that Brosseau’s conduct violated the Fourth Amendment.” Id.
at 201.
Likewise, the Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372 (2007)
that “an officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment by ramming the car of a
fugitive whose reckless driving ‘posed an actual and imminent threat to the lives
of any pedestrians who might have been present, to other civilian motorists, and
to the officers involved in the case,’” and in Plumhoff v. Rickard, 134 S. Ct. 2012
(2014), that “an officer acted reasonably when he fatally shot a fugitive who was
‘intent on resuming’ a chase that ‘posed a deadly threat for others on the road.’”
See Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 310 (alteration incorporated) (first citing Scott, 550
U.S. at 384; then citing Plumhoff, 134 S. Ct. at 2022).
And in Mullenix itself, the Court held that officer Mullenix, who shot
fleeing suspect Leija six times from a bridge overpass, deserved qualified
immunity for his actions in confronting “a reportedly intoxicated fugitive, set on
avoiding capture through high-speed vehicular flight, who twice during his flight
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had threatened to shoot police officers, and who was moments away from
encountering an officer.” 136 S.Ct. at 309. No cases “clearly established that
deadly force [was] inappropriate in response to conduct like Leija’s.” See id.
at 307, 311.
These cases require us to take a close look at the unique set of facts and
circumstances facing Sergeant Peay. Johnson’s injuries are undeniably tragic.
And it is quite possible that Sergeant Peay overreacted. It is not our job,
however, to evaluate the incident “with the 20/20 vision of hindsight” from “the
peace of a judge’s chambers” while leisurely watching the end of the encounter
by video. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989) (citations omitted).
Rather, we must judge the reasonableness of a particular use of force “from the
perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene” and our calculus “must embody
allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second
judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly
evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.”
Id. at 396–97 (citations omitted). As the district court noted, in the sequence of
events leading up to the shooting, Johnson
showed no signs of yielding to the officers’ lights and sirens during the
chase, even when she had to drive on tire rims after three of her tires
disintegrated from damage caused by tire spikes. And after she slowed
to a stop, Ms. Johnson immediately backed up and drove straight toward
the officers and the patrol cars that blocked her path. Her truck was
only feet away from the officers and their cars. She deliberately ran
into Sergeant Peay’s car, even as he was pointing a gun at her through
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the windshield and ordering her to stop. . . . Then she revved her
engine, backed up again, turned her steering wheel, and aimed for other
cars.
App. at 10–11.
In other words, at the time of Sergeant Peay’s use of force, the officers
“were no longer dealing with a traffic stop,” but “with an unknown driver who
disobeyed officers’ commands to pull over and who led the officers on a thirty-
minute chase” before “maneuvering . . . a big pickup truck in an aggressive way
in close proximity to officers.” Id. at 11–12. According to the undisputed record,
Sergeant Peay was unaware of the precise location of Deputy Peay, not knowing
whether he was “under [Johnson’s] vehicle, if she had hit him, or if she was
pinning him between the vehicles.” Supp. App. at 79. As the Supreme Court said
in Mullenix, it has “never found the use of deadly force in connection with a
dangerous car chase to violate the Fourth Amendment, let alone to be a basis for
denying qualified immunity” where an officer reasonably believed he or others
were in danger. 136 S. Ct. at 310. Johnson cannot cite, and our independent
review does not reveal, any case indicating that an officer’s use of deadly force is
constitutionally impermissible in a situation roughly analogous to the one
Sergeant Peay faced here. 1
1
In support of her argument that Sergeant Peay violated her clearly
established Fourth Amendment right to be free from excessive force, Johnson
cites Woodcock v. City of Bowling Green, 165 F. Supp. 3d 563 (W.D. Ky. 2016).
We are of course not bound by an out-of-circuit district court case and, in any
(continued...)
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Despite this, Johnson argues the district court erred in crediting Sergeant
Peay’s testimony and characterization of the facts, which Johnson claims were
made “objectively unbelievable” by the “clear and unambiguous dashcam video”
evidence. Aplt. Br. at viii, 1–4. In doing so, Johnson maintains the district court
“improperly weigh[ed] the facts and [made] credibility assessments that should
properly have been decided by the trier of fact.” Id. at ix, 26–30. Indeed,
Johnson seems to contend the dashcam video evidence fully supports her view of
the events and definitively rules out Sergeant Peay’s characterization of the
incident.
But the district court’s and our review of the videos depict a lengthy saga
replete with evidence of Johnson’s aggressive and persistent attempts to evade
arrest. This is evident even if we do not credit any of Sergeant Peay’s testimony
regarding Johnson’s alleged expressions of rage, screams, and physical
aggressiveness. Immediately prior to the shooting, the videos clearly demonstrate
Johnson’s willingness and ability to use her truck to hit, and thereby move, law
enforcement vehicles in close proximity to several police officers. It is well-
settled that vehicles may be used as weapons and that such use “may allow for the
use of deadly force,” because “it goes without saying that an officer in close
1
(...continued)
event, the case is easily distinguishable. The victim in Woodcock was not
physically resisting arrest at a close range; he was more than seventy feet away
from the officers, on foot, obviously intoxicated, and “simply passively
noncompliant.” See id. at 582–83.
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quarters is no match for a two-ton vehicle.” Thomas v. Durastanti, 607 F.3d 655,
665, 671 (10th Cir. 2010). While Johnson seems to suggest the undisputed video
evidence condemns Sergeant Peay’s actions, we conclude the videos instead
depict a sequence of events corroborating the undisputed testimony of the officers
and entitling Sergeant Peay to qualified immunity. Sergeant Peay employed
deadly force that, in retrospect, may have been unnecessary. But Sergeant Peay
reacted to a high-intensity situation after Johnson had: (1) led law enforcement on
a lengthy car chase; (2) repeatedly failed to heed officers’ warnings and
commands; and (3) maneuvered her truck in a way that a reasonable police officer
could have concluded she was using it as a weapon and was intent on resuming
her flight, even if it meant putting officers’ lives in danger.
III. Conclusion
Johnson cannot demonstrate a clearly established constitutional right to be
free from the use of deadly force after leading law enforcement on a lengthy,
high-speed chase and using her truck as a weapon in close proximity to police
officers. We therefore agree with the district court that Sergeant Peay is entitled
to qualified immunity and AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Chief Judge
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