Filed 7/6/17; pub. order 8/2/17 (see end of opn.)
Opinion on remand from Supreme Court
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
In re D.W., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
D.W., A145470
Defendant and Appellant. (City & County of San Francisco
Super. Ct. No. JW15-6002)
In May 2016, we affirmed a judgment declaring D.W. a ward of the court for his
commission of three firearm offenses. In doing so, we rejected his argument that a search
of his person was invalid under the Fourth Amendment because it did not properly fall
within the exception to the warrant requirement for a search incident to an arrest. Our
Supreme Court granted review and held the case pending its consideration and
disposition of People v. Macabeo (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1206 (Macabeo). Once it decided that
case, the court transferred this one back to us for reconsideration in light of Macabeo. No
party filed a supplemental brief within the time allowed following transfer from the
Supreme Court. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.200(b).) We now reverse.
I. BACKGROUND
On the afternoon of January 12, 2015, San Francisco police officers Solares,
Ochoa, and Johnson were on patrol in the area of Palou Avenue and Newhall Street in
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response to a broadcast that someone in the area might have a firearm. They saw five to
eight individuals, most of whom they knew to have gang associations, standing on the
corner of Palou and Newhall, in a rival gang area. The officers were concerned that the
group might be trying to attract violence and contacted them to find out what they were
doing.
As Solares approached them, he smelled the odor of marijuana on D.W.’s clothes
and breath. Solares said, “Man, you smell like marijuana,” and D.W. admitted he had
just smoked some. The officers decided to search D.W. for more marijuana. Ochoa told
D.W. to put his hands on his head, and D.W. “tried to pull away like . . . he didn’t want
me to search him.” Ochoa put his hand underneath D.W.’s backpack, and felt a revolver.
The officers handcuffed D.W. and retrieved the revolver from the backpack. After
conducting the search, the officers determined that D.W. was 17 years old.
D.W. moved to suppress the evidence obtained in the search. He argued: “In the
case at bar, none of the officers on the scene observed any suspected drug contraband in
plain view of the minor. . . . Smelling of marijuana is not a crime; being under the
influence of marijuana is not a crime. There was no probable cause to search him. There
was no probable cause to arrest the minor for anything (and thereby, search him incident
to a valid arrest), and there was no reasonable suspicion that he was armed and
dangerous.”
The court denied the motion to suppress, ruling: “The way the Minor’s argument
is sort of framed is even if [D.W.] smelled and made the admission, they didn’t have
probable cause to arrest [him]. I think there’s a big distinction [between probable cause]
to arrest and [probable cause] to search. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] While the cases mostly talk about
cars and vehicles and houses and luggage, the central theme that rises and can be seen
through all the cases is that a strong smell can establish probable cause to believe
contraband is present and the search is allowable and legal. [¶] . . . [¶] The court does
find based upon the totality of the circumstances that the officers did have probable cause
and that probable cause was reasonable based upon the facts and circumstance in this
particular case and that they found the gun during a lawful search for contraband.”
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I. DISCUSSION
“ ‘In California, issues relating to the suppression of evidence derived from
governmental searches and seizures are reviewed under federal constitutional standards.’
[Citations.] ‘ “ ‘We defer to the trial court's factual findings, express or implied, where
supported by substantial evidence. In determining whether, on the facts so found, the
search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, we exercise our
independent judgment.’ ” ’ [Citations.] [¶] ‘The Fourth Amendment to the federal
Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.’ [Citation.] ‘ “[T]he ultimate
touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is ‘reasonableness.’ ” [Citation.] Our cases have
determined that “[w]here a search is undertaken by law enforcement officials to discover
evidence of criminal wrongdoing, . . . reasonableness generally requires the obtaining of
a judicial warrant.” [Citations.] ‘In the absence of a warrant, a search is reasonable only if
it falls within a specific exception to the warrant requirement.’ [Citation.] The burden is
on the People to establish an exception applies. [Citations.] [¶] One such exception is a
search incident to lawful arrest.” (Macabeo, supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 1212–1213.)
In Macabeo, the court considered whether search of the defendant’s cell phone
incident to his arrest was justified where the defendant was initially stopped for a Vehicle
Code infraction of rolling through a stop sign while riding a bicycle.1 (Id. at p. 1211.)
Officers found pictures of underage girls in Macabeo’s phone. The parties stipulated that
this was a violation of Penal Code section 311.11, subdivision (a). (Id. at p. 1212.)
After reviewing the United States Supreme Court’s Fourth Amendment cases on the
arrest exception, the Macabeo court made clear that a lawful arrest supported by probable
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The Court acknowledged the search of Macabeo’s cell phone would have been
improper under the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Riley v. California (2014) 573 U.S.
___, 134 S.Ct. 2473, but considered whether the search could be justified as possibly
incident to arrest in order to address the applicability of the good faith exception to the
exclusionary rule. (Macabeo, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 1210.)
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cause provides authority for a search, but that “there is no exception for a search incident
to citation.” (Id. at p. 1218.)
“[The high court’s cases], taken together, stand for the following principles.
When a custodial arrest is made, and that arrest is supported by independent probable
cause, a search incident to that custodial arrest may be permitted, even though the
formalities of the arrest follow the search. There is no exception for a search incident to
citation. If an actual arrest takes place, a search incident to that arrest is allowed if it is
supported by federal Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, more restrictive state law
notwithstanding. Even the search-incident exception may be limited when attendant
circumstances show the arrestee had no potential to put an officer in jeopardy, to escape,
or to destroy evidence.” (Macabeo, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 1218, citations omitted.)
Here, the search fails to satisfy the Fourth Amendment because when officers
decided to search D.W., they had neither cause to make a custodial arrest nor evidence
that he was guilty of anything more than an infraction. There is no doubt from the record
that the team of arresting officers was in the vicinity of Palou and Newhall after receiving
a report that someone in the area may be armed with a firearm. It also seems clear that
D.W. and his companions were associated with a gang from another part of town. These
facts drew the officers’ attention to the group of young men, but were not proffered as
reasons for the search.
Instead, Officers Solares and Ochoa searched D.W. because he smelled like
marijuana and admitting to recently smoking some. But at the time of this search in
2015, possession of less than 28.5 grams of marijuana was an infraction punishable by a
fine of not more than $100. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11357, subd. (b).) Under California
law ingestion or possession of marijuana was a minor, non-jailable offense. (People v.
Hua (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1027, 1037.) Moreover, even if the officers could
reasonably conclude that the smell of marijuana and D.W.’s admission that he just
smoked some meant he had more, it would have been mere conjecture to conclude that he
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possessed enough to constitute a jailable offense. (Id. at p. 1036; see also, People v.
Torres (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 989, 995–996.)
We will not consider whether the evidence of D.W.’s possession of the gun was
admissible because the officers acted in good faith in the reasonable belief at the time
they initiated the search that D.W. was guilty of some jailable offense. The People have
not made the argument. In light of the disposition of this appeal, we also will not address
the issues that pertain to D.W.’s conditions of probation.
III. DISPOSITION
The jurisdictional findings are reversed.
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_________________________
Siggins, J.
We concur:
_________________________
Pollak, Acting P.J.
_________________________
Jenkins, J.
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Filed 8/2/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
In re D.W., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE, A145470
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(City & County of San Francisco
v. Super. Ct. No. JW15-6002)
D.W.,
ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
Defendant and Appellant. FOR PUBLICATION
THE COURT:
The opinion filed in the above-entitled matter on July 6, 2017, was not certified for
publication in the Official Reports. For good cause, the request for publication by
defendant and appellant is granted.
Pursuant to rule 8.1105(b) of the California Rules of Court, the opinion in the
above-entitled matter is ordered certified for publication in the Official Reports.
DATE: _________________________
Siggins, Acting P.J.
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Trial Court: San Francisco City and County Superior
Court
Trial Judge: Braden C. Woods
Counsel:
Maggie Shrout, First District Appellate Project, for Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Jeffrey M. Laurence, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Eric D. Share,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Ronald E. Niver, Deputy Attorney General, for
Respondent.
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