In re: Henry Isaac Bushkin

FILED
JUL 22 2016
SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
1 NOT FOR PUBLICATION U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
2
3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
5 In re: ) BAP No. CC-15-1285-KiKuF
)
6 HENRY ISAAC BUSHKIN, ) Bk. No. 2:11-bk-43502-DS
)
7 Debtor. ) Adv. No. 2:13-ap-02172-DS
)
8 )
HENRY ISAAC BUSHKIN, )
9 )
Appellant, )
10 )
v. ) M E M O R A N D U M1
11 )
BRUCE SINGER; SINGER )
12 FINANCIAL CORPORATION, )
)
13 Appellees. )
______________________________)
14
Argued and Submitted on June 23, 2016,
15 at Pasadena, California
16 Filed - July 22, 2016
17 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Central District of California
18
Honorable Deborah J. Saltzman, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
20 Appearances: Anthony J. Rothman argued for appellant Henry Isaac
Bushkin; David I. Brownstein argued for appellees
21 Bruce Singer and Singer Financial Corporation.
22
23 Before: KIRSCHER, KURTZ and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges.
24
25
26
1
27 This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28 have, it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1 Appellant, chapter 72 debtor Henry Isaac Bushkin ("Debtor"),
2 appeals an order denying his motion for attorney's fees and costs
3 under § 523(d). The bankruptcy court determined that the debt to
4 Bruce Singer and his wholly-owned entity Singer Financial
5 Corporation ("SFC") (collectively, the "Singer Parties") was not a
6 consumer debt and, alternatively, that the Singer Parties' claims
7 under § 523(a)(2) were substantially justified. We AFFIRM.
8 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
9 A. Prepetition events
10 Debtor is an attorney licensed in California and New York.
11 In or about 2008, he began writing a book about his relationship
12 with entertainer Johnny Carson, who was his client and friend. At
13 this point in time, Debtor contends he was suffering financially
14 due to the economic downturn. In 2008, before the book was
15 completed, Debtor began marketing it to various publishers, film
16 studios and agents. Some parties expressed great interest in the
17 book and represented to Debtor that it had value.
18 To finish the book, Debtor approached Singer, a long-time
19 friend, for money. Singer agreed to advance Debtor money —
20 through SFC — in exchange for a share of the proceeds from the
21 book Debtor was writing. On January 29, 2009, Debtor, Singer and
22 SFC entered into an agreement (the "Agreement"), which provided
23 that SFC would make advances to Debtor, who would "devote full
24 time to the completion" of the manuscript. From the advanced
25 funds, Debtor could receive living expenses for the months of
26
2
Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
27 references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The
28 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as “Civil Rules.”

-2-
 1 February and March 2009, not to exceed $25,000 per month. Singer
2 was responsible for exploiting the book and film rights, but
3 Singer and Debtor would have to mutually agree to the sale of any
4 such rights.
5 If the manuscript sold, proceeds from the sale would be
6 divided as follows: 10% would go to an agent; the entire amount
7 of the advance would be repaid to SFC or Singer; and Singer and
8 Debtor would split the remaining balance 25/75, respectively. The
9 Agreement noted that the parties had agreed "to create a legal
10 entity to own and control the book and film rights to a book
11 written by Bushkin currently entitled 'The Carson Years,'" and
12 that the "ownership of the entity to be created [would] be divided
13 on an equal basis between Bushkin and Singer." If the manuscript
14 did not sell within six months, Debtor agreed to execute a note to
15 SFC for the entire amount paid to him or advanced on his behalf.
16 The manuscript did not sell within the agreed six months. On
17 September 1, 2009, Debtor executed a 36-month promissory note,
18 agreeing to pay SFC $159,388.46, the amount advanced to Debtor, at
19 an annual interest rate of 12%. Debtor defaulted on the note.
20 Singer sent Debtor a notice of default, informing him that he was
21 accelerating the note and would send it to collections if Debtor
22 did not pay by November 15, 2009. Debtor did not pay.
23 B. Postpetition events
24 1. Debtor's bankruptcy filing, Singer Parties' complaint
and Debtor's pretrial motions
25
26 In his chapter 7 bankruptcy case filed on August 5, 2011,
27 Debtor listed Singer as an unsecured creditor with a claim of
28 $350,000, but did not identify SFC as a creditor. Debtor

-3-
 1 identified and valued "six chapters of material for a book" at
2 $0.00. Singer's residence in California was listed on the
3 creditors' mailing matrix, but the zip code listed was incorrect.
4 On August 10, 2011, the Bankruptcy Noticing Center ("BNC")
5 sent the notice of the chapter 7 filing and deadlines to object to
6 Debtor's discharge to all creditors on the mailing matrix. BNC
7 apparently caught the zip code error for Singer and corrected it
8 before mailing out the notice. The deadline for creditors to
9 challenge the dischargeability of debts was November 21, 2011. No
10 one filed any complaint for nondischargeability by the deadline.
11 On June 20, 2012, Debtor received a discharge. BNC mailed the
12 notice of discharge to creditors on June 22, 2012. Singer claimed
13 he did not receive either of the notices and had no knowledge of
14 Debtor's bankruptcy, despite their frequent contact before and
15 after the filing and the discharge.
16 Meanwhile, Debtor continued writing and eventually published
17 two books. One book, "Johnny Carson," achieved great success and
18 was on the New York Times Best Seller list for several months.
19 Debtor did not share any of the book proceeds with Singer or SFC
20 and disputed that they owned any share of the book or film rights.
21 After Singer learned from a friend about Debtor's bankruptcy
22 and discharge in October 2013, the Singer Parties filed an
23 adversary complaint against Debtor on December 17, 2013. In their
24 second amended complaint, the Singer Parties alleged claims under
25 § 523(a)(2)(A), (a)(3)(B) and (a)(4), § 727(d)(2) and claims for
26 declaratory relief and an accounting. Debtor moved to dismiss.
27 He asserted that not only was Singer presumed to have received the
28 mailed notices (which also provided notice to SFC because Singer

-4-
 1 was SFC's registered agent for service of process at that same
2 address), he had also actual notice. Because Debtor had met with
3 Singer for breakfast to discuss the bankruptcy just days before it
4 was filed, the Singer Parties had both presumed and actual
5 knowledge of the bankruptcy so they could have filed a timely
6 nondischargeability complaint.
7 The bankruptcy court dismissed the §§ 523(a)(4) and 727(d)(2)
8 claims, but did not dismiss the § 523(a)(3)(B) claim because the
9 Singer Parties' knowledge of the bankruptcy filing was a disputed
10 factual issue. That left four claims: § 523(a)(2)(A), (a)(3)(B),
11 declaratory relief and accounting.
12 Debtor then moved for summary judgment, contending that the
13 remaining claims were time-barred because the Singer Parties
14 failed to file their dischargeability complaint by the deadline
15 and they had not provided clear and convincing evidence to rebut
16 the presumption of receipt of the bankruptcy notice. Debtor
17 alternatively argued that the Singer Parties' claims had been
18 discharged; this debt arose from a breached loan/contract.
19 The bankruptcy court denied summary judgment, ruling that
20 disputed issues of fact remained as to whether the Singer Parties
21 had actual notice of the bankruptcy.
22 In opposition to the summary judgment motion, Singer had
23 described his mail practices, stating that he had followed the
24 same practice for the collection of mail at his home for more than
25 seven years. His mailbox was located at the street in front of
26 his residence. If he was home, he collected the mail daily at
27 3:00 p.m., took it to his kitchen and reviewed it. If he was out
28 of town, his housekeeper placed the mail in a basket in Singer's

-5-
 1 kitchen for him to review when he returned. Singer recounted that
2 he was home on August 10, 2011, but was out of town between
3 August 11 and August 16, 2011. He stated he received no notices
4 from the court on August 10 and no notices from the court were in
5 his mail basket when he returned on August 16. He admitted that
6 he was home on June 20, 2012, but stated that he had not received
7 any notice of Debtor's discharge on that date or anytime
8 thereafter.
9 Singer also stated that his wife is the sister of actress
10 Sharon Stone, and both she and Ms. Stone have been the victims of
11 stalkers. Such victimization included the periodic stealing of
12 mail from Singer's mailbox. In addition, Singer's neighbor
13 Dr. Jentsch, a UCLA neuroscientist unpopular with animal rights
14 groups, had been the victim of a car bombing in his driveway, and
15 persons thinking that Singer's mailbox was Jentsch's were caught
16 on camera in 2010 taking Singer's mail. Singer knew of the mail
17 theft because he had hired a private investigator, Paul Barresi,
18 to look into the matter. He attached a copy of a 2010 article
19 regarding the mail theft. Singer stated that despite reporting
20 the mail theft to the Los Angeles Police Department, the problem
21 had not been remedied and was still occurring with new stalkers of
22 Ms. Singer, Ms. Stone and Dr. Jentsch.
23 In support of his claims for declaratory relief and
24 accounting, Singer had presented evidence of emails from Debtor
25 dated before and after the parties entered into the Agreement,
26 wherein Debtor referred to the men as "partners," discussed the
27 status of the book and stated that "everything would be split
28 50/50" and that Singer would "always own half of the book." The

-6-
 1 Singer Parties argued that these communications and conduct
2 evidenced both an oral and written partnership agreement in which
3 Singer acquired book and film rights to the Johnny Carson book.
4 2. The trial and the bankruptcy court's ruling on the
Singer Parties' claims
5
6 Trial proceeded on the remaining four claims. By way of
7 declaration, Debtor testified that when he spoke to Singer about
8 writing the book, Singer thought it was a good idea and agreed to
9 have SFC lend money to Debtor for his personal expenses while he
10 wrote it. In return, Debtor agreed that he and Singer would be
11 partners in the book Debtor was writing, if it were published
12 within the agreed six months. Debtor testified that a partnership
13 or other entity was to be formed only if the book sold within the
14 six-month time frame. After the six months ran, Debtor said the
15 funds advanced became a high interest loan.
16 The bankruptcy court decided to first hear live testimony on
17 the question of whether the Singer Parties received notice of
18 Debtor's bankruptcy filing, because if so, the § 523(a) claims
19 necessarily failed. On cross-examination, Singer denied ever
20 meeting Debtor for breakfast in California on August 14, 2011, to
21 discuss the bankruptcy filing. Singer testified that he was in
22 Montana between August 11 and 16, 2011, and had plane tickets and
23 receipts to prove it. Singer's testimony at trial regarding his
24 mail practices was consistent with what he stated in opposition to
25 Debtor's earlier motion for summary judgment.
26 Following Singer's testimony and the parties' arguments
27 regarding notice, the bankruptcy court announced its finding that
28 Singer and SFC had received notice and awarded judgment on the

-7-
 1 § 523 claims to Debtor. For Singer, the court found that while
2 his additional evidence of stalkers and mail theft rebutted the
3 presumption of receipt of the bankruptcy notices, it did not rise
4 to the level of clear and convincing evidence sufficient to
5 overcome the presumption. Because notice was proper for Singer,
6 notice was also proper for SFC; Singer was SFC's only officer and
7 its agent for service of process, and SFC's service address was
8 Singer's residence. As a result, the court found that the
9 § 523(a)(2) claims were untimely.
10 The bankruptcy court declined to take up the declaratory
11 relief and accounting claims, finding that since the § 523 claims
12 failed, it made no sense to adjudicate these claims, since any
13 debt Debtor owed to Singer and SFC arising out the Agreement had
14 been discharged. The court noted that even if it had found that a
15 partnership existed and that Singer and SFC had some entitlement
16 to book or film rights, it did not matter; any prepetition claims
17 arising from the Agreement had been discharged.
18 The bankruptcy court entered a judgment in favor of Debtor on
19 all claims on June 18, 2015 (the "Judgment").
20 3. Singer Parties' motion for reconsideration of the
Judgment and appeals
21
22 The Singer Parties moved to alter or amend the Judgment under
23 Civil Rule 59, which the bankruptcy court denied. The Singer
24 Parties then appealed the Judgment to the district court, which
25 entered its affirmance while this appeal was pending. The Singer
26 Parties have appealed the district court's decision to the Ninth
27 Circuit Court of Appeals.
28 / / /

-8-
 1 4. Debtor's motion for attorney's fees and costs
2 Debtor moved for attorney's fees and costs of nearly $300,000
3 against the Singer Parties under § 523(d) ("Fee Motion"). Debtor
4 contended that he met the requirements of § 523(d): a § 523(a)(2)
5 judgment was entered in his favor; and the debt at issue was a
6 consumer debt. Debtor maintained that his debt to Singer and SFC
7 was a consumer debt, as he had incurred it for his personal,
8 family and household living expenses. Additional evidence also
9 established that the debt was consumer debt: (1) Singer told a
10 friend that he lent Debtor money for living expenses; (2) Debtor's
11 attached declaration explained that the advanced funds were used
12 for personal and family expenses; (3) Singer testified in his
13 deposition that the $25,000 per month was an advance to Debtor to
14 live while he wrote the book; and (4) paragraph 8 of the Agreement
15 (that Debtor could receive up to $25,000/month for the months of
16 February and March 2009 for living expenses) established that the
17 advanced funds were for living expenses. Debtor also claimed that
18 the Singer Parties' § 523(a)(2) claims were not substantially
19 justified.
20 The Singer Parties disputed Debtor's contention that the debt
21 was consumer debt, arguing that the purpose for which the debt was
22 incurred determines whether it is consumer debt and debts incurred
23 with a profit motive are not consumer debts. In this case, Debtor
24 was provided money as part of a business deal, wherein each of the
25 parties anticipated and stood to gain substantial profit from the
26 eventual sale of the Johnny Carson book. Those profits were to be
27 divided within a partnership formed between Debtor and the Singer
28 Parties. The Singer Parties contended that the purpose of the

-9-
 1 transaction was a business transaction to create a profitable
2 business partnership; no loan was given to Debtor merely to
3 provide for personal, family or household purposes.
4 In reply, Debtor argued that in determining whether a debt is
5 consumer debt for purposes of § 523(d), courts look to the use of
6 the debt. Here, argued Debtor, the evidence showed that the
7 $159,388.46 loan to Debtor was incurred for his personal and
8 family expenses; the funds were not used for any profit or
9 business purpose. Debtor disputed the Singer Parties' position
10 that because their § 523(a)(2) claims survived various procedural
11 motions, this proved they were substantially justified. In all
12 circumstances, argued Debtor, SFC had no evidence of any fraud
13 claim under § 523(a)(2). All SFC had established was that it lent
14 money and was a party to a prepetition agreement with Debtor.
15 5. The bankruptcy court's ruling on the Fee Motion
16 The bankruptcy court denied the Fee Motion at the hearing on
17 August 11, 2015. It first determined that the advanced funds to
18 Debtor were not consumer debt:
19 THE COURT: Now, while the case ultimately found that the
debt was a consumer debt, the reasoning of In re Stein
20 [sic] – and that's the BAP case, which was affirmed by
the Ninth Circuit – leads me to conclude here that the
21 Debtor has not established that this is a consumer debt.
While funds may have been used for living expenses, it's
22 quite clear that debts incurred by the Debtor with a
profit motive are not consumer debt. That's the finding
23 of the . . . Stein [sic] case. And my finding here is
that these parties entered into some sort of commercial
24 agreement. Whether it was a partnership or not is beside
the point. The agreement was made to write and develop
25 the book. There was always a profit motive among the
parties with — in connection with the parties'
26 arrangement, in connection with the note signed by the
Debtor. This was an arrangement to write and market a
27 book. This was a commercial relationship. This was not
a consumer debt.
28

-10-
 1 Hr'g Tr. (Aug. 11, 2015) 16:13-17:4. The court then determined
2 that the Singer Parties' claims were substantially justified,
3 finding that they had a reasonable factual and legal basis.
4 Debtor timely appealed the order denying the Fee Motion.
5 II. JURISDICTION
6 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
7 and 157(b)(2)(I) and (O). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
8 § 158.
9 III. ISSUES
10 1. When denying the Fee Motion, did the bankruptcy court err in
11 determining that the advanced funds were not a consumer debt?
12 2. Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in denying the
13 Fee Motion under § 523(d)?
14 IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
15 A bankruptcy court's denial of attorney's fees and costs
16 under § 523(d) is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See First
17 Card v. Hunt (In re Hunt), 238 F.3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. 2001)
18 (citing First Card v. Carolan (In re Carolan), 204 B.R. 980, 984
19 (9th Cir. BAP 1996)); Stine v. Flynn (In re Stine), 254 B.R. 244,
20 248 (9th Cir. BAP 2000), aff'd, 19 F. App’x 626 (9th Cir. 2001).
21 The court abuses its discretion if it applied the wrong legal
22 standard or its findings were illogical, implausible or without
23 support in the record. TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc.,
24 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).
25 Determining whether a debt is consumer or business is a
26 factual question reviewed for clear error. See Aspen Skiing Co.
27 v. Cherrett (In re Cherrett), 523 B.R. 660, 667 (9th Cir. BAP
28 2014) (implying that a determination of whether a debt is

-11-
 1 "consumer debt" for purposes of § 707(b)(1) is a factual finding
2 reviewed for clear error). But see In re Booth, 858 F.2d 1051,
3 1053 n.5 (5th Cir. 1988) (whether bankruptcy court correctly
4 classified a debt as consumer or business for purposes of § 707(b)
5 is a legal inquiry and subject to de novo review).
6 V. DISCUSSION
7 A. Section 523(d)
8 If a creditor prosecutes an action for an exception to
9 discharge of a debt under § 523(a)(2) and that debt is then
10 ordered discharged by the bankruptcy court, § 523(d) is
11 implicated. That statute provides:
12 (d) If a creditor requests a determination of
dischargeability of a consumer debt under subsection
13 (a)(2) of this section, and such debt is discharged, the
court shall grant judgment in favor of the debtor for the
14 costs of, and a reasonable attorney's fee for, the
proceeding if the court finds that the position of the
15 creditor was not substantially justified, except that the
court shall not award such costs and fees if special
16 circumstances would make the award unjust.
17 Section 523(d) was enacted to "curb the abusive practices of
18 consumer finance companies, who often filed bad faith
19 dischargeability actions in the knowledge that the financially
20 straitened debtor would be forced to settle the claim, rather than
21 bearing the expense of a trial on the merits." All Am. of
22 Ashburn, Inc. v. Fox (In re Fox), 725 F.2d 661, 663 (11th Cir.
23 1984).
24 To recover attorney's fees under § 523(d), a debtor must
25 prove: (1) the creditor requested a determination of the
26 dischargeability of the debt under § 523(a)(2); (2) the debt is a
27 consumer debt; and (3) the debt was discharged. In re Stine,
28 254 B.R. at 249; Am. Sav. Bank v. Harvey (In re Harvey), 172 B.R.

-12-
 1 314, 317 (9th Cir. BAP 1994) (citing Chevy Chase, F.S.B. v.
2 Kullgren (In re Kullgren), 109 B.R. 949, 953 (Bankr. C.D. Cal.
3 1990)). Once these three elements are satisfied, the burden
4 shifts to the creditor to demonstrate that its position was
5 substantially justified. In re Stine, 254 B.R. at 249;
6 In re Harvey, 172 B.R. at 317. A creditor is "substantially
7 justified" in bringing a § 523(a)(2) claim if the claim has a
8 "reasonable basis both in law and in fact." In re Hunt, 238 F.3d
9 at 1103.
10 B. The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that the
advanced funds were not consumer debt.
11
12 "Consumer debt" is defined in § 101(8) as "debt incurred by
13 an individual primarily for a personal, family or household
14 purpose." This definition is adapted from the definition used in
15 various consumer protection laws. In re Stine, 254 B.R. at 249.
16 The term "consumer debt" is used throughout the Code. See
17 § 524(c)(6)(B) (excepting consumer debts secured by real estate
18 from reaffirmation requirements); § 707(b)(1) (providing for
19 dismissal of chapter 7 cases filed by individual debtors "whose
20 debts are primarily consumer debts" for substantial abuse);
21 § 1301(a) (staying actions against a co-debtor to collect consumer
22 debt). "[T]here is a natural presumption that identical words
23 used in different parts of the same act are intended to have the
24 same meaning." Atl. Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States,
25 286 U.S. 427, 433 (1932). Thus, in addition to those cases
26 construing the term "consumer debt" under § 523(d), we may
27 consider cases construing other sections of the Code in which the
28 term "consumer debt" is used. Cypher Chiropractic Ctr. v. Runski

-13-
 1 (In re Runski), 102 F.3d 744, 746-47 (4th Cir. 1996).
2 "It is settled in this circuit that the purpose for which the
3 debt was incurred affects whether it falls within the statutory
4 definition of 'consumer debt' and that debt incurred for business
5 ventures or other profit-seeking activities does not qualify."
6 Meyer v. Hill (In re Hill), 268 B.R. 548, 552-53 (9th Cir. BAP
7 2001) (discussing "consumer debt" in § 1322(b)(1)) (citing Zolg v.
8 Kelly (In re Kelly), 841 F.2d 908, 913 (9th Cir. 1988) ("Debt
9 incurred for business ventures or other profit-seeking activities
10 is plainly not consumer debt for purposes of section 707(b).");
11 In re Cherrett, 523 B.R. at 669 ("courts generally ascribe a
12 business purpose, rather than a personal, family or household
13 purpose to debts which are incurred 'with an eye toward profit'
14 and which are 'motivated for ongoing business requirement'")
15 (emphasis in original); In re Stine, 254 B.R. at 249 (a § 523(d)
16 case citing In re Booth, 858 F.2d at 1055, a § 707(b) case, for
17 the proposition that debts incurred by the debtor with a profit
18 motive are not consumer debts).
19 Other circuits apply a similar "profit motive" or "business
20 venture" test for the determination of consumer debt. See IRS v.
21 Westberry (In re Westberry), 215 F.3d 589, 593 (6th Cir. 2000)
22 (considering "profit motive" test in determining whether income
23 tax debts should be considered consumer debts for purposes of
24 applying the co-debtor stay under § 1301); Citizens Nat'l Bank v.
25 Burns (In re Burns), 894 F.2d 361, 363 (10th Cir. 1990) (§ 523(d)
26 case holding that a credit transaction is not a consumer debt when
27 it is incurred with a profit motive); In re Booth, 858 F.2d at
28 1055 (Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals discussing "consumer debt" in

-14-
 1 § 707(b) and holding that a debt is a business debt, as compared
2 to a debt acquired for a personal, family, or household purpose,
3 when it is "incurred with an eye toward profit").
4 The determination of whether a debt relates to a personal,
5 family, or household purpose or is motivated by profit-seeking is
6 made at the time the debt is incurred. In re Nicolas, 2002 WL
7 32332461, at *2 (Bankr. D. Haw. Mar. 22, 2002) (citing
8 In re Bertolami, 235 B.R. 493, 497 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1999)
9 (holding that mortgage debt incurred for personal residence was a
10 consumer debt notwithstanding its later conversion to commercial
11 use)).
12 Debtor contends that the bankruptcy court applied an
13 incorrect standard of law for determining whether the advanced
14 funds were a consumer or business debt. Debtor contends that the
15 court improperly relied on Stine — which he argues had nothing to
16 do with defining a consumer or business debt and never defined
17 profit motive — to conclude that the advanced funds were incurred
18 by Debtor with a profit motive and therefore were not consumer
19 debt. While it is true that Stine did not define "profit motive,"
20 it did analyze whether the debts at issue were incurred by the
21 debtor for personal, family or household purposes. The Panel
22 concluded that because the debtor had borrowed funds for the
23 purpose of improving her home and incurred further debt when the
24 creditor made mortgage, insurance and tax payments for the home on
25 the debtor's behalf, the debts were "consumer debts" as defined by
26 § 101(8). 254 B.R. at 250.
27 In any event, we fail to see the point of Debtor's argument.
28 Regardless of what Debtor claims is a "gratuitous statement of

-15-
 1 law" in Stine, that "debts incurred by the debtor with a profit
2 motive are not consumer debts," the rule in this circuit is clear:
3 courts must look to the purpose of the debt in determining whether
4 it is "consumer debt," and debt incurred for business ventures or
5 other profit-seeking activities is not consumer debt. In re Kelly,
6 841 F.2d at 913; In re Cherrett, 523 B.R. at 668-69; In re Hill),
7 268 B.R. at 552-53. Thus, the bankruptcy court did not err when
8 it applied that legal standard.
9 Nonetheless, despite this circuit's law, Debtor contends that
10 the use of the funds is determinative for characterizing whether a
11 debt is a consumer or business debt. Because Debtor "used" the
12 advanced funds to pay his personal expenses, he maintains that the
13 debt is consumer debt. We disagree.
14 In Cherrett, a recent case by this Panel, we examined the
15 distinction between consumer and business debt in the context of
16 incurring housing debt for a business purpose. The debtor was
17 offered a job by Aspen Skiing Company for high compensation.
18 523 B.R. at 663. As part of his employment package, he negotiated
19 an interest-free loan of $500,000 from Aspen to purchase a home.
20 In 2007, the debtor borrowed the $500,000 from Aspen to purchase a
21 $1 million home secured by a second trust deed. Id. at 664. The
22 debtor hoped the home would appreciate in value so that when it
23 was sold, he would realize a profit, as he did with his previous
24 home. Id. Things did not turn out as planned. The real estate
25 market greatly declined in 2008, and the debtor eventually left
26 Aspen's employ in 2011. Id.
27 In moving to dismiss his chapter 7 case under § 707(b)(1),
28 Aspen argued that the home loan was "consumer debt" because the

-16-
 1 debtor had obtained the loan to purchase his personal residence.
2 Id. at 668. Aspen argued that the home loan did not become a
3 "business debt" simply because it was part of the debtor's
4 compensation. Id. at 670. In affirming the bankruptcy court's
5 determination that the home loan was business debt, the Panel
6 ruled that "the key factor in determining whether a debt is
7 consumer debt lies in the debtor's purpose in incurring the debt."
8 Id. (emphasis in original). Thus, even though secured debt
9 incurred to purchase or improve a debtor's personal residence is
10 generally consumer debt, Price v. United States Tr. (In re Price),
11 353 F.3d 1135, 1139 (9th Cir. 2004), the bankruptcy court had
12 properly characterized the home loan as business debt, because the
13 debtor's primary purpose in obtaining the loan was for business as
14 it was an integral part of his employment. In re Cherrett,
15 523 B.R. at 670-72.
16 Debtor's contention that "use" of the debt is determinative
17 for characterizing whether a debt is consumer or business debt
18 defies our controlling authority. Even though the debtor in
19 Cherrett obtained the home loan to buy a personal residence, which
20 is generally considered a consumer debt, and he did in fact use
21 those funds to buy it, the purpose of the home loan had a business
22 purpose; it was an integral part of the business arrangement
23 between the parties and clearly had a profit motive for the
24 debtor. Applying the standard of "use" Debtor suggests is
25 unworkable. A debtor could convert the character of a debt from
26 business to consumer (and vice versa) by simply using the funds
27 for a purpose different than the original purpose. Plus, it
28 eliminates the court's consideration of the debtor's motive, which

-17-
 1 must be viewed at the time the debt was incurred. In re Nicolas,
2 2002 WL 32332461, at *2; In re Bertolami, 235 B.R. at 497.
3 Here, although Debtor testified that the advanced funds were
4 used for his personal expenses and paragraph 8 of the Agreement
5 provides that Debtor could receive up to $50,000 total for living
6 expenses for the months of February and March 2009, it is clear
7 that the purpose of the advances to Debtor was for a business
8 enterprise with an eye toward profit. Debtor approached Singer
9 and obtained the loan from SFC for the sole purpose of funding the
10 writing of his book. The parties agreed to split the proceeds if
11 the book sold within six months. SFC advanced funds to Debtor so
12 that he could focus his efforts on writing the book and not have
13 to worry about the pressures of daily finances or about paying
14 others who were involved in its completion (who Debtor did pay
15 with some of the funds). Obviously, the faster Debtor could write
16 the book, the faster the parties could make money, which clearly
17 was the primary purpose of their arrangement. The funds here, not
18 unlike those in Cherrett, functioned as Debtor's compensation
19 during that six-month period.
20 Therefore, because the debt was incurred with a profit
21 motive, it is not consumer debt. Accordingly, the bankruptcy
22 court did not err in determining that Debtor failed to meet his
23 burden in establishing that the advanced funds were consumer debt.
24 As a result, Debtor was not entitled to attorney's fees and costs
25 under § 523(d). Given this conclusion, we need not decide whether
26 the bankruptcy court correctly concluded that the Singer Parties'
27 § 523(a)(2) claims were substantially justified.
28 / / /

-18-
 1 VI. CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

-19-