Sviridov v. City of San Diego

Filed 7/28/17; Certified for Publication 8/15/17 (order attached)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ALEKSEI E. SVIRIDOV, D069785

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2008-00080855-
CU-WT-CTL)
CITY OF SAN DIEGO et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joel R.

Wohlfeil, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Office of Milton J. Silverman and Milton J. Silverman, for Plaintiff and

Appellant.

Mara W. Elliott, City Attorney, George Schaefer, Assistant City Attorney and

Meghan A. Wharton, Deputy City Attorney, for Defendants and Respondents.
INTRODUCTION

Aleksei E. Sviridov appeals a judgment after the trial court awarded the City of

San Diego and the San Diego Police Department (collectively the City or defendants)

$90,387.28 in costs. Sviridov contends the City is not entitled to costs based upon

Williams v. Chino Valley Independent Fire Dist. (2015) 61 Cal.4th 97, 99 (Williams),

which held that in actions based upon the California Fair Employment and Housing Act

(FEHA; Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.), costs should not be awarded under Government

Code section 12965, subdivision (b), to a defendant against an unsuccessful FEHA

plaintiff "unless the plaintiff brought or continued litigating the action without an

objective basis for believing it had potential merit." (Williams, supra, at pp. 99–100.)

Sviridov also contends the Public Safety Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act (POBRA;

Gov. Code, § 3300 et seq.) prohibits an award of costs for the defense of his POBRA

claim unless the action was frivolous or brought in bad faith. (Gov. Code, § 3309.5.)

The City contends neither of these statutes applies because the City is entitled to its costs

pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 9981 since Sviridov rejected multiple

statutory settlement offers and did not obtain a more favorable result. We conclude the

City is entitled to costs pursuant to section 998 and we affirm the judgment.

1 Further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
stated.

2
BACKGROUND

This appeal follows three prior appeals in this court, Sviridov v. San Diego City

Civil Service Commission (Nov. 22, 2010, D055109) [nonpub. opn.] (Sviridov I),

Sviridov v. City of San Diego (Oct. 13, 2011, D056801) [nonpub. opn.] (Sviridov II), and

Sviridov v. City of San Diego (Mar. 20, 2015, D064634) [nonpub. opn.] (Sviridov III).2

In Sviridov I, we described the background pertaining to Sviridov's November

2007 termination of his employment as a police officer, his October 2008 reinstatement

and payment of back pay and benefits, Sviridov's failure to return to work thereafter, and

his second termination. In the first appeal, Sviridov challenged an order denying his

petition for administrative mandamus in which he sought a determination by the Civil

Service Commission of the City of San Diego on the merits of his challenge to his first

termination. We concluded Sviridov's administrative claim was moot in light of the

decision to reinstate Sviridov and to pay his back pay and benefits.

The second appeal, Sviridov II, involved a demurrer and motion for summary

judgment on Sviridov's third amended complaint asserting claims for wrongful

termination stemming from his second termination, among others. We affirmed the

summary judgment but reversed the trial court's order sustaining defendants' demurrer to

Sviridov's ninth breach of contract cause of action and remanded the matter with

2 On our own motion, we take judicial notice of our prior unpublished appellate
opinions. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(b)(1);
Fink v. Shemtov (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1171.)

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directions to grant Sviridov leave to amend his complaint to state a cause of action under

the POBRA and/or to seek appropriate mandamus relief.

Following remand, Sviridov filed a fourth amended complaint seeking relief under

POBRA without pursuing a writ of mandate. The court entered judgment after a bench

trial ordering Sviridov's reinstatement as a police officer and awarding him back pay and

benefits. We reversed the judgment in Sviridov III concluding Sviridov was not entitled

to POBRA relief because Sviridov did not timely appeal his termination with the office of

the chief of police as required by a memorandum of understanding with the San Diego

Police Officers' Association. We remanded the matter with directions to enter judgment

in favor of the City and stated the City was entitled to costs on appeal.

After the remittitur, the City filed a memorandum of costs seeking $90,387.28.

This included $46,489.01 in costs previously awarded after summary judgment was

entered in favor of the City in 2010, with interest thereon, as well as subsequent costs.

Sviridov moved to strike the City's cost bill in its entirety contending Williams,

supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 and POBRA preclude recovery of costs. He did not challenge any

particular item of cost or the reasonableness of the costs requested.

The City opposed the motion to strike stating it was entitled to costs as the

prevailing party under sections 1032 and 998 and neither POBRA nor Williams precluded

recovery of costs for the majority of claims in this case. The City presented evidence that

it served Sviridov with three statutory settlement offers under section 998 offering to

waive costs in exchange for a dismissal of the action at separate key times throughout the

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litigation from 2008 through 2010, after initial investigation of the suit, prior to trial, and

after the grant of summary judgment. Sviridov rejected each offer. As a result, the City

contended it was entitled to costs under section 998.

Sviridov did not respond to the section 998 argument in his reply to the City's

opposition, and he did not challenge the reasonableness of the statutory settlement offers.

Rather, Sviridov reiterated his position that since all of his claims were intertwined with

FEHA claims, costs should not be awarded unless the action was objectively groundless

based upon Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 and Roman v. BRE Properties, Inc. (2015) 237

Cal.App.4th 1040, 1062, footnote 20 (Roman).3

The court denied the motion to strike stating Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 did

not apply because the only claim to survive to trial was the POBRA claim and

Government Code section 3309.5 does not bar recovery of ordinary costs by a prevailing

party. The court entered judgment in favor of the City and awarded the City its costs as

requested.

DISCUSSION

We review a trial court's prevailing party determination and an award of costs for

abuse of discretion. We independently review questions of law. (Litt v. Eisenhower

Medical Center (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1217, 1221.) In doing so, we review the court's

3 The appellate court in Roman concluded, unless a FEHA claim is frivolous "only
those costs properly allocated to non-FEHA claims may be recovered by the prevailing
defendant" under section 1032. (Roman, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 1062.)

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ruling, not its reason for the ruling. (Davey v. Southern Pacific Co. (1897) 116 Cal. 325,

329.)

Sviridov contends approximately $70,000 in costs awarded as a result of the

summary judgment motion should be precluded by Government Code section 12965 and

Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 because the costs claimed were primarily incurred for

litigation of his FEHA claims and the judge who granted summary judgment denied the

City's motion for attorney fees stating Sviridov did not prevail "because of a failure of

proof," not because the action was "completely unreasonable, frivolous or meritless."

Sviridov also contends the remaining $20,000 reflecting costs incurred in defense of the

POBRA action should be precluded by the POBRA statute. The City contends these

statutes do not apply because Sviridov rejected reasonable statutory settlement offers and

it is entitled to costs pursuant to section 998, subdivision (c)(1).

The general rule for civil cases is "[e]xcept as otherwise expressly provided by

statute, a prevailing party is entitled as a matter of right to recover costs in any action or

proceeding." (§ 1032, subd. (b).)

In actions brought under FEHA, Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b)

states, "the court, in its discretion, may award to the prevailing party … reasonable

attorney's fees and costs, including expert witness fees." The Supreme Court in Williams,

supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 held this provision for a discretionary cost award is an "express

exception" to section 1032, subdivision (b)'s mandate to award costs to a prevailing party.

(Williams, at p. 105.) In authorizing discretionary awards of attorney fees and costs

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under Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b), the Legislature "sought 'to

encourage persons injured by discrimination to seek judicial relief.' " (Williams, at

p. 112.) Because the statute makes awards for costs and attorney fees discretionary, the

Supreme Court determined the Legislature intended the court to exercise its discretion in

the same manner for both and the rule established by Christiansburg Garment Co. v.

Equal Employment Opportunity Comm'n (1978) 434 U.S. 412 [98 S.Ct. 694, 54 L.Ed.2d

648] applied to both attorney fees and costs. (Williams, at pp. 114–115.) Under this

standard, the court concluded "a prevailing defendant, …, should not be awarded fees and

costs unless the court finds the action was objectively without foundation when brought,

or the plaintiff continued to litigate after it clearly became so." (Id. at p. 115.)

A third statute is at issue here, however, because the City made statutory offers to

settle Sviridov's claim pursuant to section 998. Former subdivision (c)(1) of section 998

provided, "If an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain

a more favorable judgment or award, the plaintiff shall not recover his or her postoffer

costs and shall pay the defendant's costs from the time of the offer. In addition, in any

action or proceeding other than an eminent domain action, the court …, in its discretion,

may require the plaintiff to pay a reasonable sum to cover costs of the services of expert

witnesses, …, actually incurred and reasonably necessary in either, or both, preparation

for trial …, or during trial …, of the case by the defendant."4

4 Section 998, subdivision (c) was amended effective January 1, 2016, to limit
expert witness costs to those incurred postoffer. (Id., subd. (c)(1); Stats. 2015, ch. 345,
§ 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2016.) Previously, and at the time judgment was entered in this case, the
7
Section 998 is itself an exception to section 1032's provision that only a prevailing

party is entitled to costs. (See Scott Co. v. Blount Inc. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1103, 1112

["Section 998 modifies the general rule of section 1032."].) It makes an award of

ordinary costs mandatory against a plaintiff who did not accept a statutory offer to

compromise and failed to obtain a more favorable judgment. It also gives the court

discretion to award reasonable expert witness costs. Section 998 is " 'a cost-shifting

statute which encourages the settlement of actions, by penalizing parties who fail to

accept reasonable pretrial settlement offers. A plaintiff who refuses a reasonable pretrial

settlement offer and subsequently fails to obtain a "more favorable judgment" is

penalized by a loss of prevailing party costs and an award of costs in the defendant's

favor.' " (Guerrero v. Rodan Termite Control, Inc. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1435, 1440.)

In Seever v. Copley Press, Inc. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1550, 1562, the appellate court

explained that section 998 "is designed to create economic incentives on both parties to

settle rather than try their lawsuits. To do so, both sides must face some economic

consequences if it turns out they miscalculate and lose. Thus, seldom would a court

properly deny a successful defendant its entire section 998 cost award, even in a FEHA

case." (See Holman v. Altana Pharma US, Inc. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 262, 281

[nothing in Gov. Code, § 12965 expressly disallows an award of expert costs under § 998

to a prevailing FEHA defendant].)

court had the prerogative to award expert witness costs incurred prior to the offer.
(Regency Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2006) 39 Cal.4th 507, 533.)

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Sviridov did not respond substantively in his reply brief to the City's argument that

Williams does not apply because the court properly awarded costs under section 998.

Rather, he asserted, with no analysis or citation to legal authority, "just as [Williams,

supra, 61 Cal.4th 97], precludes a prevailing defendant from recovering costs under

section 1032, subd[ivision] (b)," then "so does Williams preclude a … successful

defendant from recovering as a prevailing party under … section 998." We deem the

failure to support this statement with reasoned argument a forfeiture. " ' "When an

appellant [asserts a point] but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to

authority, we treat the point as waived [or forfeited5]." ' [Citation.] 'We are not bound to

develop appellants' arguments for them.' " (Cahill v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co.

(2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 939, 956.) Failure to address any deficiency of the record

regarding section 998 issue discussed in the respondents' brief similarly forfeits any error.

(Christoff v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 118, 125; Eisenberg et

al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter Group 2016) ¶ 9:77.1.)

Even if we were to consider Sviridov's perfunctory argument, a blanket application

of Williams to preclude section 998 costs unless the FEHA claim was objectively

groundless would erode the public policy of encouraging settlement in such cases. (See

Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 108 [where a trial court has discretion under both Gov.

Code, § 12965, subd. (b) and § 998, the court "should consider the policies behind both

5 "[T]he correct legal term for the loss of a right based on failure to timely assert it
is 'forfeiture,' because a person who fails to preserve a claim forfeits that claim. In
contrast, a waiver is the ' "intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
right." ' " (In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293, fn. 2.)

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statutes"].) Sviridov has not established the court did not properly consider the policies

of both provisions in making the award in 2015.

We also conclude Government Code section 3309.5 does not preclude an award of

costs in this case related to the POBRA action, particularly in light of the applicability of

section 998. Government Code section 3309.5, subdivision (d)(2) states, "If the court

finds that a bad faith or frivolous action or a filing for an improper purpose has been

brought pursuant to this chapter, the court may order sanctions against the party filing the

action, the party's attorney, or both, pursuant to Sections 128.6 and 128.7 of the Code of

Civil Procedure. Those sanctions may include, but not be limited to, reasonable

expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by a public safety department as the court

deems appropriate. Nothing in this paragraph is intended to subject actions or filings

under this section to rules or standards that are different from those applicable to other

civil actions or filings subject to Section 128.6 or 128.7 of the Code of Civil Procedure."

(Italics added.) This is a sanction statute allowing the court to impose sanctions against a

party and/or his or her attorney for frivolous actions brought under POBRA. The final

sentence plainly states this statute does not create "rules or standards" for POBRA that

are different from those applicable to "other civil actions." (Ibid.) This statute is not an

express exception to sections 1032 or 998.

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DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Respondents shall recover their costs on appeal.

McCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

NARES, J.

HALLER, J.

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Filed 8/15/17

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ALEKSEI E. SVIRIDOV, D069785

Plaintiff and Appellant,

(Super. Ct. No. 37-2008-00080855-

v. CU-WT-CTL)

CITY OF SAN DIEGO et al.,

ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION

Defendants and Respondents. FOR PUBLICATION

THE COURT:
The opinion in this case filed on July 28, 2017, was not certified for publication.

It appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules

of Court, rule 8.1105(c), the requests pursuant to rule 8.1120(a) for publication are

GRANTED.

IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for publication

specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c); and

ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" appearing

on page 1 of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be published in the Official

Reports.

McCONNELL, P. J.

Copies to: All parties