IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT
IN RE: DUA DIAMONDS, INC. AND : No. 85 EM 2017
JASMEEN KAUR :
: Appeal from the Order of the Superior
: Court at No. 1770 EDA 2017 dated
PETITION OF: DUA DIAMONDS, INC. : the Order Entered of the Philadelphia
AND JASMEEN KAUR : County Court of Common Pleas at No.
: CP-51-MD-0001848-2017 dated May
: 26, 2017
:
DISSENTING STATEMENT
JUSTICE WECHT FILED: August 22, 2017
Today, this Court denies the emergency application for relief filed by DUA
Diamonds, Inc., (“DUA”) and Jasmeen Kaur (collectively, “Applicant”). I respectfully
dissent. For the reasons set forth below, I would grant the application and reinstate the
trial court’s order lifting the automatic supersedeas.
In this case, police officers executed a search warrant on Applicant’s jewelry
stores. The warrant specified that only the jewelry that was “identifiable” as being the
subject of ongoing burglary investigations was to be seized. See Trial Ct. Op.,
8/4/2017, at 2. The Commonwealth’s own evidence later demonstrated that only
approximately 2% of the jewelry that was seized was connected to any crime. Id. at 2
(noting that, of approximately 50,000 items seized, “only 1,000 pieces were ‘identifiable’
as part of a crime”), 16 (“48,093 pieces [were] not identified as being part of a crime”).
Nonetheless, police officers seized Applicant’s entire inventory. Id. at 1-2. The origin of
some of the inventory could not be ascertained, but the trial court specifically credited
testimonial and documentary evidence demonstrating that “95% of the inventory
confiscated by the Commonwealth [was] bought from wholesalers and, therefore, was
legitimate and not proceeds of a crime.” Id. at 9-10. The trial court’s finding
notwithstanding, the Commonwealth has retained Applicant’s property, and has
continued to operate a website upon which it advertised and posted photographs of all
of Applicant’s inventory, inviting members of the public to claim any items that belong to
them.1 Id. at 12.
Applicant filed a petition for the return of property. The trial court granted
Applicant’s petition, and ordered the Commonwealth to return the pieces of jewelry that
were unconnected to any crime, while allowing the Commonwealth to retain the pieces
that served as evidence of a criminal enterprise. To minimize any possibility that
Applicant irretrievably would dissipate jewelry later determined to be connected to the
crimes under investigation, the trial court ordered Applicant to photograph every item
subsequently sold, to keep receipts with those photographs, and to record the sale
price, method of payment, and every buyer’s name, address, and telephone number.
The Commonwealth appealed the trial court’s order granting Applicant’s petition
in part, thereby effecting an automatic supersedeas and staying the trial court’s order
pending the resolution of its appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1736. The trial court granted
Applicant’s motion to lift the stay. The Comonwealth sought emergency relief in the
Superior Court. The Superior Court reinstated the supersedeas through a per curiam
order, providing no explanation for its rejection of the trial court’s reasoning. The
Superior Court’s determination on the merits is pending. Although that court has
directed expedited consideration, Applicant remains unable to access the inventory that
1
http://montcopa.org/JewelryWebsite (last visited August 18, 2017).
[85 EM 2017] - 2
the trial court determined to be legitimate and wholly unconnected to any crime.
Consequently, Applicant is unable to conduct any lawful business operations.
In my view, the Superior Court’s order reinstating the supersedeas and
preventing Applicant’s recovery of its lawfully-owned property reflects an “egregious
error” that warrants the exercise of this Court’s supervisory powers. See Pa.R.A.P.
3315, Note (providing for this Court’s review of stay orders of appellate courts). The
trial court aptly determined that Applicant has made a sufficient demonstration that: (1)
it is likely to prevail on the merits, (2) it will suffer irreparable injury if the requested relief
is not granted, (3) lifting the supersedeas will not substantially harm the Commonwealth
or other interested parties, and (4) lifting the supersedeas will not adversely affect the
public interest. See Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n v. Process Gas Consumers Grp., 467 A.2d
805, 808-09 (Pa. 1983) (identifying the criteria for grant of a stay, and considering them
in context of a motion to vacate an order granting a stay). I would exercise this Court’s
extraordinary jurisdiction, which is necessary here to “cause right and justice to be
done.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 726.
Applicant notes that, having already prevailed on the merits before the trial court
with regard to the thousands of items that the trial court determined to have been
obtained legitimately, it has made a sufficient showing that it was “entitled to lawful
possession thereof,” so as to establish grounds for the return of its property under
Pa.R.Crim.P. 588.2 Applicant observes that, once it preliminarily established its
2
Rule 588 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure provides, in relevant
part:
(A) A person aggrieved by a search and seizure, whether or not executed
pursuant to a warrant, may move for the return of the property on the
ground that he or she is entitled to lawful possession thereof. . . .
(B) The judge hearing such motion shall receive evidence on any issue of
fact necessary to the decision thereon. If the motion is granted, the
(continued…)
[85 EM 2017] - 3
entitlement to the lawfully-owned property, the burden fell upon the Commonwealth to
demonstrate that the property was derivative contraband, necessitating proof of a
specific nexus between the property and the crimes alleged. See Emergency
Application at 19-20 (citing, inter alia, Barron v. Commonwealth, 74 A.3d 250, 255 (Pa.
Super. 2013), and Petition of Koenig, 663 A.2d 725, 726 (Pa. Super. 1995)).
Applicant notes that the Commonwealth had months to acquire evidence
sufficient to satisfy its burden, and that the trial court granted the Commonwealth
numerous extensions of time to produce such evidence. Despite the time afforded to
the Commonwealth, and despite the Commonwealth’s invitation to the public to claim
Applicant’s inventory as stolen property, “the Commonwealth did not provide any direct
or circumstantial evidence that the property which [Applicant] wanted returned was, in
fact, derivative contraband.” Trial Ct. Op. at 12 (emphasis in original). Applicant
highlights the Commonwealth’s concession that some percentage of the property seized
was not evidence of a crime, and that the Commonwealth, therefore, had no entitlement
to it. See Emergency Application at 12-13 (quoting Notes of Testimony, 5/26/2017, at
161) (statement of the Commonwealth that “we have never [—] not once [—] walked
into this courtroom and said every single item in there [i]s stolen. God knows that some
of this is not stolen . . . .”).
Importantly, the trial court only ordered the return of the inventory for which no
nexus of a crime had been established, allowing the Commonwealth to retain the pieces
of jewelry that would serve as actual evidence of a crime. There is no legal theory that
(…continued)
property shall be restored unless the court determines that such property
is contraband, in which case the court may order the property to be
forfeited.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 588(A)-(B).
[85 EM 2017] - 4
would allow the Commonwealth to retain indefinitely property that is lawfully owned and
unconnected to any crime. The delineation between the property that was possessed
unlawfully and the property that was obtained legitimately was based upon the trial
court’s factual findings and credibility determinations, which are owed substantial
deference on appeal. For these reasons alone, Applicant has demonstrated a
substantial likelihood of success on the merits.3
Applicant has established that it will suffer irreparable injury if it cannot reacquire
its lawfully-owned inventory. The trial court noted that, subsequent to the seizure of
Applicant’s inventory, Citizens Bank has sought to collect a $100,000.00 loan that was
secured by the inventory. Trial Ct. Op. at 14.4 Applicant cannot repay the loan due to
the seizure, and has borrowed money from more than nine friends and relatives in an
attempt to prevent Citizens Bank from seeking to acquire from the Commonwealth the
jewelry serving as collateral and then proceeding to liquidate it for less than its fair
market value. Id. at 15. Apart from Applicant’s difficulties with the loan, Applicant is
3
The Commonwealth also appealed the trial court’s denial of its motion to transfer
venue of Applicant’s petition for return of property. The venue issue is pending before
the Superior Court. Applicant does not address the venue issue in the instant
application for emergency relief. Arguably, this omission could serve as a basis to
conclude that Applicant has not established a “likelihood of success on the merits.” But
I would not deny the Emergency Application upon these grounds. First, the
Commonwealth’s argument makes no mention of its challenge to the trial court’s venue
ruling, and the Commonwealth does not suggest it as a basis for this Court to deny
relief to Applicant. More importantly, the venue issue is wholly independent from the
merits of the issue upon which Applicant sought relief. Nowhere is it suggested that the
ruling upon the substantive issue would have been different had the same evidence
been presented to a trial court in Montgomery County instead of Philadelphia County.
4
Again highlighting the legitimacy of much of Applicant’s inventory, the trial court
noted that the jewelry that served as collateral for the Citizens Bank loan was
purchased lawfully from jewelry wholesalers, and that Applicant produced
“documentation showing purchases of their inventory from Alpha Gem Corp., Mehdioff
Diamond Dealers Trading Company, Diamond Castle, Inc., New York Diamond
Exchange, Inc., and many others too numerous to list.” Trial Ct. Op. at 10-11.
[85 EM 2017] - 5
without inventory and cannot conduct business operations. The trial court credited
evidence showing that the owners of DUA were three months behind in paying their
home mortgage, and that foreclosure proceedings were imminent. Id. The trial court
credited evidence that Applicant has lost existing customers and prospective new
customers because its stores are closed and empty, causing Applicant’s business
“immeasurable harm.” Id. The trial court credited evidence that Applicant is many
months behind on paying its rent for the commercial leases for all of its storefronts, and
that “eviction will be certain.” Id. The trial court credited evidence that the owners of
DUA have three children and now cannot afford to purchase groceries for their family.
Id. at 16.
The trial court noted that Applicant likely would not be able to recoup any
economic losses from the Commonwealth because, if Applicant later seeks to bring an
action for damages, “it would likely be blocked by immunity provisions applicable to
governmental entities.” Id. at 17. This appears to be correct. But let us assume for the
sake of argument that Applicant later could somehow recover damages from the
Commonwealth. The harm to Applicant still could not be undone. By that time, it likely
would be out of business permanently. Its owners may have faced foreclosure and lost
their family home. Financial and reputational ruin of this sort is not easily remedied by a
potential award of damages that might or might not arrive years in the future. And that
is assuming, merely arguendo, Applicant’s best-case scenario of being able to pursue
such a claim at some later date, as opposed to the more likely eventuality that the
Commonwealth’s immunity would operate to deny Applicant any recourse whatsoever,
as the trial court postulated. As such, Applicant has established that it faces immediate,
irreparable harm if it cannot reacquire its lawfully-owned inventory and return to
conducting its business operations.
[85 EM 2017] - 6
In addition to the clear financial harm resulting from the Commonwealth’s
retention of Applicant’s inventory, the trial court noted that Applicant is being injured by
the Commonwealth’s website, inasmuch as “the Commonwealth is distributing
[Applicant’s] inventory to the public, some of whom are not the rightful owners.” Id. The
trial court “heard evidence directly from the Montgomery County District Attorney’s
Office” that nine people had claimed jewelry from the website, only later to return it,
stating that they were not the rightful owners of the items. Id. Perhaps somewhat
ironically, given that Applicant is alleged to have distributed property of which it was not
the rightful owner, Applicant’s “inventory is being distributed to other than their rightful
owners, which is obviously harming” Applicant. Id.
With regard to potential harm to the Commonwealth’s ability to prosecute the
crimes alleged, Applicant notes that the only property sought to be returned is the
property determined to be unrelated to criminal activity. It remains undisputed that the
Commonwealth may retain possession of the jewelry determined to be “evidence” of the
alleged offenses. Applicant notes that the lawfully-obtained inventory “is not ‘evidence,’
and very likely never will be.” Emergency Application at 27. The trial court noted that
Applicant “is not seeking return of any items/jewelry [that] the Commonwealth is using to
prosecute” the participants in the alleged burglary ring. Trial Ct. Op. at 18. Regardless,
in an abundance of caution, the trial court imposed the above-referenced conditions
upon Applicant, in order to protect against the irretrievable loss of inventory in the event
that some items later might be determined to be connected to the offenses at issue.
The trial court further noted that, in setting up its website, the Commonwealth already
has photographed and catalogued every piece of jewelry seized. “Therefore,
prophylactically, the Commonwealth already has what [it] need[s] regarding
photographs and catalogued information to be able to continue to pursue [Applicant]
[85 EM 2017] - 7
should anyone else ever come forward to make additional claims.” Id. Under the
circumstances, the Commonwealth will suffer no material prejudice by returning
Applicant’s lawfully-obtained inventory during the pendency of its appeal.
Applicant argues that the public interest favors returning Applicant’s lawfully-
owned property and discouraging the “abuse and overreach” in which the
Commonwealth has engaged. Emergency Application at 30. Reiterating the lack of
harm to the Commonwealth, Applicant again asserts that, under the circumstances of
the instant case, the “public interest in protecting criminal prosecutions simply will not be
compromised by the return of the inventory.” Id. The trial court agreed with Applicant
that the Commonwealth relied upon an impermissible expansion of the parameters of
the search warrant, and that seizing and retaining all of Applicant’s inventory, rather
than the just the items for which probable cause was established, “offends the basic
notions of due process at the heart of our jurisprudence.” Trial Ct. Op. at 14. I agree
wholeheartedly (or whole-mindedly) with the trial court’s observation.
In essence, the police officers treated the search warrant as a general warrant.
So armed, they deemed themselves authorized simply to seize all items possibly
connected to a crime, regardless of whether probable cause existed for any individual
item or whether the warrant specified the items to be seized with the requisite degree of
particularity.
Our search and seizure jurisprudence does not countenance such a haphazard,
scattershot approach. Our Constitutions do not allow for items to be seized first and
probable cause to be established second. Little difference may be found between the
execution of the search warrant in the instant case and the operation of the infamous
“writs of assistance” in Colonial America, the abuses of which helped inspire the
[85 EM 2017] - 8
Framers to draft the Fourth Amendment and to include within it an essential and explicit
particularity requirement.5 This is a basic, bedrock principle of our law.
The proprietor of Applicant’s businesses, Wasim Shazad, may very well be
proven guilty of any number of criminal offenses. Let us assume for the moment that he
is convicted. It has nonetheless remained undisputed by the parties throughout these
proceedings that some substantial percentage of Applicant’s inventory is part of
Applicant’s completely legitimate business operations. In its role as finder of fact, the
trial court assessed the evidence, rendered its credibility determinations, and quantified
the property that is not connected to a crime and is of no use to the Commonwealth’s
prosecutorial efforts. No public interest is served in allowing the Commonwealth to
retain private property to which it has no entitlement. Applicant persuasively avers that
“it is in the public’s interest to prevent overzealous government agents from making
such a sweeping seizure and retaining private property indefinitely without any legal
basis.” Emergency Application at 30.
The Commonwealth certainly is entitled to its appeal in the Superior Court.
However, the same appellate process that is designed to facilitate the dispensing of
justice is here operating to deny it. The automatic supersedeas mechanism that attends
the Commonwealth’s appeal is causing irreparable harm to a business and to the adults
5
See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 608 (1980) (“[I]t was the abusive use of
the warrant power . . . that precipitated the Fourth Amendment. That Amendment grew
out of colonial opposition to the infamous general warrants known as writs of
assistance, which empowered customs officers to search at will, and to break open
receptacles or packages, wherever they suspected uncustomed goods to be.”);
Stanford v. Texas, 379 U.S. 476, 485 (1965) (quoting Marron v. United States, 275 U.S.
192, 196 (1927)) (“The requirement that warrants shall particularly describe the things to
be seized makes general searches under them impossible and prevents the seizure of
one thing under a warrant describing another. As to what is to be taken, nothing is left
to the discretion of the officer executing the warrant.”).
[85 EM 2017] - 9
and children who rely upon that business. The Commonwealth already has taken steps
to minimize any harm that may arise from lifting the supersedeas, and the trial court
tailored its order to further mitigate any potential prejudice to the ongoing criminal
proceedings. Because Applicant has established its likelihood of success on the merits,
the severe and irreparable harm that it faces, the lack of harm to the Commonwealth,
and the public interests that its requested relief would serve, I would grant Applicant’s
Emergency Application and would reinstate the trial court’s order lifting the automatic
supersedeas. The Superior Court’s error in dismissing the above-discussed
considerations requires intervention in our extraordinary jurisdiction to “cause right and
justice to be done.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 726.
I respectfully dissent.
Justice Donohue joins the dissenting statement.
[85 EM 2017] - 10