16-526-cv
SEC v. Metter
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
Square, in the City of New York, on the 29th day of August, two thousand
seventeen.
PRESENT:
PETER W. HALL,
GERARD E. LYNCH,
CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
Circuit Judges.
U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission, The Sullivan Lead
Plaintiff Group,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v. No. 16-526-cv
Michael Metter,
Defendant-Appellant,
Spongetech Delivery Systems, Inc., RM
Enterprises International, Inc., Steven
Moskowitz, George Sperenza, Joel
Pensley, Jack Halperin,
Defendants,
BusinessTalkRadio.net, Inc., Blue Star
Media Group, Inc.,
Relief Defendants.
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SEC v. Metter
FOR APPELLANT: MARANDA E. FRITZ (Tammy P. Bieber and Brian K.
Steinwascher, on the brief), Thompson Hine LLP, New
York, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: MARTIN V. TOTARO, Senior Counsel (John W. Avery,
Deputy Solicitor, on the brief), for Robert B. Stebbins,
General Counsel, Securities and Exchange Commission,
Washington, DC.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York (Irizarry, C.J., Levy, M.J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Michael Metter challenges the district court’s imposition of
joint and several disgorgement liability in the amount of $52,236,995, plus
prejudgment interest, and a civil penalty in the amount of $6,133,540. We assume
the parties’ familiarity with the procedural history of this matter, the underlying
facts, and the issues on appeal.
We review the district court’s disgorgement order for abuse of discretion. SEC v.
Contorinis, 743 F.3d 296, 301 (2d Cir. 2014). We review the district court’s
imposition of a civil penalty for abuse of discretion. SEC v. Razmilovic, 738 F.3d 14,
38 (2d Cir. 2013) (citing SEC v. Kern, 425 F.3d 143, 153 (2d Cir. 2005)). We
determine de novo whether the district court’s disgorgement order or penalty
amount to an excessive fine in contravention of the Eighth Amendment, accepting
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SEC v. Metter
the district court’s underlying factual findings unless clearly erroneous. United
States v. Viloski, 814 F.3d 104, 109 (2d Cir. 2016).
I. Consent Judgment
As an initial matter, we note that Metter entered into a consent judgment with
respect to liability in this matter. That consent judgment provides, in relevant part:
In connection with the Commission’s motion for disgorgement, civil penalties and/or
reimbursement, and at any hearing held on such a motion: (a) Defendant will be
precluded from arguing that he did not violate the federal securities laws as alleged
in the Complaint; (b) Defendant may not challenge the validity of the Consent or
this Judgment; (c) solely for the purposes of such motion, the allegations of the
Complaint shall be accepted as and deemed true by the Court; and (d) the Court may
determine the issues raised in the motion on the basis of affidavits, declarations,
excerpts of sworn deposition or investigative testimony, and documentary evidence,
without regard to the standards for summary judgment contained in Rule 56(c) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Judgment as to Defendant Michael E. Metter, Doc. 255, at 10. Included in the
Amended Complaint were the following allegations:
Defendant RM Enterprises International, Inc., is a Delaware corporation with its
principal place of business in New York, New York. RM Enterprises is the majority
shareholder of Spongetech and is controlled by Metter and Moskowitz. Metter and
Moskowitz are the sole officers, serve as directors, and are currently the beneficial
owners of two-thirds of RM Enterprises.
Amended Complaint at 7. Notwithstanding his agreement, Metter now claims on
appeal that he did not control RM Enterprises and that Moskowitz was the person
in control. In doing so, Metter violates the unambiguous terms of the consent
judgment. We are unmoved by Metter’s insistence that the relevant terms of the
consent judgment should apply only to the well-pleaded facts in the Complaint. As
the SEC correctly points out, under the terms of the consent judgment, it is
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SEC v. Metter
immaterial whether the Complaint complied with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
8 and 9 or would have survived a motion to dismiss. Metter surrendered his right to
contest whether the factual allegations in the Complaint were well-pleaded when he
agreed to the consent judgment. Without prejudice to any additional means the
district court may deem appropriate to enforce its judgment, we elect simply not to
consider those contentions made by Metter on appeal that are in violation of the
judgment. This includes the Defendant’s claim of double jeopardy.
II. Disgorgement
“The district court has broad discretion not only in determining whether or not
to order disgorgement but also in calculating the amount to be disgorged. The
amount of disgorgement ordered need only be a reasonable approximation of profits
causally connected to the violation; any risk of uncertainty in calculating
disgorgement should fall on the wrongdoer whose illegal conduct created that
uncertainty.” SEC v. First Jersey Securities, Inc., 101 F.3d 1450, 1474–75 (2d Cir.
1996) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alteration omitted). We are
unconvinced by Metter’s assertion that the characterization of the breadth of the
district court’s discretion in First Jersey, id., is unsuited to the circumstances of this
case.
We find no abuse of discretion in the $52,236,995 amount of disgorgement
liability imposed. The evidence before the district court showed, and Metter does
not dispute, that $52,236,995 flowed into RM Enterprises as a result of the
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SEC v. Metter
fraudulent scheme.1 The Complaint alleges, and Metter cannot now deny, that he
controlled RM Enterprises.2
III. Civil Penalty
Metter objects to the district court’s imposition of a $6,133,540 civil penalty on
the grounds that the district court included in its computation thereof a $5 million
transfer from RM Enterprises to BusinessTalkRadio.net, Inc., an entity of which
Metter was president. This $5 million was used to discharge delinquent debt that
Metter had personally guaranteed and on which creditors had obtained judgments
against Metter personally. Under these circumstances, the district court did not
abuse its discretion when it included the $5 million transfer in its computation of
Metter’s personal enrichment. We likewise reject the Defendant’s argument that his
claim of financial hardship precluded the civil penalty imposed here.
IV. Eighth Amendment
In evaluating Metter’s claim that the district court’s disgorgement order violated
1 The SEC originally requested disgorgement in the amount of $52,356,995, which is consistent with
the documentary record. On appeal, neither party has noted the discrepancy between this higher
figure and the lower figure in the order and final judgment. The higher figure includes the lower one.
2 Metter argues that under the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Honeycutt v ,United States, 137 S.
Ct. 1626 (2017), disgorgement is appropriate only for the amount of money that he himself acquired
from the scheme. Honeycutt is not controlling here for two principal reasons. First, as a matter of
law, the decision applied to criminal forfeiture of the proceeds of controlled substance offenses under
21 U.S.C. § 853. Honeycutt, 137 S. Ct. at 1630. We decline Metter’s invitation to extend the
Honeycutt holding with respect to forfeiture under § 853 to the context of the equitable remedy of
disgorgement. Second, as a matter of fact, the defendant in Honeycutt was an employee who had “no
controlling interest in the store,” id. at 1631 (internal quotation marks omitted), and thus had no
control over the proceeds of the offense, while Metter did have control of RM Enterprises, a fact that
he conceded in the consent judgment, and thus could control the distribution of proceeds. Even if the
rule of Honeycutt applied in the context of disgorgement, therefore, that rule, which protects
incidental figures from forfeiture of amounts far beyond what would be justified by their role in the
offense, would not compel reversal in this case.
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SEC v. Metter
the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, the first step of our analysis
is determining whether the disgorgement was a “fine” within the meaning of the
Excessive Fines Clause. Viloski, 814 F.3d at 109. For the purposes of this appeal, we
assume without deciding that, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Kokesh v. SEC, 137 S. Ct. 1635, 1642–44 (2017), the disgorgement liability imposed
in this matter was essentially punitive in nature and thus was a fine within the
meaning of the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.
We proceed to consider whether the disgorgement ordered here was “grossly
disproportional” within the meaning of United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321,
334 (1998). In assessing whether a penalty is grossly disproportionate, we are
required to examine the four “Bajakajian factors:”
(1) the essence of the crime of the defendant and its relation to other criminal
activity, (2) whether the defendant fits into the class of persons for whom the statute
was principally designed, (3) the maximum sentence and fine that could have been
imposed, and (4) the nature of the harm caused by the defendant’s conduct.
Viloski, 814 F.3d at 110 (quoting United States v. George, 779 F.3d 113, 122 (2d Cir.
2015)). In some cases, it may also be relevant whether the penalty effects a
deprivation of an individual’s livelihood. Id. at 111.
With respect to the first enumerated factor, we are, of course, cognizant that this
penalty arises in the context of a civil enforcement action rather than a criminal
prosecution, but the essence of the proscribed act is no less relevant. Here, Metter
has admitted, for the purposes of the assessment of disgorgement liability, all of the
facts alleged in the Complaint. The nature and character of Metter’s actions as set
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SEC v. Metter
forth in the allegations of the Complaint amply justify the imposition of a harsh
penalty. This factor weighs against a finding of gross disproportionality.
With respect to the second enumerated factor, the facts set forth in the
Complaint establish that Metter, as a managing officer of a publicly traded
company, is the precise type of person for whom the Securities Act, the Exchange
Act, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were designed. This factor also weighs against a
finding of gross disproportionality.
We find the third enumerated factor inapposite in light of the absence of any
statutory maximum in the context of a disgorgement award.
With respect to the fourth enumerated factor, we have not lost sight of the
reality that each dollar of ill-gotten benefit Metter and his associates extracted by
means of the illegal pump-and-dump scheme detailed in the Complaint flowed
ultimately from the pockets of investors. As a publicly traded company, Spongetech
had many such investors, but the harm caused by Metter’s conduct is no less serious
or severe for having been spread across multiple victims. This factor weighs against
a finding of gross disproportionality.
With respect to whether the penalty effects a deprivation of Metter’s livelihood,
Metter, who bears the burden of showing the unconstitutionality of the district
court’s disgorgement order, id. at 109, has advanced no substantive argument as to
the future prospects of his livelihood under that order. This factor is thus of no aid
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SEC v. Metter
to Metter.3 See id. at 114–15.
On balance, we are satisfied that the district court’s imposition of disgorgement
liability in the amount of $52,236,995 was not grossly disproportional, and thus
effected no violation of Metter’s Eighth Amendment rights. Indeed, since the
disgorgement ordered almost precisely equaled the gains from the illicit conduct to
the entity controlled by Metter, the resulting financial penalty was directly keyed to
the scope of the wrongdoing.
We have considered all of Metter’s remaining arguments and conclude that they
are without merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
3 Though Metter’s failure to carry his burden is determinative of our analysis of this factor, we note
in passing that “a forfeiture that deprives a defendant of his livelihood might nonetheless be
constitutional, depending on his culpability or other circumstances.” Viloski, 814 F.3d at 112.
Accordingly, even assuming that the disgorgement order did effectively deprive Metter of his future
ability to earn a living, it would be far from clear whether, under the circumstances of this case, the
Eighth Amendment would suffer any insult.
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