Beckman v. State

Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida

Opinion filed September 6, 2017.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

________________

No. 3D15-304
Lower Tribunal No. 09-14217
________________

Jason Beckman,
Appellant,

vs.

The State of Florida,
Appellee.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Rodney Smith,
Judge.

Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Jonathan Greenberg, Assistant
Public Defender, for appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Jonathan Tanoos, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.

Before SUAREZ, LAGOA and SCALES, JJ.

SCALES, J.
 Jason Beckman, the defendant below, appeals his conviction and sentence

for first degree premeditated murder, claiming that he is entitled to a new trial

based on erroneous evidentiary rulings by the lower court and improper closing

argument by the prosecutor. The defendant also argues that Florida’s sentencing

scheme for juveniles convicted of capital crimes, which comports with Miller v.

Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), violates Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466

(2000). See § 921.1401, Fla. Stat. (2015). Finding no abuse of discretion as to any

of the alleged trial errors and concluding that the defendant’s sentence was

constitutional, we affirm for the following reasons.

The underlying facts

On April 12, 2009, the then seventeen-year-old defendant shot and killed his

father with a shotgun in the bathroom of their home, while his father was taking a

shower. The shotgun had two barrels, each with a safety. At the time of the

shooting, one safety was on and one was off. Each chamber was loaded with live

ammunition. The shotgun trigger required two to four pounds of pressure to fire.

The defendant fired the shotgun once, while standing just four and half to six feet

from his father, who was standing in the shower tub taking a shower.

The shotgun pellets went through the shower curtain, hitting the father in the

neck and face. The pellets lacerated his tongue, fractured his jaw, broke or

2
displaced his teeth and lodged inside his head, causing hemorrhaging in the brain.

He bled to death after several minutes.

Within a minute of the shooting, the defendant called out, “Oh my God, call

911” loud enough for a neighbor, Frank Alfonso, to hear. During the 911 call, the

defendant told the police dispatch, “Please, come quickly, I accidentally shot my

father.” He then stated that he was going hunting with his father and that he had

gone into the bathroom to show his father a shotgun, which accidentally went off

even though the safety was on.

Upon arriving at the scene, the police searched the home and found the

defendant’s book bag in a bedroom. In the book bag was a spiral notebook, the

first page of which was labeled “The List” at the top. Underneath the title were ten

names that were each preceded by a Roman numeral III, IV or V. The father’s

name was at the top of the page and was the only name with a roman numeral V

next to it. Other names on the list included those of the defendant’s teachers and

classmates.

The defendant was arrested and charged by indictment with first-degree

premeditated murder with a firearm that discharged and caused death, and

unlawful possession of a firearm while engaged in a criminal offense.1 The State’s

theory was that the defendant had a longstanding hatred for his father and that he

1 The State dismissed the unlawful possession charge at trial.

3
had intentionally shot and killed him. The defendant admitted to shooting his

father, but claimed it was an accident.

While in jail awaiting trial, the defendant shared a cell with Michael Nistal,

who claimed the defendant had told Mr. Nistal about the shooting. According to

Mr. Nistal, who gave a statement to the police about his jailhouse conversations,

the defendant stated that he shot his father in the face with the shotgun because he

hated him and that he would have used a knife had he not underestimated the

circumstantial evidence in the case. Mr. Nistal also claimed that the defendant

kept another list of names while he was in jail, which included the names of fellow

inmates and the defendant’s neighbors. Mr. Nistal claimed that the defendant told

him that he wanted to kill the neighbors because they were potential trial

witnesses.

At trial, the court permitted the State to introduce The List found in the

defendant’s book bag. The court also allowed the State to present several of the

defendant’s classmates and teachers, who testified that the defendant told them

why he had created The List, and as to how certain people ended up being placed

on The List. Several of these witnesses testified that the defendant told them that

he hated his father and wanted him to die, even offering one witness money if he

would kill the defendant’s father. The court also permitted the State to elicit

4
testimony, through Mr. Nistal, about the second list the defendant maintained

while awaiting trial.

The court excluded any evidence that the defendant suffers from Asperger’s

syndrome, finding that his condition only goes to diminished capacity, which is an

impermissible defense in Florida. Nevertheless, the court did permit the defense to

introduce testimony that the defendant is “weird,” and speaks “oddly,” “out of

turn” and in a “monotone” voice as a means of explaining his mannerisms and

demeanor.

The court excluded the content of the defendant’s 911 call to police

dispatch, finding it did not satisfy the excited utterance exception to the hearsay

rule. The court did so upon determining that the defendant had an opportunity to

reflect prior to making the call. In so holding, the court relied upon the testimony

of the defendant’s neighborhood friend, Lisa Syren. She testified that, just two

weeks prior to the shooting, the defendant had both shown her the shotgun and said

that he wanted to shoot his father with it and make it look like self-defense.

During closing argument, the prosecutor made a number of comments—

some objected to, some not—which the defendant claims amounted to misconduct

and which entitle him to a new trial. The court denied his motion for a new trial.

The jury convicted the defendant as charged of first degree premeditated

murder. Because he was seventeen years and twenty-nine days old at the time of

5
the offense, the trial court conducted an individualized sentencing hearing under

section 921.1401 of the Florida Statutes. The trial court imposed a sentence of life

in prison, later amended to life with judicial review after twenty five years. This

appeal ensued.

On this appeal, the defendant claims the trial court abused its discretion by:

permitting the prosecutor to introduce bad character evidence with respect to The

List and the second list he kept in jail awaiting trial; precluding the defense from

introducing testimony that the defendant had Asperger’s syndrome; excluding the

defendant’s 911 call to the police as hearsay; and denying the defense motion for

mistrial based on improper closing argument. The defendant also argues that the

individualized hearing for juveniles set forth in section 921.1401 of the Florida

Statutes violates Apprendi because the trial court, not the jury, conducts the

individualized hearing and determines whether a life sentence is appropriate. We

address each claim separately.

Evidence of The List

Background facts

The List contained ten names with a Roman numeral preceding each name.

The father’s name was at the top of The List and was the only name with a Roman

numeral V next to it. Of the remaining nine names on The List, there were seven

6
names with a Roman numeral IV and two with a Roman numeral III. There were

no Roman numerals I or II.

At a motion in limine hearing, the State argued that an un-redacted copy of

The List should be presented to the jury because it was “inextricably intertwined”

evidence. See § 90.402, Fla. Stat. (2013) (“All relevant evidence is admissible,

except as provided by law.”). To this end, the State commented that “witnesses

will come in and testify that they knew the Defendant had a list . . . and he

described to them what the list was for.” The State proffered that the witnesses

would “discuss the levels of the list” and that the defendant regularly stated that he

hated his father and wanted to kill him. The State also noted that “everyone on this

list had an incident with this Defendant that they can recall.” The trial court ruled

that The List would be admitted at trial.

At trial, the court was asked to clarify its earlier ruling with respect to the

witnesses who would be testifying about The List. The defense objected to any

witnesses testifying as to any personal incident they had with defendant that

resulted with either their name being placed on The List, or the defendant telling

them their name had been placed on The List. Defense counsel argued that none of

the unrelated incidents were relevant as to whether the defendant intentionally

killed his father. In response, the State argued that the witnesses’ testimony as to

the unrelated incidents would provide an “understanding of this list” insofar as it

7
was evidence of “the way that the Defendant keeps track of people whom he does

not like and that he intends to punish.” The trial court agreed with the State and

ruled their testimony was admissible.

Consistent with the court’s rulings, the State introduced the testimony of

several of the defendant’s former classmates and teachers at trial with respect to

The List.

Analysis

The defendant argues that, by allowing witnesses to testify as to why people

were on The List, the trial court erroneously admitted Williams2 rule evidence, i.e.,

collateral evidence of uncharged bad acts introduced solely to prove the

defendant’s bad character or propensity to commit crime, in violation of section

90.404(2)(a) of the Florida Statutes. The State counters that though it did provide

a Williams Rule notice at trial, it ultimately sought to introduce the witnesses’

testimony only under section 90.402 of the Florida Statutes, which provides that

“[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible, except as provided by law.” Because the

State’s argument is well taken, we address only the section 90.402 argument. See

Griffin v. State, 639 So. 2d 966, 968 (Fla. 1994) (“[E]vidence of uncharged crimes

which . . . is inextricably intertwined with the crime charged, is not Williams rule

evidence.”).

2 Williams v. State, 110 So. 2d 654 (Fla. 1959).

8
 In Dorsett v. State, 944 So. 2d 1207, 1213 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (citations

omitted), this court sitting en banc stated the standard under section 90.402 for

admitting relevant evidence of uncharged collateral acts that is considered to be

“inextricably intertwined” with the charged crime(s):

Evidence is inextricably intertwined if the evidence is necessary to (1)
“adequately describe the deed,”; (2) provide an intelligent account
of the crime(s) charged; (3) establish the entire context out of
which the charged crime(s) arose; or (4) adequately describe the
events leading up to the charged crime(s).

Collateral evidence is admissible under section 90.402 if it is a “relevant and

inseparable part of the act which is in issue.” Id. at 1214-15 (quoting Charles W.

Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 404.17 (1993 ed.)). If this standard is met, the court

must then decide if the probative value of introducing such evidence is

“substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues,

misleading the jury, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Id. at 1212

(quoting § 90.403, Fla. Stat.). This court reviews the trial court’s ruling on

admissibility of such evidence for an abuse of discretion. See Knight v. State, 15

So. 3d 936, 938 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009). “In the context of the trial proceedings to

that point, [where] reasonable trial judges might well disagree on whether the

defense objection should have been overruled or sustained, . . . no abuse of

discretion [will be] shown.” Id.

9
 Here, the defendant concedes that the un-redacted list was admissible at trial,

as well as witness testimony as to the meaning of the Roman numerals next to the

names on the list and the differing levels of deserved punishment the defendant

assigned to them. The defendant argues, however, that the testimony should have

stopped there, claiming that whether the defendant had threatened and/or intended

to hurt teachers, classmates and neighbors, was in no way relevant to prove that he

intentionally killed his father. In contrast, as it argued below, the State claims that

the witnesses’ testimony about circumstances surrounding the defendant’s

placement of their names on the list was necessary to establish the entire context

out of which the charged crimes arose and to adequately describe the events

leading up to the shooting. These are the third and fourth justifications stated in

Dorsett.

Having reviewed the trial transcripts, we find that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in determining that the testimony of the defendant’s former

teachers and classmates was inextricably intertwined with the charged crime and

that the probative value of such evidence was not outweighed by its prejudicial

effect. See Dorsett, 944 So. 2d at 1215 (“Given these facts, without being able to

explain the entire context and circumstances leading to the charged transaction, the

jury would not have been presented with a true understanding regarding the

officer’s focus and attention on the defendant.”); State v. Rambaran, 975 So. 2d

10
519, 525 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008) (permitting the State to introduce evidence of

collateral crimes by the defendant against the two victims on two prior occasions

because the prior events “provide an intelligent account of the events that led to the

crimes being tried,” where the defendant was charged with two counts of attempted

murder).

The State is correct that providing testimony only as to the father’s name

appearing on The List and the meaning of the Roman numeral designation next to

his name would not have provided the full context of when and how the defendant

developed his hatred and premeditated intent to kill his father. Without more, the

jury would have had little insight into the defendant’s thought process or intent

when creating The List—such as, what types of acts merited a person being

designated a category I or II (just mad at person), and categories III (deserved

punishment), IV (deserved severe, permanent punishment) and V (deserved death),

and what moved a person up and/or down The List, as well as why only the father

merited a category V.3

Evidence of the jail list

Background facts

3 As to the defendant’s claim that the testimony was relevant only to show his
propensity to commit violence, the State correctly notes that several of the
witnesses testified that they never even knew they were on The List, and there was
no evidence that the defendant took any steps to harm any of the persons on The
List, besides his father.

11
 Prior to trial, Michael Nistal gave a statement to the police about jailhouse

conversations he had had with the defendant. Mr. Nistal claimed that the

defendant had told him that his neighbors who were potentially going to testify

against him at trial were on his list and that he was going to kill them. The trial

court ruled that the defendant’s statements to Mr. Nistal were admissible as

consciousness of guilt.

At trial, when the State asked Mr. Nistal about the list that the defendant

kept while in jail, Mr. Nistal testified that the people on the list were cellmates and

the defendant’s aunt. The State then asked Mr. Nistal if he and the defendant had

discussed the neighbors that might testify against the defendant at trial. Mr. Nistal

answered yes to this, and also to the State’s question whether the defendant told

him that he wanted to kill the neighbors.

Analysis

As with The List, the defendant argues that Michael Nistal’s testimony as to

the existence of a second list was impermissible bad character evidence. We

disagree.

Collateral crime evidence is admissible as relevant under section 904.402 of

the Florida Statutes to show consciousness of guilt. See Grace v. State, 122 So. 3d

417, 418 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) (permitting the State to introduce evidence that the

defendant, who was charged with robbery, shot the robbery victim the night before

12
trial, finding it showed consciousness of guilt); Waller v. State, 943 So. 2d 865,

866 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (allowing the State to introduce evidence that the

defendant threatened a witness prior to trial, finding “[t]he threat is relevant to the

defendant’s desire to evade prosecution and his consciousness of guilt.”). This

Court reviews the trial court’s ruling on admissibility of this evidence for an abuse

of discretion. See Knight, 15 So. 3d at 938.

Here, the State sought to establish through Mr. Nistal that the defendant had

created another list while in jail, that the defendant’s neighbors were on the list,

and that the defendant wanted to kill the neighbors because they would testify

against him at trial. As the State clearly had a valid legal basis—consciousness of

guilt—for seeking to introduce this testimony, we find the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in ruling it was admissible. Though the State failed to ask Mr. Nistal

at trial if the neighbors were on this second list, which was part of his pre-trial

statement to the police, we do not find this oversight amounts to reversible error in

this case.

Evidence the defendant has Apserberg’s syndrome

Background facts

Prior to trial, the State moved in limine to exclude any evidence that the

defendant “may or does have autism and or Asperger’s syndrome as this had no

relevance to the crimes charged and would solely imply that there is a defense of

13
diminished capacity,” citing to Chestnut v. State, 538 So. 2d 820 (Fla. 1989). The

State also moved to exclude “any mention that the defendant has a ‘different’ or

‘unusual’ or ‘weird’ speech pattern or that the defendant is ‘a little off’ as that only

goes to a possible defense of diminished capacity.” At the motion in limine

hearing, the defense argued that the defendant’s condition would not be introduced

“for the purpose of suggesting that he had a diminished mental capacity,” but to

“explain how his affect is and how he lacks emotion.” The court granted the

State’s motion in limine as to both grounds.

At the conclusion of the pre-trial competency hearing, the subject of the

court’s rulings on the State’s motions in limine as to Asperger’s syndrome was

raised again. Therein, defense counsel erroneously assumed that the State would

be allowed to introduce testimony that the defendant is “loud,” “weird,” “odd,”

“bothersome” and speaks “differently.” Therefore, the defense wanted to call an

expert to say that the defendant suffers from Asperger’s syndrome because it was

“important for the Jurors to know the reason behind why he made those statements

and in the manner in which they were made and how they were made.” The

defense also wanted the jury to know that the defendant has Asperger’s syndrome

as a way of explaining his physical demeanor in the courtroom.

Of course, it was the State that had moved in limine to exclude any

testimony that the defendant is “different,” “unusual,” “weird” or a “little off” and

14
the court had granted that motion. On the continued insistence of defense counsel

that the defense wanted the jury to be able to understand “why he is behaving that

way,” the court ultimately ruled that defense counsel could question the witnesses

about the fact that defendant is “weird,” “speaks oddly,” “speaks in a monotone,”

and “speaks out of turn,” but the defense could not bring in a doctor to say that the

defendant has Asperger’s syndrome.

At trial, defense counsel moved for a mistrial after opening statement for not

being able to introduce evidence that the defendant has Asperger’s syndrome. The

court denied the motion. At the close of all the evidence, defense counsel again

moved for a mistrial on this basis. The court denied the motion.

Analysis

The defendant argues that he should have been permitted to introduce

evidence that the defendant has Asperger’s syndrome at trial. We review the trial

court’s exclusion of this evidence for abuse of discretion. See Knight, 15 So. 3d at

938.

The State moved to exclude any mention that the defendant has Asperger’s

syndrome and that he is “different,” “unusual,” “weird” or a “little off.” At

defense counsel’s insistence, the court ultimately permitted defense counsel to

introduce evidence that the defendant is “weird,” “speaks oddly”, “speaks in a

monotone,” and “speaks out of turn” so that the jury could have some context for

15
understanding both his personal interactions with the trial witnesses and his odd

courtroom demeanor.

Given defense counsel’s narrow rationale for seeking admittance of this

limited testimony in the lower proceedings, we find that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in ruling that the defense could not also bring in a doctor to

testify that the defendant has Asperger’s syndrome. It was enough for the jury to

know that the defendant generally acted differently from most people. See Slicker

v. State, 941 So. 2d 1191, 1994 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (permitting the defendant to

introduce state-of-mind evidence through lay witnesses that the defendant was

under physical and mental fatigue at the time of the charged crime, noting that the

defense “did not attempt to introduce expert testimony that she suffered a mental

abnormality”). Having a defense expert assign a medical condition to the

defendant’s conduct would not have assisted the jury any further on the narrow

point for which this evidence was being introduced; any marginal relevance would

have been outweighed by confusion of the issues and/or misled the jury. See §

90.403, Fla. Stat. (2013).

On appeal, the defendant makes an additional argument that was never made

below: that the evidence the defendant has Asperger’s syndrome demonstrates that

he did not form the premeditated intent to kill his father in this case. Specifically,

that the defendant merely compiled The List as a coping mechanism for his social

16
disorder, not because he actually wanted to kill his father. To this, the State

correctly notes that the idea of a coping mechanism was briefly mentioned when

the defendant’s competency to stand trial was at issue, but it was never raised as a

ground for admitting testimony of Asperger’s syndrome at trial. Nor did the

defendant ever proffer that it wanted to establish that people with Asperger’s

syndrome keep lists of any sort. Therefore, this issue was not preserved for

appellate review. “Generally, an appellate court cannot address claims raised for

the first time on appeal.” Galvez v. Ramos, 941 So. 2d 475, 477 (Fla. 3d DCA

2006); see also Manning v. Tunnell, 943 So. 2d 1018, 1020 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006)

(same).

In any event, even if this issue were preserved, this claim has no merit. The

defendant tries to draw a distinction between using evidence of Asperger’s

syndrome to show he could not form the premeditated intent to kill—which the

defendant concedes is clearly inadmissible—and the use of such evidence to refute

the State’s theory that he had such intent. This is a distinction without a difference

as the Florida Supreme Court has found that such evidence is inadmissible for

either reason.

In Chestnut, the Florida Supreme Court answered “no” to the following

certified question of great public importance:

Is evidence of an abnormal mental condition not constituting legal
insanity admissible for the purpose of proving either that the

17
 defendant could not or did not entertain the specific intent or state of
mind essential to proof of the offense, in order to determine whether
the crime charged, or a lesser degree thereof, was in fact committed?

538 So. 2d at 820 (emphasis added). The certified question itself contemplates the

position argued by the defendant on this appeal—using evidence of Asperger’s

syndrome to prove that the defendant did not have premeditated intent.

Likewise, in setting out the issue before it in Chestnut, the Florida Supreme

Court cited authority that explained that labels like “diminished capacity” are

“shorthand for the proposition that expert evidence of mental abnormalities is

admissible on the question of whether the defendant in fact possessed a particular

mental state which is an element of the charged offense.” Id. at 822-23 (quoting

Muench v. Israel, 715 F. 2d 1124, 1142-43 (7th Cir. 1983)). “When a court rejects

the doctrine of diminished capacity, it is saying that the psychiatric evidence is

inadmissible on the mens rea issue.” Id. at 823. Upon analyzing the broad

question before it, and answering it in the negative, or supreme court concluded

that unless the alleged mental deficiency meets the definition of insanity,

“[p]ersons with less serious mental deficiencies should be held accountable for

their crimes just as everyone else.” Id. at 825; see also Nelson v. State, 43 So. 3d

20, 30 (Fla. 2010) (finding that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to call a

doctor to “establish that Nelson lacked mens rea” where Nelson suffered from

18
schizoaffective disorder because “[o]ur precedent has firmly established the

inadmissibility of evidence relating to mental capacity absent an insanity plea”).

Thus, Chestnut clearly contemplated not only circumstances where the

defense sought to argue that the defendant could not form the intent to commit a

crime because of a mental infirmity, but also where, as here, the defense sought to

argue that the defendant’s mental infirmity was evidence that he had not formed

the intent to commit the crime. While the defendant is correct that the Florida

Supreme Court did not apply Chestnut where the defendant allegedly had an

epileptic seizure during the commission of the crime, that case did not concern a

mental deficiency. See Bunney v. State, 603 So. 2d 1270, 1273 n.1 (Fla. 1992)

(noting that conditions like epilepsy, infancy and senility are “commonly

understood conditions that are beyond one’s control,” but that, even then, such

evidence would not be admissible to the extent the defense sought to introduce

evidence “relating to a general mental impairment”).

And, while the First District Court of Appeal may have permitted a

defendant to present expert testimony that the defendant’s “calm” demeanor

immediately following a shooting death suggested that the defendant was in

“shock” so as to rebut the State’s argument that his calm demeanor was “indicative

of his cold-blooded nature,” that case also did not involve a mental deficiency of

any kind. See Dorbad v. State, 12 So. 3d 255, 258-59 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009).

19
Therefore, the Dorbad court did not even cite to Chestnut, or even address the type

of distinction that the defendant urges here.

For the foregoing reasons, we find that Chestnut precludes the introduction

of evidence that the defendant has Asperger’s syndrome for the purpose of proving

that the defendant did not have premeditated intent to kill.

Evidence of the 911 call

Background facts

Approximately one minute after shooting his father, the defendant called 911

and told police dispatch, “Please, come quickly, I accidentally shot my father.” The

defendant said on the call that he was going hunting with his father and that he had

gone into the bathroom to show his father a shotgun, which accidentally went off

even though the safety was on. The State does not dispute either the timing of the

911 call, or that the defendant sounded hysterical on the 911 recording.

Frank Alfonso, a neighbor, was outside washing his car when he heard a

loud boom that sounded like a gunshot come from inside the defendant’s house.

Seconds after hearing the noise, Mr. Alfonso heard a voice inside the defendant’s

home call out, “Oh, my God, call 911.” Mr. Alfonso then heard the same voice,

still inside the home, speaking to the 911 operator.

The State moved in limine to exclude “[a]ny and all mention of self-serving

statements of the defendant,” including “the defendant’s statements to the 911

20
operator” and “statements made to witnesses . . . following the crime after he told

witness Frank Alphonso to call the police.” At the motion in limine hearing, the

trial court ruled the 911 call inadmissible hearsay that did not satisfy the excited

utterance exception to the hearsay rule because the defendant had an opportunity to

contrive the call, making it untrustworthy. Specifically, the defendant had shown

the shotgun to a neighborhood friend, Lisa Syren, a couple of weeks before the

shooting and told her that he wanted to kill his father and make it look like self-

defense. As the court explained, “If you go ahead and say: ‘I am going to create

this startling event,’ and then all of a sudden that startling event occurs, then that is

the connection.” The court expounded, “The point is that when you have an

opportunity to fabricate or contrive or misrepresent that it is self-defense, or that

you are making the statement that, yes, ‘I want to kill my father,’ there is nothing

spontaneous about that kind of statement.”4

At trial, the court agreed to listen to the 911 call and, after doing so, again

ruled that the tape was inadmissible hearsay because of the evidence the call was

contrived.

Analysis

4 There is an element of spontaneity in both the spontaneous statement and the
excited utterance exceptions to the hearsay rule. It is clear on this record that the
court based its ruling on the law applicable to excited utterances.

21
 The defendant argues that his 911 call to the police satisfies the excited

utterance exception to the hearsay rule. See § 90.803(2), Fla. Stat. (2013).

“Whether the necessary state of mind is present for a court to admit a statement as

an ‘excited utterance’ exception is a preliminary fact for the trial court’s

determination.” Cotton v. State, 763 So. 2d 437, 440-41 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (en

banc) (citing Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 803.2 (1998 Ed.)); see also

Tucker v. State, 884 So. 2d 168, 173 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (“To admit an excited

utterance, the trial court must conclude that the preponderance of the evidence

supports the factual circumstances permitting the introduction of the statement as

an excited utterance.”). Our standard of review on appeal is abuse of discretion.

Cotton, 763 So. 2d at 441.

The “excited utterance” exception to the hearsay rule requires that the out-

of-court statement relate to “a startling event . . . made while the declarant was

under the stress of excitement caused by the event.” § 90.803(2), Fla. Stat. (2013).

As explained by the Florida Supreme Court, “in order for an excited utterance to be

admissible, the following requirements must be met: (1) there must have been an

event startling enough to cause nervous excitement; (2) the statement must have

been made before there was time to contrive or misrepresent; and (3) the statement

must have been made while the person was under the stress of excitement caused

by the startling event.” Stoll v. State, 762 So. 2d 870, 873 (Fla. 2000). Here, the

22
parties’ focus is solely on the second prong—that is, whether the 911 call was

made before there was time to contrive or misrepresent.

As to the second prong, the Florida Supreme Court has noted that if “the

time interval between the [startling] event and the statement is long enough to

permit reflective thought, the statement will be excluded in the absence of some

proof that the declarant did not in fact engage in a reflective thought process.”

State v. Jano, 524 So. 2d 660, 662 (Fla. 1988) (quoting McCormick on Evidence, §

297 (3d ed.)); see also Hutchinson v. State, 882 So. 2d 943, 952 (Fla. 2004),

abrogated on other grounds by Deparvine v. State, 995 So. 2d 351 (Fla. 2008)

(“There is no evidence in the record to show what occurred between the fight with

Hutchinson [(the startling event)] and [Renee’s] phone call to Pruitt. Absent some

evidence that Renee did not engage in reflective thought, the statement to Pruitt

cannot be admitted as an excited utterance.”); Rogers v. State, 660 So. 2d 237, 240

(Fla. 1995) (permitting a witness to testify to statements the victim made eight to

ten minutes after calling the police because “[a]lthough there conceivably was time

for [the victim] to engage in reflective thought, the record indicates that [the

victim] did not engage in any reflection”). Citing to these cases, the defendant

claims that the court can look only to the time period between the startling event

and the out-of-court statement when determining whether the statement should be

excluded. We disagree.

23
 In applying the three-part test for an excited utterance, “[f]actors that the

trial judge can consider in determining whether the necessary state of stress or

excitement is present are the age of the declarant, the physical and mental

condition of the declarant, the characteristics of the event and the subject matter of

the statements.” Jano, 524 So. 2d at 661 (quoting Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida

Evidence § 803.2 at 473-74 (2d ed. 1984)). When conducting this analysis, it is

important to remember that “[a]n excited utterance is admissible as an exception to

the hearsay rule because the declarant does not have the reflective capacity

necessary for conscious misrepresentation. Thus, statements made by someone

who is excited are spontaneous and have sufficient guarantees of truthfulness.”

Rogers, 660 So. 2d at 240 (emphasis added) (citing Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida

Evidence § 803.2 (1994 ed.)); see also Blandenburg v. State, 890 So. 2d 267, 270

(Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (stating that “excited utterances are admissible because the

circumstances under which such statements are made provide certain guarantees

against ‘conscious misrepresentation’” (quoting Rogers, 660 So. 2d at 240)).

Spontaneity is therefore paramount.

In examining the comparable federal rules governing hearsay exceptions for

spontaneous statements—which include excited utterances—one popular treatise

explains that “since spontaneity is the principal, and often the only, guarantee of

trustworthiness for the exceptions . . ., its absence should result in exclusion of the

24
statement. Circumstances indicating a lack of spontaneity, which may be related to

the self-serving character of the statement, are accordingly extremely important to

the determination of admissibility.” 2 McCormick on Evidence, § 270 (7th ed.).

Along the same lines, another treatise explains that a statement may not be

spontaneous where there is evidence of fabrication:

It has been broadly stated that the test of admissibility of statements as
excited utterances is their spontaneity. “Spontaneity” refers to the
state of mind of the person making the statement. . . . In determining
whether the declaration was spontaneous, a court may consider such
elements as the lapse of time between the main act and the
declaration, the opportunity or likelihood of fabrication, the
inducement to fabricate, the declarant’s actual excitement, the place of
the declaration, the presence there of visible results of the act or
occurrence to which the utterance relates, whether the utterance was
made in response to a question, whether the declaration was in
narrative form, and whether the declaration was against interest or
self-serving.

31A C.J.S. Evidence § 493 (2017) (footnotes omitted) (emphasis added); see also 2

McCormick on Evidence, § 272 (7th ed.) (“The rationale for the [excited utterance]

exception lies in the special reliability that is furnished when excitement suspends

the declarant’s power of reflection and fabrication.”).

Here, the motion in limine hearing transcripts reflect that the trial court was

concerned that the defendant’s statements to 911 dispatch were not at all

“spontaneous” given the defendant’s stated motivation to stage the shooting death

of his father with a shotgun that he showed his friend, Ms. Syren, which had

occurred just two weeks before the defendant actually shot his father with the same

25
shotgun. The court therefore excluded the defendant’s comments to the 911

operator because there was evidence that that the defendant had contrived both the

shooting (the startling event) and the 911 call (the out-of-court statement).5

In essence, the court below excluded the 911 call because the defendant

could not satisfy his burden of demonstrating that he was under any stress or

excitement at the time he called 911 and gave his self-serving statement. “The

mere fact that statements are self-serving is not, in and of itself, a sufficient

evidentiary basis for their exclusion from evidence.” Stiles v. State, 672 So. 2d

850, 851-52 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (quoting Alexander v. State, 627 So. 2d 35, 43

(Fla. 1st DCA 1993)). Nevertheless, the self-serving nature of the statement is still

a factor that can be considered when determining whether the statement was

fabricated. See Sunn v. Colonial Penn Ins. Co., 556 So. 2d 1156, 1157 (Fla. 3d

DCA 1990) (noting that one of the factors to be analyzed in determining whether a

statement qualifies as an excited utterance includes “whether the statement is self-

serving”); 2 McCormick on Evidence, § 272 (7th ed.) (“Although not grounds for

5 At the motion in limine hearing, defense counsel accused the trial court of
believing
Ms. Syren’s testimony that the defendant had told her that he wanted to kill his
father and make it look like self-defense. The court responded, “I am merely
considering the State’s position” and that “whether the statement is true or not,
that’s not a position for this Court to say, one way or the other.” The court also
stated that it was focusing on whether the defendant “had an opportunity to
misrepresent,” an “opportunity to reflect.” As noted in Jano, it is the opportunity
to reflect that raises the possibility of fabrication and calls into question the
trustworthiness of the declarant’s statement. 524 So. 2d at 662.

26
automatic exclusion, evidence that the statement . . . was self-serving is an

indication that the statement was the result of reflective thought.”) (footnotes

omitted).

To this end, we find persuasive two federal cases that have touched upon

this issue, albeit in dicta. See United States v. Moore, 791 F. 2d 566, 571 (7th Cir.

1986); United States v. Knife, 592 F. 2d 472 (8th Cir. 1979). In Knife, the Eighth

Circuit Court of Appeals opined that where there was evidence that the declarant

had planned the shooting of the victim at a particular time, which then took place,

that “it would be difficult to believe that the preplanned shooting . . . was an event

so startling or unexpected as to suspend the defendant declarant’s powers of

reflection.” 592 F. 2d at 481, n.10. In Moore, the Seventh Circuit Court of

Appeals noted that “[t]he statement in Knife assumes that the timing, location and

circumstances of the [startling] event . . .were within the declarant’s control.” 791

F. 2d at 571. But, the Seventh Circuit declined to apply it because the declarant in

Moore did not have the requisite control over the event in question. Id. Here, the

defendant clearly had the requisite control over the time, location and

circumstances of the shooting.

For these reasons, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

excluding the 911 call as hearsay. Moreover, because of this, we find no

27
reversible error in the lower court’s decision also to exclude testimony that the

defendant’s neighbor, Mr. Alfonso, heard the defendant making the 911 call.

Closing arguments

Background facts

During closing argument, the prosecutor made fifteen comments that are

challenged on appeal. The defendant categorizes these comments as either

misleading, improper comment on the defendant’s right to remain silent, or

denigration of the defense. The defense objected to (and sought a mistrial for) only

four comments; the remaining eleven complained-of comments received no

objection.

Analysis

“Ordinarily, to preserve a claim based on improper comment, counsel has

the obligation to object and request a mistrial. If counsel fails to object or if, after

having objected, fails to move for a mistrial, his silence will be considered an

implied waiver.” Nixon v. State, 572 So. 2d 1336, 1340 (Fla. 1990). For

preserved error, a trial court’s ruling on a motion for mistrial is reviewed for abuse

of discretion. See Jordan v. State, 176 So. 3d 920, 927 (Fla. 2015). Where the

defense fails to preserve the error, this court applies a fundamental error review.

Id. at 929. Here, the State rightly notes that eleven of the fifteen comments were

not objected to and are therefore subject to fundamental error analysis.

28
 As to the preserved errors, the parties agree that they fall into two categories.

The first category is the prosecutor’s comment that the defendant “didn’t try to

save his father,” which the defense claims was misleading. We find that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion denying the motion for mistrial as to this

comment where the context of the prosecutor’s surrounding statements

demonstrates the State was not exploiting the exclusion of the 911 call from

evidence. To this end, the prosecutor painted a picture of what might have

happened on the morning of the shooting, all of which suggested that it was

premeditated: “[H]e walked into that bathroom and stood 24 inches from his

father’s face that he could clearly see with his finger on the trigger. He leveled that

shotgun, he aimed it and he fired. Bang.” The prosecutor also noted that there was

no blood on the defendant’s clothing at the crime scene.

The second category of preserved error are the three comments purportedly

directed at the defendant’s right to remain silent. Such comments are reversible

error where “the only person who could have testified at trial” as to what took

place was the defendant. Dean v. State, 690 So. 2d 720, 724 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997);

Marshall v. State, 473 So. 2d 688, 689 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984), quashed on other

grounds by State v. Marshall, 476 So. 2d 150 (Fla. 1985) (“Since only two people

witnessed the events in question, and one of those chose not to testify, we cannot

accept the state’s argument that the prosecutor’s remarks amounted to nothing

29
more than a comment on ‘the evidence as it existed before the jury.’”). The first

objected-to comment was, “I submit to you there is no other explanation for this

defendant walking into that bathroom with a loaded shotgun . . . standing 24 inches

from his father’s face and pulling the trigger.” On rebuttal, the State similarly

commented, “[The shooting] occurred with that shotgun that you’ve seen time and

time again; that you know fits well into the bathroom for which there is no other

explanation for him to walk into with it.” We find that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in denying a mistrial as to either of these comments as they were not

directed at the defendant’s right to remain silent.

Unlike the cases relied upon by the defendant, the prosecutor did not

explicitly or even implicitly comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. See

Dean, 690 So. 2d at 724 (“Is there any other reasonable explanation[?] If there is

you haven’t heard it in this trial.”); Marshall, 476 So. 2d at 151 (“Ladies and

gentlemen, the only person you heard from in this courtroom with regard to the

events of November 9, 1981, was Brenda Scavone [the victim].”); Cunningham v.

State, 404 So. 2d 759, 759 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981) (“That has not been explained in

this case” and “I think counsel owes you an explanation for that.”). Moreover, as

the trial court found here in denying the motion for mistrial, “[the defendant] is not

the only one who can testify as to what happened. There were other witnesses who

came to the house and observed the bathroom. And furthermore, there were other

30
witnesses who testified what he said. So to say he’s the only one who can explain

something, that [sic] not the case here. He’s not the only witness. He would not

have been the only witness to rebut solely what was said.”

The other objected-to comment was made in response to this remark by

defense counsel during his closing argument: “Because, look at the floor. It looks

like this rug or towel or whatever it is, it’s all rumpled up. It’s not laying flat like it

would normally be. It’s all rumpled up inside the bathroom at a point where a

person would be holding the shotgun in their hands, pointing it up, like this, and

the gun goes off.” On rebuttal, the State commented, “It was about an hour and 35

minutes or so of argument about sympathy and bias and blame it on Jay Beckman

to hear something about the towel on the floor, a scrunched up towel on the floor.

Did somebody say anything about a towel on the floor?” We find that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in denying a mistrial as to this rebuttal remark as

it was merely a fair comment on the evidence, where the photographic evidence

depicted a floor mat, not a towel, on the floor of the bathroom.

As to the unpreserved errors, this court looks to whether the cumulative

effect of any improper closing arguments deprived the defendant of a fair trial, i.e.,

fundamental error. See Bell v. State, 108 So. 3d 639, 650 (Fla. 2013).

“Fundamental error is that which ‘reaches down into the validity of the trial such

that a guilty verdict . . . could not have been obtained without the assistance of the

31
alleged error.’” Id. at 650 (quoting Wade v. State, 41 So. 3d 857, 868 (Fla. 2010)).

Viewing the entire closing argument in context, we find that these comments—

viewed individually or collectively—do not rise to the level of fundamental error.

The Apprendi issue

Background facts

The defendant was convicted of first-degree murder, a capital felony

punishable by a term of forty years to life imprisonment. See § 775.082(1)(b), Fla.

Stat. (2015); § 782.04(1)(a)1., Fla. Stat. (2015). Because he was seventeen years

and twenty-nine days old at the time of the offense, the trial court conducted an

individualized sentencing hearing pursuant to Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460

(2012) to determine whether life imprisonment was appropriate. See § 921.1401,

Fla. Stat. (2015). The court sentenced him to life in prison without parole.

While the defendant’s appeal before this court was pending, on February 2,

2016, the defendant filed a Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.800(b)(2) motion

in the lower court. Therein, the defendant argued that his life sentence violated the

Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530

U.S. 466 (2000) because the trial judge, rather than a jury, was the one who

considered the factors set forth in Miller and who determined a life sentence

without parole was appropriate. In the alternative, the defendant argued that he

was entitled to judicial review of his sentence after twenty five years.

32
 At the short hearing on the motion, the trial court stated that it was going to

deny the motion as to the Apprendi issue, but grant the motion as the judicial

review aspect of his sentence. The trial court thereafter entered an amended

sentencing order consistent with its oral ruling, sentencing the defendant to life

with judicial review after twenty five years.

Analysis

A claim of error under Apprendi and Miller raises a pure question of law and

is, therefore, subject to de novo review. See Plott v. State, 148 So. 3d 90, 93 (Fla.

2014).

In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the fact

of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the

statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable

doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490. For purposes of Apprendi, this statutory maximum “is

not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after finding additional facts, but

the maximum he may impose without any additional findings.” Blakely v.

Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303-04 (2004). Apprendi is based on the right to a jury

trial under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

In Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), the United States Supreme Court

held that imposing a mandatory life sentence on a juvenile without the possibility

of parole violates the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Recognizing

33
that juveniles have “diminished culpability and heightened capacity for change,”

the Court set forth a number of factors that should be considered before imposing a

life-without-parole sentence. Id. at 468-69. In Montgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S.

Ct. 718, 735 (2016), the Court determined that Miller should be applied

retroactively, also emphasizing that “[a] hearing where ‘youth and its attendant

characteristics’ are considered as sentencing factors is necessary to separate those

juveniles who may be sentenced to life without parole from those who may not.”

In response, Florida and other states passed legislation in order to satisfy the

procedural requirements set forth in Miller, specifying that the trial court shall

conduct an individualized sentencing hearing when considering whether to impose

a life without parole sentence on a juvenile convicted of a capital crime. See Ch.

2014-220, §§ 1, 3, Laws of Fla.; § 775.082, Fla. Stat. (2015); § 921.1401, Fla. Stat.

(2015).

On this appeal, the defendant claims Florida’s juvenile sentencing

procedure—which the Florida Legislature passed to satisfy the individual

sentencing requirements for juveniles contemplated by Miller and therefore not to

violate the Eighth Amendment—violates the Sixth Amendment under Apprendi

and its progeny. This is because the trial court, not the jury, considers the

“defendant’s youth and attendant circumstances” in determining whether a

sentence of life imprisonment “is an appropriate sentence.” See § 921.1401(1)-(2),

34
Fla. Stat. (2015). This appears to be an issue of first impression in Florida and

there is very little case law from other jurisdictions that directly addresses this

question.

We are, however, persuaded by the rationale in People v. Hyatt, 891 N.W.

2d 549 (Mich. App. Ct. 2016). In Hyatt, the Michigan Court of Appeals noted that,

in Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court was careful to specify that “nothing

. . . suggests that it is impermissible for judges to exercise discretion—taking into

consideration various factors relating both to offense and offender—in imposing a

judgment within the range prescribed by statute. We have often noted that judges

in this country have long exercised discretion of this nature in imposing sentence

within statutory limits in the individual case.” Hyatt, 891 N.W. 2d at 557 (quoting

Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 481). Thus, where a sentencing judge imposes a sentence

within the range prescribed by statute, “any facts found function[] as mere

sentencing factors, rather than elements of an aggravated offense.” Id.

After conducting further analysis of the numerous cases that followed

Apprendi, including Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016) and Ring v. Arizona,

536 U.S. 584 (2002) (both death penalty cases), the Hyatt court concluded that

Apprendi and its progeny permit “a judge acting within the range of punishment

authorized by statute [to] exercise his or her discretion—and find facts and

35
consider factors relating to the offense and the offender—without violating the

Sixth Amendment.” Hyatt, 891 N.W. 2d at 561.

With this backdrop, the Hyatt court found that “the instant case is not one in

which the finding of a particular fact increases the maximum penalty. Nor does the

case involve a statutory scheme that makes imposition of life without parole

contingent on any particular finding.” Id. at 564. Rather, the individualized

sentence is “required to ensure proportionality, not to aggravate the maximum

penalty available under the law.” Id. In other words, “the remodeling that Miller

performed on life-without-parole sentences for juveniles did not touch the

ceiling—or floor, for that matter—of the available sentence for juvenile homicide

offenders.” Id. at 564-65. The Hyatt court further noted that “nowhere in Miller’s

individualized sentencing mandate is the idea that Miller altered the maximum

punishment available for juvenile offenders or made the imposition of any

punishment contingent on fact-finding”; thus, distinguishing this type of case from

the death penalty cases, where the sentencing statute at issue there impermissibly

required the court to make additional findings on certain aggravating factors before

imposing a death sentence. Id. at 565.

The Hyatt court then turned to Michigan’s different, but sufficiently

analogous, juvenile sentencing statute.6 See MICH. COMP. LAWS § 769.25 (2014).

6This is not to say that Florida and Michigan’s statutes are at all identical. On the
contrary, there are several notable differences between the legislation. It suffices

36
The court found that “our Legislature did not alter the statutory maximum sentence

that may be imposed solely on the basis of the jury’s verdict, nor did our

Legislature make imposition of the statutory maximum dependent on any

particular finding of fact.” Id. at 566. Rather, “[t]he sentencing judge decides

whether to exercise his or her discretion to impose that statutory maximum by

considering the so-called Miller factors to satisfy Miller’s individualized

sentencing mandate.” Id. at 567.

Next, the Hyatt court noted that the subject statutory scheme actually “sets

forth a framework of mitigation, rather than aggravation” as it has the effect of

“mitigating the maximum penalty authorized by the jury’s verdict rather than

aggravating the penalty beyond that which was set forth by law”; thus, reserving

life sentences for “the rare juvenile deserving of the harshest penalty.” Id. at 569.

As the court explained, “Eighth Amendment prohibitions [in Miller] are considered

to be mitigating factors that act as a bar against imposing the statutory maximum

penalty, rather than as elements that enhance the maximum possible penalty, and

the determination of whether those mitigating factors exist need not, under

Apprendi and its progeny, be made by a jury.” Id. at 570.7

to say, though, that they are sufficiently similar: both authorize a life sentence
without parole for a juvenile convicted of premeditated murder; both direct the trial
court to conduct an individualized sentencing hearing at which the court is to
consider the factors listed in Miller; and both direct the court to determine whether
to impose a life sentence.
7 Though the Hyatt court found Michigan’s individualized sentencing scheme for

37
 A California appellate court similarly rejected this same Apprendi argument

in People v. Blackwell, 207 Cal. Rptr. 3d 444 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016). In that case,

the court found no Apprendi violation in permitting the trial judge to engage in

“discretionary consideration of mitigating circumstances so that [it] can reach a

moral judgment about an individual juvenile’s irreparable corruption, i.e., a

determination of what sentence is proportionate to a particular offense and

offender.” Id. at 466.

For these reasons, we find that Florida’s juvenile sentencing procedure set

forth in section 921.1401, as contemplated by Miller, does not violate the Sixth

Amendment under Apprendi and its progeny.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in: (1) admitting The List under section 90.402 because it was

inextricably intertwined with the charged crime; (2) admitting Mr. Nistal’s

testimony as to the jail list under section 90.402 because it showed the defendant’s

consciousness of guilt; (3) precluding the defense from introducing testimony that

juveniles did not violate the Sixth Amendment under Apprendi and its progeny, the
court did go on to find that trial court had abused its discretion in imposing a life
sentence on the juvenile under the facts of that case, as it relates to Miller. Id. at
578-79. To this, we note that the instant defendant has raised no challenge to the
propriety of the trial court’s decision to impose a life sentence without parole after
conducting the individualized sentencing hearing required by section 921.1401 of
the Florida Statutes. Therefore, we do not address it.

38
the defendant had Asperger’s syndrome where it would not have assisted the jury

on the narrow point for which the defense sought to introduce it below, any

probative value would be outweighed by its prejudicial effect, and such evidence is

otherwise impermissible to prove that the defendant did not have premeditated

intent to kill; (4) excluding the 911 call for failure to satisfy the excited utterance

clause to the hearsay exception because of evidence the call was fabricated; and (5)

as to preserved error, denying the defense motion for mistrial based on improper

closing argument; additionally, we find that none of the unpreserved comments

rise to the level of fundamental error. Finally, we find that Florida’s juvenile

sentencing procedure set forth in section 921.1401 does not violate the Sixth

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution under Apprendi and its progeny.

Accordingly, we affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence for first

degree murder.

Affirmed.

39