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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: M.P., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: J.P., NATURAL FATHER
No. 336 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Order January 26, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): CP-02-AP-0000073-2016
IN THE INTEREST OF: M.P., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: J.A.C., NATURAL MOTHER
No. 337 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Order Entered January 26, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): CP-02-AP-0000073-2016
BEFORE: STABILE, SOLANO, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 07, 2017
In these related appeals, J.A.C. (“Mother”) and J.P. (“Father”)1 appeal
from the order dated and entered January 26, 2017, involuntarily
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
Mother identified Father as Child’s natural father at birth. Father, however,
did not acknowledge paternity until after he completed genetic testing on
September 4, 2015.
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terminating their parental rights to their minor son, M.P. (“Child”), born in
December 2014. We affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
Child was born addicted to methadone. As a result, Allegheny County Office
of Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”) filed an Emergency Custody Action,
which the trial court granted, and transferred Child to A Children’s Home in
Pittsburgh, where he went through methadone withdrawal. N.T., 8/11/16,
at 18. Thereafter, on February 9, 2015, Child moved to his current foster
home placement. Id. The trial court adjudicated Child dependent on March
26, 2015.
At the time of Child’s removal, CYF was familiar with Mother since
2010, having removed her two other children due to her substance abuse,
mental health issues, and criminal history.2 Accordingly, CYF established the
following Family Service Plan (“FSP”) goals for Mother: upgrade her drug
and alcohol treatment, visit with Child, obtain an evaluation with Allegheny
Forensic Associates (“AFA”), maintain appropriate housing, and
communicate with CYF. Id. at 39. Father has an extensive criminal history,
and his goals included maintaining sobriety, visitation with Child,
2
Mother’s rights to her other children were subsequently terminated by
consent. Child does not share the same father as Mother’s two other
children.
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maintaining appropriate housing, taking random drug screens, and
maintaining contact with CYF. Id. at 26.
According to the CYF caseworker, Lawrence Restivo (“Restivo”), both
Mother and Father failed to make substantial progress with respect to their
individual FSP goals. Notably, Mother missed drug screens, missed or
arrived late to visits, and failed to appear for her individual evaluation. Id.
at 83-85, 107, 116-18, 156. In fact, of the ten scheduled drug screenings,
Mother refused twice and failed to appear four times. Likewise, Father failed
to provide CYF with documentation of his drug and alcohol treatment, failed
to attend random drug screenings, participated in only eight out of forty
visits with Child, and did not maintain contact with CYF. Id. at 28, 30-33,
38-39, 119; N.T., 11/3/16, at 10-11, 15-17, 34-35.
On April 15, 2016, CYF filed a petition to involuntarily terminate the
parental rights of Mother and Father to Child. The trial court held hearings
on the termination petition on August 11, 2016 and November 3, 2016. Dr.
Terry O’Hara, Ph.D. (“Dr. O’Hara”), a licensed psychologist, conducted two
psychological interactional evaluations—one with Child and Mother, and one
with Child and his foster mother. Petitioner’s Exhibit 4. Mother failed to
appear for her individual evaluation. Dr. O’Hara testified that he had
“concerns about [Mother’s] level of stability[, i]ncluding her acknowledged
[sic] testing positive for cocaine within the last three hearings even though
she is clearly under the microscope and she had lost custody of several
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children.” N.T., 11/3/16, at 61. Mother also reported to Dr. O’Hara that she
had been clean for just the past two weeks and “acknowledged to having []
five relapses within the year [Dr. O’Hara] was evaluating her.” Id. at 58.
While Dr. O’Hara noted that Mother demonstrated some “positive parenting
skills” during the evaluation, he explained that there were some parenting
deficits as well. In particular, Dr. O’Hara stated that Mother “was unsure
about her son’s specific developmental needs” and was not “attuned to
[Child’s] cues.” Id. at 61-62.
By order dated January 26, 2017, the trial court involuntarily
terminated Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. Mother and Father filed
separate timely notices of appeal.
Mother presents the following claims on appeal:
1. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion and err in
granting the Petition for Involuntary Termination of
Parental [] Rights pursuant to 23 P[a].C.S.[] § 2511(a)(2),
(5) and (8)?
2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion and err as a
matter of law in determining that the involuntary
termination of [Mother’s] parental rights pursuant to 23
P[a].C.S.[] § 2511(a)(2), (5) and (8) of the [A]doption
[A]ct best serves the needs and welfare of [Child]?
Mother’s Brief at 5. Father asserts that the trial court abused its discretion
in determining that the termination of his parental rights would serve the
needs and welfare of Child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). Father’s Brief
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at 5. As Mother’s and Father’s issues require application of the same bodies
of law, we will address them together.
Our standard of review in cases involving termination of parental rights
is as follows:
The standard of review in termination of parental rights
cases requires appellate courts to accept the findings of
fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if they
are supported by the record. If the factual findings are
supported, appellate courts review to determine if the trial
court made an error of law or abused its discretion. A
decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only
upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness,
partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial court’s
decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
the record would support a different result. We have
previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that
often have first-hand observations of the parties spanning
multiple hearings.
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
Termination of parental rights is governed by statute. See 23 Pa.C.S.
§ 2511. The portion of the statute relevant to these cases provides as
follows:
(a) General rule.―The rights of a parent in regard to a
child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
following grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at
least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or
failed to perform parental duties.
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(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child to
be without essential parental care, control or
subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-
being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity,
abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied
by the parent.
* * *
(5) The child has been removed from the care of the
parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency for a period of at least six months, the
conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
child continue to exist, the parent cannot or will not
remedy those conditions within a reasonable period of
time, the services or assistance reasonably available to
the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child within a
reasonable period of time and termination of the
parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare
of the child.
* * *
(8) The child has been removed from the care of the
parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from
the date of removal or placement, the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist and termination of parental rights would best
serve the needs and welfare of the child.
* * *
(b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating the
rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare
of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated
solely on the basis of environmental factors such as
inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and
medical care if found to be beyond the control of the
parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant to
subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider
any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to
the giving notice of the filing of the petition.
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23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), (b).
Under section 2511 of the Adoption Act, the trial court must engage in
a bifurcated process. In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 508 (Pa.
Super. 2006). First, the trial court must examine the parent’s conduct. See
In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 339 (Pa. Super. 2002). The burden of proof is
on the petitioner to establish by clear and convincing evidence the existence
of grounds for termination under section 2511(a). In re J.L.C., 837 A.2d
1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003). If termination is found by the trial court to
be warranted under section 2511(a), it must then turn to section 2511(b),
and determine if termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s best
interest. In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d at 508. If the trial court’s
decision is supported by competent evidence, this Court must affirm the
decision “even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In re
Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations
omitted).
Applying these principles to the cases at bar, we first look at the
termination of Mother’s rights to Child under section 2511(a).3 The trial
court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to section 2511(a)(2),
3
In his brief, Father concedes that CYF presented clear and convincing
evidence that his parental rights should be terminated pursuant to section
2511(a)(2). Father’s Brief at 11 (“In the present case CYF, the petitioner,
did clearly and convincingly establish threshold grounds for termination
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2)).
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(5), (8) and (b). This Court need only agree with the trial court’s decision as
to any one subsection of section 2511(a) in order to affirm the termination.
In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). We will
therefore examine the facts under section 2511(a)(2).
To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 2511(a)(2), an
agency must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the following three
elements have been met:
(1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or
refusal; (2) such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal has
caused the child to be without essential parental care,
control or subsistence necessary for his physical or mental
well-being; and (3) the causes of the incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied.
In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation
omitted). Further, “[t]he grounds for termination due to parental incapacity
that cannot be remedied are not limited to affirmative misconduct. To the
contrary, those grounds may include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to
perform parental duties.” In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d at 337 (citations omitted).
Mother argues that she has remedied the FSP goals put in place by
CYF. Mother’s Brief at 7-10. Namely, Mother asserts that she has
maintained stable housing and recently completed in-patient drug and
alcohol treatment. Id. No relief is due.
The evidence indicates that Child was initially removed from Mother’s
care because he was born addicted to methadone and Mother had failed to
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address her mental health issues. Mother’s attempts at achieving her goals
were inconsistent, half-hearted and intermittent. N.T., 11/3/16, at 140-50.
Mother missed drug screenings, failed to appear for her scheduled individual
evaluation, and missed over half of the visits with Child. N.T., 8/11/16, at
83-85, 107, 116-18, 156. By failing to address her mental health issues or
to undergo drug and alcohol treatment until after the termination petition
was filed, Mother’s behavior showed that she is unwilling to provide a safe
and nurturing home for Child. Although Mother obtained adequate housing
and is attempting to address her substance abuse issues, she was not in a
position to assume the caregiver role for Child at the time of the termination
hearing. N.T., 8/11/16, at 42. Restivo’s testimony further demonstrates
that Mother resisted complying with the requirements necessary for
reunification with Child and that the causes of Mother’s incapacity, neglect,
or refusal cannot or will not to be remedied. Moreover, Dr. O’Hara’s and
Restivo’s testimony supports the trial court’s determination that Mother’s
repeated and continued incapacity, neglect, or refusal to cooperate with CYF
has caused Child to be without essential parental care, control, or
subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-being.
Accordingly, we reject Mother’s assertion that the trial court erred in
terminating her parental rights based on her efforts to fulfill her FSP goals.
Therefore, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in terminating
Mother’s parental rights pursuant to section 2511(a)(2).
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We now turn our attention to section 2511(b) and the trial court’s
determination that termination was in the best interests of Child. Because
the trial court appears to have examined the Child’s bond to both parents
together in its findings, we will likewise address both parents in a single
analysis.
Under section 2511(b), termination of parental rights must best serve
the developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare of the child.
In re C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1286-87 (Pa. Super. 2005). “Intangibles such
as love, comfort, security, and stability are involved in the inquiry into the
needs and welfare of the child.” Id. at 1287 (citation omitted). The trial
court must also discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond, with
utmost attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing that
bond. Id.
The mere finding of a parent-child bond does not preclude termination
of parental rights. See In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 267. Rather, the trial court
must examine the status of the bond to determine whether its termination
“would destroy an existing, necessary and beneficial relationship.” In re
Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d at 397 (citation omitted). “[A] court may
properly terminate parental bonds which exist in form but not in
substance when preservation of the parental bond would consign a child to
an indefinite, unhappy, and unstable future devoid of the irreducible
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minimum parental care to which that child is entitled.” In re J.W., 578 A.2d
952, 958 (Pa. Super. 1990) (citations omitted).
Father and Mother argue here that the trial court improperly relied on
Child’s relationship to foster mother and failed to analyze the effects of
termination on Child. Father’s Brief at 14-15; Mother’s Brief at 14-15. No
relief is due.
In addressing the best interests and welfare of Child, the trial court
found:
In determining that termination of parental rights best
served the needs and welfare of Child, [the trial court]
considered the history of the parents, the fact that Child
has only known his foster parents as parents since birth,
as well as the testimony of Dr. Terry O’Hara of Allegheny
Forensic Associates, who performed the evaluations in this
case and Mother’s former case.
In the instant case, Dr. O’Hara did not perform an
evaluation of Father but did evaluate Mother with Child,
and Child’s Foster Mother. Two individual evaluations were
scheduled for Mother but she did not attend either one.
[Dr. O’Hara] did, however, evaluate Mother with Child and
did not find her stable enough to parent and found her not
to recognize Child’s cues.
Dr. O’Hara also testified regarding the removals of
Mother’s older children, noting one child had been hanging
out of a window, that Mother was, at that time, homeless
and had abandoned her drug treatment. He testified
Mother needed intensive treatment and that she “rambled”
when speaking. [Dr. O’Hara] stated Mother’s mental
health diagnosis is opioid dependency, adjustment
disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and histrionic
personality disorder.
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Importantly, Dr. O’Hara noted that Child was well bonded
with his foster mother, having lived with her his whole life.
Conversely, Dr. O’Hara stated that it was very unlikely
Child could have bonded well with Father, having only had
8 visits with him in 2 years. With regard to Mother, [Dr.
O’Hara] stated that he saw no evidence that Mother could
parent Child.
Dr. O’Hara noted Child has been living together in a stable
and loving home for over two years, forming a primary
bond with his foster parent. Dr. O’Hara testified that
Child’s needs are being met in this home and that he has a
secure attachment with his foster mother. In fact, Dr.
O’Hara stated that removal from this stable home without
a guarantee that he would be placed into a stable
environment would be harmful to him.
Trial Ct. Op., 3/29/17, at 8-9 (citations to record omitted).
The record supports the trial court’s findings that Child’s primary bond
is with his foster mother rather than Mother or Father. Further, the record
supports the court’s finding that Child will not suffer irreparable harm if
Mother’s and Father’s parental rights are terminated. It was within the trial
court’s discretion to accept Dr. O’Hara’s opinions and recommendations and
to conclude that the benefits of a permanent home with his foster mother
would outweigh any emotional distress that Child might experience if his
relationship with Mother and Father ended. Thus, we find no error or abuse
of discretion in the trial court’s conclusion under subsection (b) that Child’s
developmental, emotional and physical needs and welfare were best met by
terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. See N.T., 8/11/16, at
177-182; N.T., 11/3/16, at 48-83.
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Lastly, Father raises an additional issue for review. He contends that
our Supreme Court’s recent decision in In re Adoption of L.B.M., 161 A.3d
172 (Pa. 2017) requires that we reverse the termination of Father’s parental
rights and remand the case for the appointment of separate counsel for
Child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a).4 Father’s Brief at 16.
In L.B.M., our Supreme Court held that trial courts must appoint
counsel to represent the legal interests of any child involved in a contested
termination proceeding pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a). See In re
Adoption of L.B.M., 161 A.3d at 183. The Court explained that a child’s
legal interests are distinct from his or her best interests, in that a child’s
legal interests are synonymous with the child’s preferred outcome, while a
4
Section 2313(a) provides as follows.
(a) Child.―The court shall appoint counsel to
represent the child in an involuntary termination
proceeding when the proceeding is being contested
by one or both of the parents. The court may
appoint counsel or a guardian ad litem to represent
any child who has not reached the age of 18 years
and is subject to any other proceeding under this
part whenever it is in the best interests of the child.
No attorney or law firm shall represent both the child
and the adopting parent or parents.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a).
Here, this Court granted CYF’s and the guardian ad litem’s applications to file
supplemental briefs addressing L.B.M. We have received the supplemental
briefs as well as Father’s responsive brief.
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child’s best interests must be determined by the court. Id. at 174. While
our Supreme Court held in L.B.M. that courts must appoint counsel, the
justices disagreed on whether the role of counsel may be filled by a child’s
existing dependency guardian ad litem (“GAL”). See id. at 183. In the
Court’s lead opinion, Justice Wecht, joined by Justices Donohue and
Dougherty, opined that a child’s legal interests cannot be represented by his
or her dependency GAL. Id. at 181-82. However, the Court’s remaining
four justices disagreed with that portion of the lead opinion and opined in a
series of concurring and dissenting opinions that a child’s dependency GAL
may serve as his or her counsel, so long as the GAL’s dual role does not
create a conflict of interest. See id. at 183-93. Notably, Chief Justice
Saylor and Justices Mundy, Baer and Todd were of the opinion that “in cases
involving young children or children with limited capacity, the child may be
unable to express a separate legal interest to an independent attorney
appointed in addition to the GAL attorney, but would nevertheless be
required to have one appointed under the plurality’s interpretation.” Id. at
192 (Mundy, J., concurring).
While Father concedes that Child was represented by his dependency
GAL during the termination hearing, Father insists that representation by a
GAL, who is also an attorney, does not comply with Section 2313(a).
Father’s Brief at 16.
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Shortly following our Supreme Court’s decision in L.B.M., this Court
decided In re D.L.B., __ A.3d __, 2017 WL 2590893 (Pa. Super. June 15,
2017). Similar to the case sub judice, the appellant in D.L.B. argued that
section 2313(a) required the appointment of separate counsel for a child in a
contested termination proceeding. Id. at *5. The appellant argued that the
trial court’s failure to appoint separate counsel was structural error, which
required this Court to remand the matter for the appointment of separate
counsel pursuant to L.B.M.. Id.
In rejecting the appellant’s claim, this Court stated:
As a point of information, Justice Wecht’s opinion in
L.B.M[.] states that the trial court is required to
appoint a separate, independent attorney to
represent a child’s legal interests even when the
child’s GAL, who is appointed to represent the child’s
best interests, is an attorney. Justice Wecht would
hold that the interests are distinct and require
separate representation. While Justice Wecht, joined
by Justices Donohue and Dougherty, sought to so
hold, four members of the court, Chief Justice Saylor
and Justices Baer, Todd, and Mundy disagreed in
different concurring and dissenting opinions with that
part of the lead opinion’s holding. Specifically, while
the other justices agreed that the appointment of
counsel for the child is required in all [termination of
parental rights] cases and that the failure to do so by
the trial court is a structural error, they did not join
that part of Justice Wecht’s opinion which sought to
hold that the GAL may never serve as counsel for the
child. Rather, such separate representation
would be required only if the child’s best
interests and legal interests were somehow in
conflict.
Id. (emphasis added).
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We decline to grant relief on Father’s argument invoking In re
Adoption of L.B.M. The record before us reveals that Attorney Gregory
Engle, the GAL who represented Child at the termination hearing, zealously
represented both Child’s legal and best interests, and those interests were
not in conflict. At the time of the termination proceeding, Child was a non-
verbal two year old. Petitioner’s Exhibit 4. Dr. O’Hara further found that
Child is closely bonded with his foster mother and found no evidence that
Child could have formed a meaningful attachment to Father based on
Father’s eight visits with Child. Accordingly, we discern no basis to afford
Father relief based on L.B.M.5 See In re D.L.B., 2017 WL 2590893, at *7.
Indeed, Child is arguably the type of child the dissenting and concurring
justices in L.B.M. envisioned as too young or too cognitively incapacitated to
express his wishes.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the order of the trial court.
Order affirmed.
5
To the extent that Father argues that D.L.B. was wrongly decided, we
recognize that “[i]t is beyond the power of a Superior Court panel to
overrule a prior decision of the Superior Court except in circumstances
where intervening authority by our Supreme Court calls into question a
previous decision of this Court.” Commonwealth v. Pepe, 897 A.2d 463,
465 (Pa. Super. 2006).
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/7/2017
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In the Interest of M.P., minor, Appeal of: J.P.
Combined Opinion