In the Matter of the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of Ka.M., Cy.M., Ks.M., & Cn.M. (Minor Children) and C.R. (Mother) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing Sep 08 2017, 7:38 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark E. Small Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination September 8, 2017
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of Ka.M., Cy.M., Ks.M., & 11A01-1705-JT-958
Cn.M. (Minor Children) Appeal from the Clay Circuit
and Court
The Honorable Joseph D. Trout,
C.R. (Mother) Judge
Appellant-Respondent, Trial Court Cause Nos.
11C01-1608-JT-226
v. 11C01-1608-JT-227
11C01-1608-JT-228
The Indiana Department of 11C01-1608-JT-229
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Bailey, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] C.R. (“Mother”) appeals the termination of her parental rights to Ka.M.,
Cy.M., Ks.M. and Cn.M. (“Children”), upon the petition of the Clay County
Department of Child Services (“the DCS”). She presents the sole issue of
whether fundamental error occurred in the admission of evidence. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Mother and G.M. (“Father”)1 had three children when the DCS initiated an
investigation into allegations that the medical needs of Cn.M. and Cy.M. were
being neglected. During the investigation, the DCS received an additional
report, alleging that Mother had given birth on November 24, 2014 and had
tested positive for methamphetamine upon delivery. Children were taken into
DCS custody. On November 26, 2014, the DCS filed a petition alleging that
Children were Children in Need of Services (“CHINS”) because of parental
drug use, medical neglect, and lack of cooperation with investigative efforts.
[3] On January 27, 2015, Mother and Father appeared for a fact-finding hearing.
They admitted that Mother had used methamphetamine during her pregnancy
and Ks.M. had been born with drugs in his system. They also admitted to past
methamphetamine abuse and missing necessary pediatric medical
appointments. Pursuant to a dispositional decree entered on March 30, 2015,
1
Father is not an active party to this appeal.
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Mother was court-ordered to refrain from illicit drug use and other criminal
activity, maintain appropriate housing, cooperate with service providers,
maintain contact with the DCS, visit with Children, complete a substance abuse
assessment, and submit to random drug screens.
[4] Mother’s participation in services was inconsistent. She visited with Children
frequently but also missed a significant number of visits, arrived late, or left
early. She successfully completed group therapy but was non-compliant with
individual therapy. She had ninety-seven negative drug screens and ten to
twelve positive drug screens. According to her service providers, Mother would
be very motivated and cooperative for two or three months, and then lose
contact with the providers.
[5] At each review hearing, the CHINS court found Mother to be generally non-
compliant with the court orders. On December 7, 2015, the DCS plan was
changed to termination of parental rights. The DCS was authorized to file a
parental rights termination petition; however, the petition was dismissed on
June 23, 2016, upon reports that the parents were participating in services. A
second parental rights termination petition was filed on September 12, 2016.
[6] An evidentiary hearing commenced on December 13, 2016, but was continued
at Mother’s request to February 21, 2017. On February 2, 2017, the DCS filed
a motion to conduct the testimony of Forensic Fluids Laboratories toxicologist
Bridget Lemberg (“Lemberg”) telephonically. The motion was granted on
February 15, 2017.
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[7] On February 21, 2017, Mother failed to appear. The evidentiary hearing
proceeded, with each parent represented by counsel. Lemberg testified that
Mother had tested positive for methamphetamine on August 7, 2016. Family
case manager Tris Decker (“Decker”) testified that Mother was no longer
receiving services related to her four oldest children, but had given birth to a
fifth child and was ordered to participate in services as part of a CHINS
proceeding as to that child. Decker further testified that Mother was “not at
all” participating in those services. (Tr. Vol. I, pg. 173.) Children’s Guardian
Ad Litem (“GAL”) opined that termination of parental rights was appropriate
because the parents had been non-compliant, they were “obviously using
[drugs],” and the “traffic” in the parental home was unsafe for Children. (Tr.
Vol. I, pg. 178.)
[8] On April 6, 2017, the trial court entered its findings of fact, conclusions and
order terminating Mother’s parental rights. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
[9] “The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the
traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children.” In re
Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 972 (Ind. 2014). Although parental rights are
of a constitutional dimension, they are not absolute and the law provides for the
termination of those rights when the parents are unable or unwilling to meet
their parental responsibilities. Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of Family & Children, 839
N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005).
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[10] Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) sets out the elements that the DCS must
allege and prove by clear and convincing evidence to terminate a parent-child
relationship:
(A) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six
(6) months under a dispositional decree.
(ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that
reasonable efforts for family preservation or reunification are not
required, including a description of the court’s finding, the date
of the finding, and the manner in which the finding was made.
(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been
under the supervision of a local office or probation department
for at least fifteen (15) months of the most recent twenty-two (22)
months, beginning with the date the child is removed from the
home as a result of the child being alleged to be a child in need of
services or a delinquent child;
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of
the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of
the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
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[11] Mother does not lodge a direct challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the termination decision. Rather, she argues that the admission of
some of the supporting evidence, that is, Lemberg’s testimony, amounted to
fundamental error that deprived her of her constitutional right to parent under
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. First, she argues
that the DCS elicited telephonic testimony from Lemberg absent compliance
with administrative rule requirements for telephonic testimony. Second, she
argues that Lemberg was permitted to testify to a positive drug screen result
although the chain of custody was not clearly established.
[12] The fundamental error doctrine applies to egregious trial errors. In re E.E., 853
N.E.2d 1037, 1043 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. It provides a narrow
exception to the waiver doctrine, applicable only to an error so egregious to
fundamental due process that the trial judge should or should not have acted,
regardless of a party’s failure to object or preserve the issue of error for appeal.
N.C. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 56 N.E.3d 65, 69 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans.
denied. Reversal of the trial court’s ruling based upon fundamental error
requires both a clear blatant violation of basic and elementary principles and
that the harm or potential for harm therefrom is substantial and appears clearly
and prospectively. Id.
[13] Mother asserts that the trial court failed to follow the procedure outlined in
Indiana Administrative Rule 14, governing “Use of Telephone and Audiovisual
Telecommunication” in court proceedings and providing in relevant part:
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[A] trial court may use telephone or audiovisual communication
subject to:
(1) the written consent of all the parties, entered on the
Chronological Case Summary; or
(2) upon a trial court’s finding of good cause, upon its own
motion or upon the motion of a party. . . .
(3) A party or a trial court if it is acting on its own motion must
give notice of the motion to use telephone or audiovisual
telecommunication as follows:
(a) Any motion for testimony to be presented by telephone or
audiovisual telecommunications shall be served not less than
thirty (30) days before the time specified for hearing of such
testimony;
(b) Opposition to a motion for testimony to be presented by
telephone or audiovisual telecommunication shall be made by
written objection within seven (7) days after service;
(c) A trial court may hold an expedited hearing no later than ten
(10) days before the scheduled hearing of such testimony to
determine if good cause has been shown to present testimony by
telephone or audiovisual telecommunication;
(d) A trial court shall make written findings of fact and
conclusions of law within its order on the motion for testimony
to be presented by telephone or audiovisual telecommunication[.]
[14] The record indicates that the DCS motion for telephonic testimony was granted
thirteen days after the February 2, 2017 filing of the motion. Although Mother
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did not object within seven days after service, she was entitled to notice thirty
days before the February 21, 2017 hearing. Also, it appears that the trial court
did not make the requisite findings and conclusions as to good cause. The DCS
argues that substantial compliance was adequate. We disagree. Parental rights
are of a constitutional dimension and disregard of administrative procedures is
not to be condoned.
[15] That said, the telephonic evidence is of a cumulative nature. The thrust of
Lemberg’s testimony was that Mother had used illicit substances; specifically,
she had tested positive for methamphetamine and synthetic marijuana. At the
outset of the evidentiary hearing, the CHINS exhibits were admitted into
evidence by stipulation and some of these reference Mother’s drug screens. For
example, the Notice of Removal of Child from a Trial Home Visit discloses that
drug screen results of July 8, 2015 were “positive for synthetic cannabanoids.”
(Ex. 6.)
[16] Michael McKamey, a Lifeline home-based therapist, testified that Mother
reported to him a relapse, that is, she used synthetic marijuana. Decker testified
that, during her case management tenure, Mother had relapsed “a couple of
times.” (Tr. Vol. I, pg. 148.) She referred to a positive result for “Spice” in July
of 2015 and a positive result for methamphetamine in August of 2016. (Tr. Vol.
I, pgs. 145, 173.) Parenting time supervisor Amy Clark, who had background
in substance abuse treatment, opined that Mother appeared to be under the
influence of drugs at some visits. Given the abundance of evidence of Mother’s
drug use, the erroneous admission of telephonic testimony is harmless error as
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opposed to reversible error or fundamental error. See Indiana Trial Rule 61(B)
(no error in the admission or exclusion of evidence is grounds for granting relief
unless refusal to take such action appears inconsistent with substantial justice).
[17] Mother also contends that the test results were admitted despite an improper
chain of custody. “To establish a proper chain of custody, the State must give
reasonable assurances that the evidence remained in an undisturbed condition.”
Troxell v. State, 778 N.E.2d 811, 814 (Ind. 2002). A successful challenger must
“present evidence that does more than raise a mere possibility that the evidence
may have been tampered with.” Id.
[18] Mother acknowledges that the DCS presented testimony regarding its test
collection and transportation procedures, Lemberg testified regarding
laboratory handling procedures, and the trial court summarized this evidence at
some length. However, she argues, “neither the trial court nor counsel for
either parent addressed discrepancies in testimony as to delivery by UPS and
FedEx.” Appellant’s Brief at 17. Lemberg testified regarding a “UPS packet,”
(Tr. Vol. I, pg. 48), while Decker testified to using a “FedEx bag” and “sending
FedEx bags out daily.” (Tr. Vol. I, pgs. 152, 170.) Thus, the chain-of-custody
testimony was not entirely without conflict. However, such is not required.
[19] The DCS’s testimonial evidence provided reasonable assurances that the
physical evidence had been undisturbed. Additionally, each test result
document was accompanied by Lemberg’s Affidavit, detailing procedures
utilized and certifying the business record. Merely pointing to conflicting
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testimony as to the identification of a private delivery service does not present
an issue of fundamental error. The contested evidentiary hearing in this case
was not a situation where the trial court blatantly dispensed with either a chain-
of-custody inquiry or the foundational requirements for the admission of
telephonic testimony. Mother has not shown egregious trial error.
Conclusion
[20] Mother did not establish that fundamental error occurred in the admission of
evidence.
[21] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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