UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 04-798 (PLF/GMH)
ALL ASSETS HELD AT BANK JULIUS
BAER & COMPANY, LTD., GUERNSEY
BRANCH, ACCOUNT NUMBER 121128,
IN THE NAME OF PAVLO LAZARENKO,
ET AL.
Defendants In Rem.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This matter has been referred to the undersigned for the management of discovery. On
July 28, 2017, Plaintiff filed a letter brief seeking to compel Claimant Pavel Lazarenko (“Claim-
ant”) to provide a supplementary response to one of Plaintiff’s interrogatories. See Dkt. 987-1.
Claimant filed a responsive letter brief on August 2, 2017, see Dkt. 991-1, and the undersigned
heard arguments from both parties on August 29, 2017. At the conclusion of that hearing, the
undersigned determined that Plaintiff’s letter brief was without merit and rejected Plaintiff’s re-
quest. The following written decision memorializes that ruling.
BACKGROUND
The instant dispute revolves around two interrogatories, Interrogatories 9 and 10, both
served by Plaintiff. In Interrogatory 9, Plaintiff asked Claimant to identify, among other things,
all persons with knowledge of the facts set forth in Claimant’s responses to Plaintiff’s previous
interrogatories and the basis for their knowledge. Plaintiff does not object to Claimant’s response
to this interrogatory, but claims that it “directly or indirectly referred to hundreds of individuals[.]”
Dkt. 987-1 at 1.
Apparently to assist the government in focusing its efforts with respect to the witnesses,
Plaintiff asked Claimant another interrogatory—Interrogatory 10—which is the subject of the pre-
sent dispute between the parties. In that interrogatory, Plaintiff asked Claimant to
[i]dentify all natural or legal persons who have been interviewed by [Claimant], or
from whom statements or documents have been obtained by [Claimant], in relation
to the facts and allegations of the Amended Complaint, standing of any party or
claimant, or defenses to forfeiture [Claimant] or any party has raised. For each such
person, provide the time, date, and location of any interview(s) or statement(s), the
contact information for any such person and any legal representative of such per-
son, state all facts provided by each such person, and identify all statements or doc-
uments obtained by [Claimant].
Id. In response to this interrogatory, according to Plaintiff, Claimant initially identified four wit-
ness statements that he obtained in a related matter and stated that he interviewed no witnesses in
this matter. Id. Plaintiff contends that while discussing modifications to the Protective Order after
the close of fact discovery, however, Claimant admitted that he interviewed multiple individuals
in connection to this case. Id. After Plaintiff requested that he update his response to Interrogatory
10, Claimant submitted a supplemental response that identified one witness statement he obtained
in connection to this case, and indicated that his counsel spoke to “certain persons” identified in
his response to Interrogatory 9. Id. According to Plaintiff, Claimant did not identify who these
persons were or provide any additional “details regarding his communications with individuals
knowledgeable about this matter or the facts obtained from such interviews.” Id.
Plaintiff now contends that Claimant must submit another supplemental answer that “com-
pletely” responds to Interrogatory 10 by identifying specific “individuals interviewed by [Claim-
ant], the details surrounding when the interview took place and who was involved, and any relevant
facts disclosed by the witness.” Id. at 1–2. Claimant has refused to do so, arguing that requiring
him to identify the witnesses his counsel has interviewed “infringes on [his] counsel’s work-prod-
uct privilege” because it would reveal his counsel’s legal theories and strategies. [Dkt. 991-1] at
2
1–2. To assuage Plaintiff’s concerns that Claimant might be withholding factual information
known to witnesses, however, Claimant’s counsel represented to the Court at the hearing on this
matter that Claimant will disclose any witness statements to Plaintiff that he receives and would
further update his responses to Plaintiff’s other interrogatories, including Interrogatory 9, as re-
quired by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
In response, Plaintiff acknowledges that some information related to witness interviews—
the questions asked during the interview, for example—“potentially could be protected [from dis-
covery] by the work-product doctrine,” but maintains that Claimant has failed to satisfy his burden
of demonstrating that the work-product doctrine applies to the information requested in Interrog-
atory 10. Dkt. 987-1 at 1. Additionally, Plaintiff asserts that Claimant’s position is unfair partic-
ularly because Plaintiff has answered a similar interrogatory propounded by Claimant. Id.
DISCUSSION
“The work-product doctrine shields materials ‘prepared in anticipation of litigation or for
trial or for another party or by or for that other party’s representative,’” including that party’s
attorney. Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 432 F.3d 366, 369 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)). It is codified in Rule 26(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
which provides that, “[o]rdinarily, a party may not discover documents and tangible things that are
prepared in anticipation of litigation” by opposing counsel. The Rule further provides, however,
that a party may discover such information if “the party shows that it has substantial need for the
materials to prepare its case and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their substantial equivalent
by other means,” so long as the court protects against the “disclosure of the mental impressions,
conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of a party’s attorney or other representative concerning the
litigation.” Fed .R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)–(B). This caveat in the Rule represents the distinction
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between fact work product and opinion work product. Opinion work product, which reveals the
mental impressions, opinions, and legal theories of opposing counsel, is “virtually undiscoverable”
absent some extraordinary showing of necessity, Dir., Office of Thrift Supervision v. Vinson &
Elkins, LLP, 124 F.3d 1304, 1307 (D.C. Cir. 1997), while fact work product can be obtained by
showing “‘adequate reasons’” for disclosure, Boehringer, 778 F.3d at 153 (quoting In re Sealed
Case, 676 F.3d 793, 809 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Setting aside this distinction, the work-product doc-
trine “should be interpreted broadly and held largely inviolate,” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t
of Justice, 432 F.3d at 369, which “is consistent with the policy underpinnings articulated by the
Supreme Court that ‘it is essential that a lawyer work with a certain degree of privacy, free from
unnecessary intrusion by opposing parties and their counsel.’” Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
969 F. Supp. 2d 18, 28 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947)).
Despite the wide latitude given to courts in interpreting and applying the work-product
doctrine, the question of whether it “protects the identities of those persons interviewed by an
attorney or his agent in anticipation of litigation” remains unsettled. US Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. PHL
Variable Ins. Co., Nos. 12 Civ. 9811, 13 Civ. 1580, 2013 WL 5495542, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 3,
2013). Indeed, in this Court alone, there is a partial split among its members over whether the
names of individuals that a party has interviewed in preparation for litigation is protected under
work-product privilege. Compare Alexander v. FBI, 192 F.R.D. 12 (D.D.C. 2000) with Chiperas
v. Rubin, Civ. No. 96-130 (TPJ/JMF), 1998 WL 531845 (D.D.C. Aug. 24, 1998). In Alexander,
192 F.R.D. at 17, the plaintiffs moved to compel a party to confirm whether the party’s investigator
had spoken with certain individuals as part of his investigation on behalf of the party. After noting
that an attorney’s investigator should be afforded the same protection as the attorney for whom
they work, the Court concluded that “certain information, such as whether investigators have
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talked to certain individuals in the course of their investigations, is not protected by the attorney
work-product doctrine.” Id. at 18–19. Instead, the Court opined, a “list of interviewees is just that,
a list.” Id. at 19 (citing United States v. Amerada Hess Corp., 619 F.2d 980 987–88 (3d Cir. 1980)
and In re Matter of Grand Jury, 633 F.2d 282, 289 (3d Cir. 1980)). That said, the Court in Alex-
ander, cautioned that “information beyond the names of interviewees may be protected by the
attorney work-product privilege” if it would “reveal the thoughts, opinions, and strategies” of the
party’s attorneys and, by extension, their investigators. Id. Likewise, the Court found that the
plaintiffs’ question regarding whether an investigator was specifically investigating someone was
“considerably” different than asking whether the investigator had contacted that same person, and
determined that such a question “would certainly tend to reveal the strategy of [a party’s] attor-
neys.” Id.
Conversely, in Chiperas, 1998 WL 531845, at *1, another member of this Court deter-
mined that a defendant’s request for the plaintiff to identify the witnesses he had interviewed and
to turn over his witness statements or the names of the affiants who gave statements was imper-
missible. Specifically, the Court explained that a party is permitted to ask—and, indeed, a re-
sponding party is required to disclose—the names of individuals with discoverable information,
like Plaintiff did in Interrogatory 9. Id. at *1. But, the Court continued, “‘to go beyond that—to
tell plaintiffs whom defendants have interviewed, where and when such interviews took place and
whether or not a record was made” would afford the plaintiffs “the potential for significant insights
into the defense lawyers’ preparation of their case (and thus mental processes).’” Id. (quoting Bd.
of Educ. of Evanston Twp. v. Admiral Heating and Ventilating, Inc., 104 F.R.D. 23, 32 (N.D. Ill.
1984)). Accordingly, the Court held that a plaintiff “is not required to do all the investigatory work
5
for [the] defendant by turning over their [witness] statements” taken from individuals with discov-
erable information whom counsel has interviewed. Id. In other words, according to the Court,
“[t]he disclosure [the] defendant requests of the names of the witnesses who provided statements
to plaintiff’s counsel,” as opposed to simply the names of individuals likely to have discoverable
information, “crosses the boundary into work product because the names requested are interwoven
with the preparation of [the] plaintiff’s case.” Id.
This split in reasoning is not endemic to this Court. Like in Alexander, a number of courts
have reasoned that the names of individuals that a party has interviewed are subject to discovery,
see Castle v. Sangamo Weston, Inc., 744 F.2d 1464, 1467 (11th Cir. 1984); Packard v. Darveau,
No. 4:11-CV-3199, 2012 WL 4443505, at *3–4 (D. Neb. Sept. 25, 2012); Myers v. Goldco, Inc.,
No. 4:08-cv-8, 2008 WL 1995131, at *1 (N.D. Fla. May 6, 2008); Sanchez v. Matta, 229 F.R.D.
649, 659 (D.N.M. 2004); Oregon Health & Sci. Univ. v. Vertex Pharm., Inc., No. Civ. 01-1272,
2002 WL 31968995, at *2 (D. Or. Oct. 24, 2002); United States v. Pepper’s Steel & Alloys, Inc.,
132 F.R.D. 695, 697 (S.D. Fla. 1990), while many others, like in Chiperas, have reached the op-
posite conclusion, see US Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 2013 WL 5495542, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 3, 2013);
DiDonna v. Village Farms IGA, LLC, No. CV 12-1487, 2012 WL 3879149, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept.
6, 2012); Tracy v. NVR, Inc., 250 F.R.D. 130, 132–33 (W.D.N.Y. 2008); Seven Hanover Assoc.,
LLC v. Jones Lang LaSalle Americas, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 4143, 2005 WL 3358597, at *1 n.1
(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 7, 2005); United States v. Dist. Council of New York City and Vicinity of United
Bhd. Of Carpenters and Joiners of America, No. 90 CIV 5722, 1992 WL 208284, at *10 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 18, 1992); Massachusetts v. First Nat’l Supermarkets, Inc., 112 F.R.D. 149, 152–53 (D.
Mass. 1986).
6
The undersigned believes that the better-reasoned cases, especially given the facts pre-
sented here, “are those that draw a distinction between discovery requests that seek the identifica-
tion of persons with knowledge about the claims or defenses (or other relevant issues)”—requests,
like Interrogatory 9, that are plainly permissible—“and those that seek the identification of persons
who have been contacted or interviewed by counsel concerning the case.” Tracy, 250 F.R.D. 132–
33 (collecting cases). Based on this line of reasoning, Plaintiff is “free to ask for names of persons
with knowledge of the facts, but it is not entitled, through [Claimant], to the identification of who
among such knowledgeable individuals have been interviewed by [Claimant’s counsel].” Seven
Hanover Assoc., 2005 WL 3358597, at *1 n.1. After all, to grant such a request would be to reveal
to Plaintiff, Claimant’s adversary in this litigation, how Claimant and his counsel “choose to pre-
pare their case, the efforts they undertake, and the people they interview”—all information that
falls within the scope of the work-product doctrine. Dist. Council of New York City and Vicinity
of United Bhd. Of Carpenters and Joiners of America, 1992 WL 208284, at *10; see also First
Nat’l Supermarkets, Inc., 112 F.R.D. at 152–53 (“[I]nterrogatories which seek the names of per-
sons interviewed by an adverse party’s attorney together with the dates and places of such inter-
views are improper.”).
Moreover, unlike in Alexander, the information that Plaintiff seeks from Claimant is far
more than “just . . . a list.” 192 F.R.D. at 19. In Alexander, the plaintiffs moved to compel a party
to answer whether the party’s investigator had spoken to a handful of specifically-identified indi-
viduals. Id. at 14–15. Here, on the other hand, Plaintiff is asking Claimant to narrow a list of
several hundred individuals that Claimant has identified as knowledgeable about the facts of this
case by identifying for Plaintiff those individuals that Claimant’s counsel determined were worth
interviewing. Such a request calls for Claimant’s counsel to reveal their legal theories and strategic
7
decisions regarding who to interview in preparation for trial based on the information available to
them. Indeed, the government provided no persuasive answer at the hearing to the question of
what relevant information would be communicated to it by Claimant disclosing such a list. The
best it could offer at the hearing was that such a list would assist the government in “culling down
the voluminous number of witnesses” the parties had identified. See Transcript of Proceedings
held on August 29, 2017 [Dkt. 1010] at 90:1–7. But, of course, it is precisely because the list
would convey Claimant’s counsel’s legal strategy and opinions—who, based on their theory of the
case, they believe are the most important, or problematic—that it would be a valuable filter for the
government. In light of the specific facts of this case, requiring such a disclosure would run con-
trary to the Supreme Court’s determination that “[p]roper preparation of a client’s case demands
that [counsel] assemble information, sift what he considers to be the relevant from the irrelevant
facts, prepare his legal theories and plan his strategy without undue and needless interference.”
Hickman, 329 U.S. at 510–11. Accordingly, the undersigned will deny Plaintiff’s request for an
Order compelling Claimant to disclose the identities of the individuals that Claimant’s counsel
interviewed in this matter.
Relatedly, while some of the other information that Plaintiff seeks in Interrogatory 10—
the facts and circumstances surrounding any witness interviews that Claimant conducted—likely
does not reveal insight into Claimant’s counsel’s thoughts and strategies and thus would not be
shielded by the work-product doctrine, it is unclear how such information would be relevant to
Plaintiff absent the names of the individual’s interviewed. See US Bank Nat. Ass’n, 2013 WL
5495542, at *10 (denying as irrelevant requests for the dates of interviews and names of individu-
als who conducted interviews after determining that the names of the interviewees was protected
8
work product). A list of dates and times that Claimant’s counsel interviewed unidentified persons
would not be relevant to any issue in this case and, as such, that request, too, will be denied.
What remains, then, is Plaintiff’s request for Claimant to reveal the “facts provided” by
each interviewee—i.e., the relevant factual information Claimant learned from any witnesses in-
terviewed. Claimant is obligated to provide this information to Plaintiff, but only in response to
an appropriately-phrased discovery request that does not require Claimant’s counsel to reveal who
they have and have not interviewed and the particular questions they asked each interviewee in the
process. Interrogatory 9 is one such request. At the hearing, Claimant acknowledged his ongoing
responsibility to supplement his answer to that interrogatory, as well as his answers to Plaintiff’s
other discovery requests even after discovery has closed. See F.R.C.P. 26(e); Rodriguez v. IBP,
Inc., 243 F.3d 1221, 1230 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding that a party’s obligation to supplement dis-
covery under Rule 26(e) continues even after the close of discovery). Moreover, Claimant has
agreed to disclose to Plaintiff any written statements of witnesses when they are received. Thus,
Plaintiff’s concern that Claimant may withhold the facts known by potential witnesses after dis-
covery is closed is without merit. 1
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
1
Similarly unavailing is Plaintiff’s assertion that Claimant should be compelled to provide a supplemental response
to Interrogatory 10 because Plaintiff provided Claimant with the same or similar information in response to Claimant’s
discovery requests. See [Dkt. 987-1] at 2. To the extent that Claimant asked Plaintiff to provide him with such
information, Plaintiff was free to object to that request under the work-product doctrine, rather than providing the
information requested.
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ORDERED that Plaintiff’s letter brief requesting that the Court order Defendant to provide
a supplemental response to Plaintiff’s Interrogatory 10 [Dkt. 987-1] is DENIED.
Digitally signed by G.
SO ORDERED.
Michael Harvey
Date: 2017.09.13
13:15:56 -04'00'
Date: September 13, 2017 ___________________________________
G. MICHAEL HARVEY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
10