[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Columbus City Schools Bd. of Edn. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Revision, Slip Opinion No. 2017-
Ohio-7578.]
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.
SLIP OPINION NO. 2017-OHIO-7578
COLUMBUS CITY SCHOOLS BOARD OF EDUCATION, APPELLEE, v. FRANKLIN
COUNTY BOARD OF REVISION ET AL., APPELLEES; STATE FARM MUTUAL
AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY, APPELLANT.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as Columbus City Schools Bd. of Edn. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of
Revision, Slip Opinion No. 2017-Ohio-7578.]
Taxation—Real-property valuation—Sale price in sale/leaseback transaction was
not indicative of property value—Decision of the Board of Tax Appeals
reversed.
(No. 2015-2105—Submitted May 3, 2017—Decided September 14, 2017.)
APPEAL from the Board of Tax Appeals, No. 2014-3918.
____________________
O’DONNELL, J.
{¶ 1} State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (“State Farm”)
appeals from a decision of the Board of Tax Appeals (“BTA”) that increased the
tax value of its property. Although the BTA adopted the $14,000,000 value
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
determined by State Farm’s appraiser for tax year 2011, it relied on a November
2013 sale price and ordered an increase to $25,092,330 for tax year 2012. The BTA
used the 2013 sale price even though that price was part of a sale/leaseback
transaction. On appeal, State Farm argues that the sale price was not indicative of
value because it was not at arm’s length for purposes of determining property value.
We agree and reverse the decision of the BTA.1
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} Tax year 2011 was a sexennial reappraisal year in Franklin County,
and the auditor determined the value of the office building at issue to be
$18,540,000. At that time, State Farm both owned the building and used it as an
operations center. It filed a complaint seeking a reduction to $14,000,000. Before
the Franklin County Board of Revision (“BOR”), it supported its request with the
formal opinion of its appraiser, Bruce E. Pickering, a member of the Appraisal
Institute, who opined a value of $14,000,000 for tax year 2011 and a value of
$14,500,000 for tax year 2012. The Columbus City Schools Board of Education
(“BOE”) cross-examined Pickering and asserted that the value should be
determined in accordance with two subsequent sales, one that occurred on
November 19, 2013, for $25,092,326, and a second one that occurred on April 7,
2014, for $26,100,000.
{¶ 3} In addition to testifying in support of a reduced value, Pickering
testified concerning the subsequent sales of the property. He stated that he had
reviewed the two sales of the subject property “in detail,” found that the seller and
1
State Farm’s second proposition of law argues that, under R.C. 5713.03 as amended by 2012
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 487, the sale price may not be used because it is affected by the encumbering
lease. Because the tax year at issue is 2012, we reject this argument summarily based on our recent
holding in Terraza 8, L.L.C. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Revision, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2017-Ohio-4415,
___ N.E.3d ___. In Terraza 8, we held that the version of R.C. 5713.03 in effect as of the tax lien
date should be applied to that year’s tax assessment. Id. at ¶ 18. Because H.B. 487 was not effect
on January 1, 2012, it should not be applied to the tax-year 2012 assessment. Accordingly, the
unamended version of R.C. 5713.03 must be applied here, and we will therefore not address
arguments raised by State Farm under the amended version of the statute.
2
January Term, 2017
buyer were not typically motivated market participants, and opined that neither sale
was “indicative of the fee simple value” of the property. He characterized the sales
as involving a “sale/leaseback” in which the buyer (in the first sale) relied on “the
State Farm credit behind the lease.” The second sale did not indicate value because
“it was based on the sale/leaseback lease.”
{¶ 4} The BOR found that the 2013 sale was not at arm’s length, given that
it was a sale/leaseback. It did not specifically consider the 2014 sale. The BOR
adopted Pickering’s appraisal value of $14,000,000 for 2011 and 2012.
{¶ 5} The BOE appealed to the BTA, where it relied on the conveyance-fee
statements to advocate for use of the later sale prices. State Farm countered by
presenting two lay witnesses concerning the subsequent sale in November 2013, as
well as numerous related exhibits. Philip J. Reuter, a State Farm investment officer
who was involved with negotiating the sale of this and several other properties in
2013, testified that State Farm bundled the property at issue for sale with other
locations at which the company would conduct business, after sale, as a tenant.
Reuter explained that State Farm’s high credit rating made the income stream of
rent from such properties “very valuable” to potential real estate investors. He
testified from his experience of transactions in which State Farm purchased real
property that “if a building is leased to an investment-grade credit tenant you’re
going to buy that, and it impacts the price that you’re going to [be motivated to]
pay for that particular asset.” Additionally, Reuter testified that the leases were put
in place prior to the sale, but with a view to making the sale.
{¶ 6} Raymond P. Templet Jr. also testified for State Farm. Templet was a
senior vice president of Hudson Americas, an entity associated with the purchaser
in the November 2013 sale/leaseback. Templet confirmed that his employer
acquired a portfolio of 23 properties from State Farm in November 2013 and that
the sale involved an “absolute net lease” arrangement. Making the property
ownership “hands off” for the landlord was “incredibly valuable” to the buyer. The
3
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
characteristics of the underlying properties mattered little to the buyer’s evaluation
of the deal; “the majority of the diligence and focus and analysis that we did * * *
was on State Farm’s credit, the actual terms of the leases.”
{¶ 7} State Farm also called its appraiser, Pickering, who discussed the
basis for his appraisal and reiterated his reasons for not regarding the subsequent
sales to be probative of the property’s market value.
{¶ 8} In its decision, the BTA considered the recency of the two sales and
held that the 2014 sale was not recent, but that the November 2013 sale was recent
given the 2012 tax-lien date. BTA No. 2014-3918, 2015 WL 10936019 (Dec. 3,
2015), *3.
{¶ 9} Most importantly for the resolution of this appeal, the BTA rejected
State Farm’s arguments that the 2013 sale price was not at arm’s length. Id. at *4.
Citing the longstanding presumption that the “ ‘best evidence of “true value in
money” of real property is an actual, recent sale of the property in an arm’s-length
transaction,’ ” id. at *2, quoting Conalco, Inc. v. Monroe Cty. Bd. of Revision, 50
Ohio St.2d 129, 363 N.E.2d 722 (1977), paragraph one of the syllabus, the BTA
found that “none of the testimony indicated that either party to the transaction was
compelled or under duress to sell or to purchase the subject property or that the
parties to [the] transaction were related or failed to act in their own self-interest.”
Id. at *3. The board also rejected State Farm’s contention that because the sale was
part of a larger sale/leaseback agreement, the sale price could not be regarded as
being at arm’s length as a matter of law. Id. at *4.
{¶ 10} Finally, it overruled State Farm’s position that the property should
be valued as if unencumbered, stating that “ ‘ “the arm’s-length sale price of a legal
fee interest should not be adjusted on account of the mere existence of an
encumbrance.” ’ ” Id., quoting HIN, L.L.C. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 138
Ohio St.3d 223, 2014-Ohio-523, 5 N.E.3d 637, ¶ 20, quoting Cummins Property
Servs., L.L.C. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Revision, 117 Ohio St.3d 516, 2008-Ohio-
4
January Term, 2017
1473, 885 N.E.2d 222, ¶ 18. Additionally, the BTA considered whether the
statutory amendment enacted during 2012 would change the analysis and held that
“the changes made to R.C. 5713.03 directing the auditor’s valuation process do not
overrule the directive consistently set forth by the Supreme Court that this board
rely on a recent arm’s-length sale of the property if evidence of such a sale is
properly before [the board].” Id. at *5.
{¶ 11} Accordingly, the BTA retained the appraisal value of $14,000,000
for 2011 but ordered an increase for 2012 to $25,092,330 to reflect the November
2013 sale price. State Farm appealed the increase to this court.
ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES
{¶ 12} State Farm contends that the November 2013 sale price was not the
result of an arm’s-length transaction, advancing both a legal principle applicable to
sale/leasebacks generally and, alternatively, a narrower factual argument based on
the evidence presented in this case.
{¶ 13} First, State Farm argues that the sale price from the sale/leaseback
cannot, as a matter of law, invoke the presumption that the sale constitutes an arm’s-
length transaction, because the sale was part of a larger sale/leaseback transaction.
State Farm asserts that the presumption is defeated by the parties’ relationship to
each other due to the sale/leaseback transaction. See Cummins, 117 Ohio St.3d 516,
2008-Ohio-1473, 885 N.E.2d 222, ¶ 30, fn. 4 (the presence of both a sale and a
leaseback as common “elements” of the same overall contract “may deprive both
of those elements of their arm’s-length character, because the existence of the one
element makes the otherwise unrelated parties related with respect to the other
element”).
{¶ 14} Second, State Farm argues that regardless of the nature of the legal
presumption, the evidence here demonstrated that the motivations of and relations
between the parties were atypical of participants in the real-estate market generally.
The parties adjusted the rent amounts and the sale price to their mutual benefit and
5
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
implemented an absolute net lease under which the landlord’s involvement
consisted solely of receiving the income stream from the lease.
{¶ 15} The BOE advocates the application of the ordinary rule that proof of
the sale invokes a presumption of its arm’s-length character, which thereby imposes
a burden to rebut on the party contesting the use of the sale. According to the BOE,
the evidence shows that the parties were acting in their respective self-interests,
both attempting to maximize the value of the property in relation to their differing
objectives, and nothing in the record shows that the sale price and rent are not
reflective of the general market.
{¶ 16} The BOE further argues that the “relatedness” of the parties in a
sale/leaseback does not defeat the presumption of an arm’s-length transaction
unless the record demonstrates collusion between the parties to lower property taxes
by negotiating a below-market sale price in consideration of below-market rent.
The BOE suggests that the record here shows that the parties each sought to
maximize the sale price and the lease payments.
{¶ 17} Additionally, the BOE relies on case law addressing a subsequent
sale after a sale/leaseback transaction to argue that the evidence presented by State
Farm does not rebut the presumptive validity of using the sale price to value the
property. That is so, it contends, because the case law has treated the encumbering
of property as the owner’s method of realizing the property’s value.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶ 18} We apply a de novo standard of review for legal issues in these
appeals. New York Frozen Foods, Inc. v. Bedford Hts. Income Tax Bd. of Rev., ___
Ohio St.3d ___, 2016-Ohio-7582, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 8.
SALE PRICE FROM A SALE/LEASEBACK
{¶ 19} Pursuant to R.C. 5713.01, the “true value in money” is the basis for
assessing real property and usually equates to “market value,” meaning what the
property would sell for when the buyer and seller arrive at the sale price acting as
6
January Term, 2017
“typically motivated market participants.” Columbus City Schools Bd. of Edn. v.
Franklin Cty. Bd. of Revision, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2017-Ohio-2734, ___ N.E.3d
___, ¶ 14. The question here is whether the sale price from a sale/leaseback satisfies
the “market value” criterion. It does not.
{¶ 20} A sale/leaseback inherently involves an overall contractual
relationship between the parties that differs from the model of an unrelated seller
negotiating with an unrelated buyer. As we observed in Cummins, the
contemporaneous negotiation of the sale price and the lease terms, especially the
rent payments, sets up a reciprocal relationship between these elements of the
overall transaction. See Cummins, 117 Ohio St.3d 516, 2008-Ohio-1473, 885
N.E.2d 222, ¶ 30, fn. 4 This reciprocal interaction is in itself atypical of the kind
of seller-to-buyer transaction that is understood to fix market value for tax purposes,
and because of that atypicality, the ordinary presumption in favor of using the sale
price under Berea City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision,
106 Ohio St.3d 269, 2005-Ohio-4979, 834 N.E.2d 782, does not apply.
{¶ 21} We are unpersuaded by the BOE’s assertion that the sole concern
with relying on a sale price from a sale/leaseback lies in possible collusion to set a
low sale price for property-tax purposes. Although we alluded to that concern in
Cummins, id. at ¶ 30-31, our discussion does not support this view.
{¶ 22} Moreover, case law demonstrates a broader range of reasons why the
sale price from a sale/leaseback does not indicate market value. In Kroger Co. v.
Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Revision, 67 Ohio St.3d 145, 616 N.E.2d 877 (1993), we
affirmed the BTA’s rejection of a sale/leaseback based on the board’s finding that
the transaction involved “ ‘a borrowing of money subject to full repayment * * *
even though [the transaction was] documented in the form of a sale and leaseback
transaction.’ ” Id. at 147, quoting Kroger Co. v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Revision,
BTA No. 88-E-872, 1992 Ohio Tax LEXIS 640, *7 (June 12, 1992). See also
Cleveland Hts./Univ. Hts. Bd. of Edn. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 72 Ohio
7
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
St.3d 189, 191, 648 N.E.2d 811 (1995) (same). Furthermore, in S.
Euclid/Lyndhurst Bd. of Edn. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 74 Ohio St.3d 314,
317-318, 658 N.E.2d 750 (1996), we affirmed the BTA’s rejection of the sale price
from a sale/leaseback when appraisal evidence showed that the sale price was
tailored to an amount of rent that was below market. Indeed, in S. Euclid we
explicitly recognized that a below-market sale price may result from a
sale/leaseback for economic reasons other than mere collusion to lower taxes. Id.
{¶ 23} Also pertinent is the propriety of considering appraisal evidence
when evaluating the relationship between a sale/leaseback and the market. In S.
Euclid, we affirmed a BTA decision that explicitly relied upon the market data
contained in an appraisal report to determine that because the rent in the
sale/leaseback was below market, the sale price from that transaction was not a
reliable indicator of market value. Yet under the Berea standard, the presumption
in favor of using the sale price would have displaced the valuation data of the
proffered appraisal.
{¶ 24} In Cummins we noted that “[a]t the very heart of Berea lies the
rejection of appraisal evidence of the value of the property whenever a recent,
arm’s-length sale price has been offered as evidence of value.” 117 Ohio St.3d 516,
2008-Ohio-1473, 885 N.E.2d 222, ¶ 13. Accordingly, when Berea applies, relying
on an appraisal to value the property “places the cart (appraisal) before the horse
(an actual arm’s-length sale).” Cummins at ¶ 23. By contrast, as S. Euclid
demonstrates, in the context of a sale/leaseback, the opposite is true: the value data
contained in an appraisal report become the “horse” that must draw the “cart,”
which in this context refers to the viability of regarding the sale price as the property
value.
{¶ 25} The BOE argues that the post-Berea case law addressing a sale after
a sale/leaseback supports its position. See AEI Net Lease Income & Growth Fund
v. Erie Cty. Bd. of Revision, 119 Ohio St.3d 563, 2008-Ohio-5203, 895 N.E.2d 830;
8
January Term, 2017
HIN, L.L.C., 138 Ohio St.3d 223, 2014-Ohio-523, 5 N.E.3d 637. In essence the
BOE argues that because the encumbrance of the property, i.e., the lease emanating
from the sale/leaseback, posed no obstacle to applying the Berea rule to the
subsequent sale, the Berea rule should typically be applied to the sale/leaseback
itself.
{¶ 26} The cases cited by the BOE do establish that the sale price from the
sale after the sale/leaseback transaction invokes the Berea rule, with the result that
the price presumptively constitutes the value of the property. And in those cases,
the leading issue was whether the lease emanating from the sale/leaseback deprived
the subsequent sale of its arm’s-length character; we held that it did not. AEI at
¶ 18, 25-26; HIN at ¶ 20, 25. See also CCleveland OH Realty I, L.L.C. v. Cuyahoga
Cty. Bd. of Revision, 121 Ohio St.3d 253, 2009-Ohio-757, 903 N.E.2d 622
(rejecting argument on authority of AEI). But contrary to the BOE’s contention,
our decision in AEI cites footnote 4 from the Cummins case in support of the
distinction between the application of Berea to a sale/leaseback on the one hand
and the application of Berea to a subsequent sale on the other. AEI, ¶ 24.
{¶ 27} Nor are we persuaded that our discussion in AEI of the
sale/leaseback transaction before the sale establishes a benchmark for deciding this
case. Although we did acknowledge in AEI that the sale/leaseback was itself,
viewed in its totality, at arm’s length, see AEI, at ¶ 21, that does not mean that the
sale price from that earlier transaction could have qualified as an arm’s-length sale
price that established the property value. The purpose of our discussion of the
sale/leaseback in AEI was limited to rejecting the argument that the objectives of
that earlier transaction should call into question the arm’s-length character of the
subsequent sale. AEI at ¶ 18-20. We expressed our view that the arm’s-length
character of the subsequent sale would be negated only if the previous
sale/leaseback was collusive, i.e., designed to lower property taxes. Because the
record clearly negated the presence of such motives, we rejected the property
9
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
owner’s argument and held that the subsequent sale price indicated the property
value.
{¶ 28} For these reasons, we conclude that the sale aspect of a
sale/leaseback does not qualify as an arm’s-length transaction under R.C. 5713.03.
THE RECORD SUPPORTS THE BOR’S CARRYOVER OF THE 2011 VALUE TO 2012
{¶ 29} Because our holding means that no presumption arose in favor of
relying on the sale/leaseback as determining the property value, the other evidence
in the record must be reviewed to determine the 2012 value of the property. Most
significant is the opinion of Pickering, State Farm’s appraiser. The BOR apparently
consulted Pickering’s opinion that the property value for 2012 was $14,500,000,
but then decided to exercise its authority under R.C. 5715.19(D) to carry forward
the $14,000,000 value from 2011. Neither before the BTA nor before the court has
the BOE asked, as an alternative to its sale-price argument, that the appraiser’s
higher value for 2012 be adopted in place of the carryover value. See Oak View
Properties, L.L.C. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Revision, 146 Ohio St.3d 478, 2016-Ohio-
786, 58 N.E.3d 1133, ¶ 9 (not error for BTA to retain the BOR’s reduced value
when the board of education had not advanced its argument for setting aside the
reduction), citing Columbus City Schools Bd. of Edn. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of
Revision, 144 Ohio St.3d 549, 2015-Ohio-4837, 45 N.E.3d 968, ¶ 15; see also E.
Liverpool v. Columbiana Cty. Budget Comm., 116 Ohio St.3d 1201, 2007-Ohio-
5505, 876 N.E.2d 575, ¶ 3 (when party “never pressed this argument in its briefs,”
the argument was “ ‘deemed to be abandoned’ ”), quoting Household Fin. Corp. v.
Porterfield, 24 Ohio St.2d 39, 46, 263 N.E.2d 243 (1970).
{¶ 30} Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the BTA and order that the
BOR’s value of $14,000,000 be reinstated for tax year 2012.
THE BOE DID NOT CROSS-APPEAL THE RECENCY ISSUE
{¶ 31} In its brief, the BOE states that “[if] the Court determines that the
November 2013 sale was not an arm’s length transaction, the Court must rely upon
10
January Term, 2017
the April 2014 purchase price of $26,100,000 to determine the value of the property
for tax year 2012.” The BTA found that the 2014 sale was not recent, and because
the BOE failed to challenge that finding through a protective cross-appeal to this
court, we lack jurisdiction to grant relief from the BTA’s disposition of the 2014
sale.
{¶ 32} That is so because the case law establishes that when the BTA has
made an actual finding adverse to a party, “it [is] imperative that that finding be
affirmatively challenged as error” through a cross appeal in order to preserve
jurisdiction over the issue. Internatl. Paper Co. v. Testa, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2016-
Ohio-7454, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 31, citing Rowland v. Collins, 48 Ohio St.2d 311,
312, 358 N.E.2d 582 (1976); see also Dayton-Montgomery Cty. Port Auth. v.
Montgomery Cty. Bd. of Revision, 113 Ohio St.3d 281, 2007-Ohio-1948, 865
N.E.2d 22, ¶ 33 (no jurisdiction to correct amount found as land value based on
agreement of parties where party aggrieved failed to raise the error by notice of
appeal). Thus, because the BOE failed to preserve its challenge to the BTA’s
recency finding regarding the 2014 sale, we have no jurisdiction to decide the issue.
CONCLUSION
{¶ 33} Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the BTA and reinstate the
value found by the BOR for tax year 2012.
Decision reversed.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and KENNEDY, FRENCH, O’NEILL, and FISCHER, JJ.,
concur.
DEWINE, J., concurs, with an opinion.
_________________
DEWINE, J., concurring.
{¶ 34} I concur in the majority’s judgment today and much of its analysis.
The sale price was not indicative of value in this case because of the sale/leaseback
arrangement.
11
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
{¶ 35} I part company with the majority, however, at its suggestion that a
different rule would apply to a sale that comes after a sale/leaseback. The majority
opines that for a subsequent sale, the sale price will be presumed to be the true value
despite the leaseback arrangement. But if the initial sale does not reflect the true
value of the property because of the leaseback arrangement, then neither should a
subsequent sale of the same property subject to the same lease. In both instances,
the economic value of the lease will impact the price that a willing buyer might pay
on the open market.
{¶ 36} Consider a seller who, based upon internal financing considerations,
chooses to enter into a sale/leaseback arrangement that provides for both an above-
market sale price and above-market rents. (A perfectly reasonable and not
uncommon way to obtain financing.) Under today’s holding, we would not apply
the Berea presumption to the initial sale because the sale price is skewed by the
leaseback arrangement. See Berea City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Cuyahoga Cty.
Bd. of Revision, 106 Ohio St.3d 269, 2005-Ohio-4979, 834 N.E.2d 782, ¶ 13 (“when
the property has been the subject of a recent arm’s-length sale between a willing
seller and a willing buyer, the sale price of the property shall be ‘the true value for
taxation purposes’ ”), quoting R.C. 5713.03. Now imagine that a short time later,
the property (still subject to the same lease) is sold to another investor. Just like in
the initial sale, the subsequent sale price would not reflect the true value of the
property, because the sale price would be skewed by the favorable lease terms—
indeed, it appears that this scenario occurred in the present case. It makes no sense
to say that we will not apply the Berea presumption in the first instance but that we
will apply it in the second.
{¶ 37} The distinction the majority draws arises from its attempt to
reconcile its holding today with prior decisions of this court. See AEI Net Lease
Income & Growth Fund v. Erie Cty. Bd. of Revision, 119 Ohio St.3d 563, 2008-
Ohio-5203, 895 N.E.2d 830, and CCleveland OH Realty I, L.L.C. v. Cuyahoga Cty.
12
January Term, 2017
Bd. of Revision, 121 Ohio St.3d 253, 2009-Ohio-757, 903 N.E.2d 622. The
majority writes that these cases “establish that the sale price from the sale after the
sale/leaseback transaction invokes the Berea rule, with the result that the price
presumptively constitutes the value of the property.” Majority opinion at ¶ 26. But
the Ohio Constitution requires that property “be taxed by uniform rule according to
value.” Ohio Constitution, Article XII, Section 2. When it comes to economic
realities and this constitutional requirement, AEI and CCleveland are irreconcilable
with the majority’s decision today. We should say so.
{¶ 38} Accordingly, I concur in the majority’s opinion, except paragraphs
25 through 28.
_________________
Rich & Gillis Law Group, L.L.C., Kimberly G. Allison and Mark H. Gillis,
for appellee Columbus City Schools Board of Education.
Baker & Hostetler, L.L.P., Edward J. Bernert, Trischa Chapman, and Ann
Yackshaw, for appellant.
William A. Zapp, urging reversal for amicus curiae, Institute for
Professionals in Taxation.
_________________
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