IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 75217-1-1
Respondent, cJ
V. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LEON EL CRUZ ROCHE,
Appellant. FILED: September 25, 2017
SCHINDLER, J. — Leonel Cruz Roche seeks reversal of the jury convictions of
rape in the second degree domestic violence, assault in the second degree domestic
violence, and felony harassment domestic violence. Roche claims the trial court
abused its discretion and violated his constitutional right to due process by denying his
mid-trial motion to continue the trial to investigate whether to assert a diminished
capacity defense. In the alternative, Roche claims his attorney provided ineffective
assistance of counse1.1 We affirm.
Charges
Beginning in 2012, Leonel Cruz Roche and Tammy Traughber were in a
romantic relationship. Although not legally married, Roche and Traughber considered
1 Roche also asserts the sentence exceeded the statutory maximum and requests denial of
appellate costs. Because the trial court amended the judgment and sentence to correct the statutory
maximum and the State does not seek appellate costs, we need not address these issues.
No. 75217-1-1/2
themselves husband and wife. Roche and Traughber were homeless, lived in a tent,
and frequently used alcohol and cocaine.
One evening in late January 2015, Roche and Traughber drank alcohol and used
cocaine. Roche referred to an "invisible boyfriend" in the tent and accused Traughber of
cheating on him. Roche told Traughber, "[I]f you leave me, I'll find you and I'll kill you."
Roche asked Traughber if she wanted to know "how it feels to be raped." Traughber
said, "No," but Roche covered her mouth, held her down, and forcibly penetrated her
vagina. Roche threatened to kill Traughber if she told anyone.
The next day, Traughber went to the King County Law Enforcement Assisted
Diversion (LEAD)office to get help and find housing. LEAD located temporary housing
at a motel in Kent while Traughber waited for placement in clean and sober housing.
On March 22, Traughber felt lonely and called Roche. When a woman answered
the phone, Traughber left angry messages accusing Roche of cheating and threatening
him. Traughber later realized she had initially dialed the wrong number and the woman
she spoke to was not associated with Roche. Traughber called Roche and invited him
to come to the motel in Kent. Over the next four days, Roche and Traughber used
alcohol and cocaine and engaged in consensual sex.
On March 26, Traughber and Roche bought drugs. The couple then returned to
the motel and smoked crack cocaine and drank alcohol. When Traughber called her
brother-in-law, Roche got angry. Roche took the phone and yelled at the man,"[Mho
are you, where are you at, . . . how do you know my wife?" Traughber explained the
man on the phone was her brother-in-law but Roche accused her of cheating. Roche
punched Traughber, threw her down, got on top of her, and began to strangle her.
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Roche told Traughber,"You're fixing to die, bitch. You're gone." Traughber lost
consciousness.
When Traughber regained consciousness, Roche was still on top of her and she
struggled unsuccessfully to push him off. Traughber finally said, "I give up. Please
stop. I give up." Roche got off of Traughber and told her he wanted to have anal sex.
Traughber said, "No." Roche responded,"Bitch, you dead. You — you gonna die
anyway. It's mine." Because she believed Roche would kill her, Traughber took off her
clothes. Roche held Traughber on the bed with his arm on her neck and raped her, first
anally and then vaginally.
After Roche left the motel room the next morning on March 27, Traughber
contacted LEAD case manager Daniel Garcia. Garcia told her to call the police and he
was on his way. Traughber called the police and reported the assault and rape. The
police interviewed Traughber, collected evidence, and took photographs of Traughber's
injuries. Because Traughber was afraid she would lose her housing, she lied to the
police. Traughber told the police that Roche found the motel, surprised her, pushed her
into the room, and attacked and raped her.
Motel employee Robert Romero watched Roche leave Traughber's motel room
"really quick and scurry around the building." Later, Romero saw Roche across the
street from the motel at a store. The police arrested Roche while he was eating
popcorn and drinking coffee at the store. "[A] couple days" later, Traughber told the
investigating detective that she had invited Roche to her motel room.
On April 1, 2015, the State charged Roche with rape in the second degree
domestic violence and assault in the second degree domestic violence. On September
2, the State amended the information to include felony harassment domestic violence.
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At the time of his arrest on March 27, Roche was taking medications for major
depressive disorder with psychotic features. Roche did not receive his medications for
the first three months in jail. Roche reported auditory hallucinations and requested
medication. On June 22, King County Correctional Facility Psychiatric Services
diagnosed Roche with major depressive disorder with psychotic features and prescribed
medications. In July and October, Roche told jail psychiatric services the medication
was effective and he was well. But in December, Roche told jail staff that auditory
hallucinations interfered with his ability to sleep and concentrate. Jail psychiatric
services increased the medication dosage.
Trial
At a pretrial hearing on January 11, 2016, defense counsel told the court that
Roche was not getting his medications on time. On January 12, Roche refused to go to
court because he had not received his medications. Jail health services agreed to
administer the morning medications at 7:00 a.m., and the court agreed to recess by
4:00 p.m. so Roche could receive his afternoon medications.
The jury trial began January 19. The State called four witnesses to testify on
January 19: Kent Police Department Officer Matt Stansfield, Harborview Medical
Center (Harborview) emergency room social worker Christina Heideman, Harborview
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Courtney Walker, and Harborview emergency room
physician Dr. Bryce Meeker.
Officer Stansfield testified that he located Roche after the assault and rape in a
store across the street from the motel, drinking coffee. When the officers approached
him, Roche asked the officers to examine his hands and his clothing to see "if there was
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No. 75217-1-1/5
any evidence of... an assault or any injury." Officer Stansfield testified that Roche
then played the angry voice mails he had received from Traughber.
Social worker Heideman testified that during the intake interview, Traughber
admitted that she invited Roche to her motel room, that they used drugs, and that they
engaged in consensual sex for several days. Traughber told Heideman that on March
26, Roche became angry, accused her of cheating on him, and then raped her anally
and vaginally.
Nurse Walker testified that she conducted a sexual assault examination and
collected DNA2 samples. During the examination, Traughber admitted she called
Roche and invited him to the motel. Walker testified that Traughber had bruises
consistent with "cutting off the blood supply around your neck."
Dr. Meeker testified Traughber had bruising on her neck and inner thigh and an
abrasion on her face. Dr. Meeker testified that X-rays showed a bone fracture near her
eye and nose.
At the end of the first day of trial, Roche told the corrections officers that he
would not return to court. After the corrections officers told Roche the court could issue
an order forcing him to attend, Roche said,"[Mot if I'm dead, you can't do that if I'm
dead." The jail placed Roche on suicide watch. On January 20, jail psychiatric services
removed Roche from suicide watch.
Competency Evaluation
When the trial resumed on January 21, defense counsel told the court that Roche
reported auditory hallucinations before trial and after the trial began. Defense counsel
2 Deoxyribonucleic acid.
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requested the court order a competency evaluation and continue the trial. The court
granted the request and scheduled trial to resume on March 1.3
Western State Hospital(WSH)psychologist Dr. Cynthia Mundt issued a
competency evaluation report on February 22. In the evaluation, Dr. Mundt cites
Washington State Department of Corrections Health Services records to describe
Roche's mental health history between 1991 and 2012.
In 1991, Roche was diagnosed by jail mental health services(MHS)with
adjustment disorder with mixed emotional features and antisocial personality disorder.
MHS prescribed medication for depression and anxiety. After receiving medication,
MHS described Roche as "grossly normal with no evidence of thought disorder or other
psychotic symptoms." In 1993, MHS notes his symptoms of depression are in
remission and Roche requested MHS reduce and discontinue his prescriptions for
medication. In 1995, MHS conducted a "full mental status examination" and described
his mental state as "unremarkable."
After Roche reported experiencing persecutory delusions and auditory and visual
hallucinations in 2005, he received psychiatric services in the community. MHS
prescribed antidepressants and antipsychotics. MHS again noted that after receiVing
medication, Roche's mental state was "unremarkable." MHS reports between 2006 and
2011 describe Roche as "having no signs of psychosis and being polite and
cooperative," "normal" with "no current symptoms of mental illness," calm and
cooperative in interviews, and stable on medication.
3 The court expressed concern about the availability of the jurors and issued questionnaires to the
jury to determine any conflicts. The court was able to retain the sworn jurors to return for the remainder of
the trial in March.
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After his release from jail in 2012, Sound Mental Health diagnosed Roche with
major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Roche engaged in services at
Sound Mental Health and regularly obtained medications until his arrest on March 27,
2015.
According to Dr. Mundt, during her interview with Roche, he made "a poor effort
to respond appropriately," engaged in "unusual behaviors," and did not cooperate.
Roche told Dr. Mundt that he heard two voices on either side of him, one telling him to
do good things and the other telling him to do bad things. Dr. Mundt described his
description of hallucinations as "unusual" and "similar in nature to those reported by
people attempting to malinger mental illness." Dr. Mundt stated that while Roche
attempted to "suggest his psychotic symptoms were impairing him," he showed "little
difficulty functioning" when on medication. Dr. Munt concluded:
Overall, it is my clinical opinion that Mr. Roche was attempting to
exaggerate his symptoms of mental illness in an effort to appear more
impaired and achieve a desired outcome to his present legal
circumstances. In conclusion, it is my opinion that there was no
evidence of current mental impairment that would prevent Mr. Roche
from understanding the nature of the proceedings against him or
assisting in his own defense.[4]
On February 29, the court held a hearing to address the competency evaluation.
Defense counsel told the court that based on the WSH competency report, "[t]he
concern that 1 have is whether at this point I need to obtain an expert to be able to
dispute the finding of competency." Defense counsel also noted his "concern" that a
comment Traughber made during the defense interview about the January 2015 rape
4 Emphasis in original.
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now appeared significant.
But also, more importantly, in light of testimony that it is anticipated the
State will be presenting, at the time it did not appear of great significance
when [Traughber] indicated that she believed my client was seeing people
in her tent. At the time, I believed that she was referencing that he — that
there was a physical person in her — in her tent that related to an assault,
which this — which the Court has indicated the State was going to be...
allowed to offer as[ER]404(b) type evidence. The concern as it —1 can
— it — this witness's statements, now it appears, relate to his. ..
hallucinations and paranoid beliefs, which Defense was not aware of the
extent and the long standing nature of.. . his mental health history.
Defense counsel requested another continuance of three to four weeks to
investigate whether to pursue a diminished capacity defense.
I believe it is incumbent upon the Defense to request the appointment of
an expert to determine if ... there would be expert testimony that I could
lay a foundation for as it relates to both the hallucinations and the
paranoid delusions that apparently Mr. Roche may have been suffering
from at the time of these incidents. Based upon that, I would be having to
ask for a continuance of the trial date which is currently scheduled to...
resume tomorrow.
The State objected to the continuance. The court reserved ruling to review the
WSH competency evaluation report.
The next day, the court denied the request for a continuance of the trial "for an
additional 3-4 weeks so that[Roche]could obtain an expert to review the [competency]
report and investigate" whether to assert a diminished capacity defense. The order
states, in pertinent part:
The Court considered the oral Motion, the COMPETENCY
EVALUATION REPORT .. . , the trial briefs filed in this matter, pertinent
testimony already given in the case about the defendant's actions and
demeanor on the date of the alleged incident, and the defendant's
demeanor and statements in open court and finds:
1. The defendant is competent to stand trial in this matter;
2. The motion for a continuance is denied as... untimely and
there is no good cause to permit the late filing of such a
defense and the defense has not established a basis for
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No. 75217-1-1/9
needing expert testimony to address potential testimony of
the alleged victim about any past acts.
The trial resumed on March 2. Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory
forensic scientist Jennifer Reid, motel employee Robert Romero, Detective Derrick
Focht, LEAD case manager Daniel Garcia, and Traughber testified. The jury found
Roche guilty as charged. Roche appeals.
Motion for Continuance
Roche argues denial of his mid-trial motion for a three to four week continuance
was an abuse of discretion and violated his right to due process and compulsory
process.
We review a trial court's denial of a motion to continue for abuse of discretion.
State v. Downing, 151 Wn.2d 265, 272, 87 P.3d 1169(2004). CrR 3.3(f) governs a
request for a continuance. "[The decision to grant or deny a motion for a continuance
rests within the sound discretion of the trial court." Downing, 151 Wn.2d at 272. The
trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is"'manifestly unreasonable, or
exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons.'" Downing, 151 Wn.2d at
272(quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to present a complete defense.
State v. Armstrong, 188 Wn.2d 333, 344, 394 P.3d 373(2017). The due process right
to present a defense is the right to offer testimony and compel the attendance of a
witness. State v. Atsbeha, 142 Wn.2d 904, 923, 16 P.3d 626 (2001). But the right to
compulsory process is not absolute. State v. Maupin, 128 Wn.2d 918, 924, 913 P.2d
808 (1996). "[The right to present evidence in one's own defense is not utterly
unfettered. That evidence must be relevant. There is no constitutional right to introduce
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irrelevant evidence." State v. Ellis, 136 Wn.2d 498, 528, 963 P.2d 843(1998)(citing
Maupin, 128 Wn.2d at 925)).
In deciding whether to grant or deny a continuance, the court considers a number
of factors, including surprise, diligence, redundancy, due process, materiality, and
maintenance of orderly procedure. State v. Eller, 84 Wn.2d 90, 95, 524 P.2d 242
(1974). The existence of some factors does not require reversal. Downing, 151 Wn.2d
at 274.
Roche contends the WSH competency evaluation contained new evidence about
his mental history and the attorney acted with due diligence to investigate and obtain an
expert on diminished capacity. Roche claims the description of his mental health history
in the report combined with Traughber's comment about a statement Roche made
about an "invisible boyfriend" in January 2015 supported the motion for continuance and
created an inference for a diminished capacity defense. The record does not support
his argument.
The WSH competency evaluation report does not contain new evidence to
support a diminished capacity defense. The report consistently notes that when taking
medication, Roche is stable with no symptoms of mental illness or signs of psychosis.
The undisputed record shows Roche was taking prescribed medications when he was
arrested on March 27. The King County jail records also describe Roche at booking as
"fully oriented." The record shows defense counsel and the court were aware that
Roche needed to take medications. Although the court granted the motion for a
competency evaluation because Roche reported hallucinations, Dr. Mundt stated that
Roche was competent to stand trial and he was attempting to feign psychotic
symptoms.
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The court also cited the testimony on the first day of trial in support of the denial
of the motion for another continuance. Officer Stansfield described Roche at the time of
arrest as lucid. Officer Stansfield also testified Roche did not say anything suggesting
he experienced delusions or hallucinations.
The court did not abuse its discretion in denying the request to continue to
investigate and determine whether to pursue a diminished capacity defense.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In the alternative, Roche argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel
because his attorney did not timely pursue a diminished capacity defense.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article 1, section 22
of the Washington Constitution guarantee the right to effective assistance of counsel.
Strickland v. Washington,466 U.S. 668, 685-86, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011).
We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v.
Sutherbv, 165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916(2009). "Ineffective assistance of counsel
is a fact-based determination, and we review the entire record in determining whether a
defendant received effective representation at trial." State v. Carson, 184 Wn.2d 207,
215-16, 357 P.3d 1064(2015); Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 34.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must
show both (1)that defense counsel's representation was deficient and (2)that the
deficient representation prejudiced the defendant. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 32-33. If a
defendant fails to establish either prong, we need not inquire further. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 697; State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 78, 917 P.2d 563(1996). "Deficient
performance is performance falling 'below an objective standard of reasonableness
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based on consideration of all the circumstances.'" State v. KvIlo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862,
215 P.3d 177(2009)(quoting State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35, 899 P.2d
1251 (1995)).
There is a strong presumption of effective representation of counsel and that
counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. The defendant has the burden to show that based on the
record, there are no legitimate strategic or tactical reasons for the challenged conduct.
McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 335-36.
Roche cannot show ineffective assistance of counsel. The record establishes
that Roche did not experience delusions or hallucinations on March 26. Nothing in the
competency evaluation supports a diminished capacity defense or suggests Roche was
suffering from psychosis when he attacked Traughber on March 26.
Further, Roche denied the charges and claimed Traughber was not credible
because she lied to the police. A diminished capacity defense admits that the
defendant committed the crime. See State v. Clark, 187 Wn.2d 641,649-51, 389 P.3d
462(2017)(diminished capacity defense undermines a specific element of an offense—
a culpable mental state). Roche cannot meet his burden of establishing ineffective
assistance of counsel.
Statement of Additional Grounds
In his pro se statement of additional grounds, Roche also claims his attorney
provided ineffective assistance of counsel. Roche argues his attorney failed to obtain
evidence to support his assertion that Traughber suffered from mental illness and
"instability." Roche states his attorney interviewed Traughber and decided not to pursue
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No. 75217-1-1/13
the issue further. But Roche cannot show the absence of any legitimate strategic or
tactical reason.
Roche also challenges his attorney's decision not to excuse three jurors. Without
a sufficient record, Roche cannot show the absence of a legitimate strategic or tactical
reason to excuse the jurors.
The record does not support Roche's argument that his attorney did not cross-
examine Traughber on her motive to lie. The record shows defense counsel conducted
a thorough cross-examination of the victim. An attorney's decision to pursue a
particular line of questioning falls squarely in the realm of trial strategy. In re Pers.
Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 720, 101 P.3d 1 (2004)("Courts generally entrust
cross-examination techniques, like other matters of trial strategy, to the professional
discretion of counsel.").
We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
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