In the Estate of Vess

Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CAL 15-08368

Orphans’ Court for Prince George’s County
Estate No. 87911
REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

Nos. 372 & 524

September Term, 2016
______________________________________

IN THE ESTATE OF
HOWARD LEWIS VESS
______________________________________

IN RE: ESTATE OF HOWARD LEWIS VESS
______________________________________

Meredith,
Arthur,
Leahy,

JJ.
______________________________________

Opinion by Arthur, J.
______________________________________

Filed: September 28, 2017
 Nearly six years ago, Claudia Vess commenced caveat proceedings in the

Orphans’ Court for Prince George’s County. After several years of litigation, the

orphans’ court transmitted five issues to the circuit court for a jury trial.

Ms. Vess took a de novo appeal to the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County.

The circuit court ruled against her. Ms. Vess appealed from that judgment in In the

Matter of Estate of Howard Lewis Vess, No. 372, Sept. Term 2016. For the reasons set

forth in this opinion, we reject her challenge to the circuit court judgment and the

underlying order to transmit issues.

After the circuit court entered judgment in the de novo appeal, the orphans’ court

entered an order “re-submitt[ing]” the issues for trial. In Claudia Vess v. Robert Price,

Jr., No. 524, Sept. Term 2016, Ms. Vess appealed directly to this Court from that

orphans’ court order. We also reject her challenge to that order.

The combined result of both determinations is that this case can finally proceed to

a trial in the circuit court on the issues as framed by the orphans’ court.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The Last Will and Testament Dated August 11, 2006

Howard Vess died on June 10, 2011, at the age of 89. He was a widower and had

no children.

Mr. Vess’s wife, Katherine, predeceased him in February 2006. Before her death,

she had been the principal beneficiary of his two, prior wills.

About six months after his wife’s death, Mr. Vess engaged an attorney to prepare a

new will. That document is titled “Last Will and Testament of Howard L. Vess” and
dated August 11, 2006.

Mr. Vess’s 2006 will revoked all of his prior wills and codicils. He made one

specific legacy in the amount of $10 to his brother, provided that he survived Mr. Vess.

The only other gift provision was a residuary clause, in which Mr. Vess devised the

remainder of the estate to his “good friend, ROBERT V. PRICE, JR., or his issue.” The

2006 will named Mr. Price as personal representative, and named Mr. Price’s wife as a

substitute personal representative.1

Mr. Vess’s brother died in 2009. He had three surviving children: Claudia, Brian,

and Debra.

A few weeks after Mr. Vess’s death in 2011, Mr. Price filed a probate petition

with the Register of Wills for Prince George’s County. He requested administrative

probate of the will dated August 11, 2006. He listed Claudia Vess as an interested person

and identified her as Mr. Vess’s surviving niece and a potential heir.

The Register of Wills granted Mr. Price’s request that he be appointed as personal

representative of the estate. In addition, the Register docketed the two prior wills and

two prior codicils, each of which had been filed with the Register for safekeeping.2

1
In both of his prior wills, Mr. Vess had designated Mr. Price as his personal
representative if his wife predeceased him. In a 1995 codicil to his second will, Mr. Vess
bequeathed his gun collection and his woodworking equipment to Mr. Price and Dr.
Hampton Sue, to be divided equally between them, if his wife predeceased him.
2
Mr. Price is no longer the personal representative. The orphans’ court removed
him from his appointment in November 2014. That ruling is not at issue on appeal.

2
 B. Claudia Vess’s Petition to Caveat the 2006 Will

On December 28, 2011, Howard Vess’s niece, Claudia Vess, filed a petition to

caveat in the Orphans’ Court for Prince George’s County. She requested that the 2006

will be declared invalid and that “any previous will be declared valid.” She asserted that

her interest in the estate was “based on any previous will executed by [Mr. Vess] or by

intestacy.”

In the caveat petition, Ms. Vess asserted that the document dated August 11, 2006,

was not Mr. Vess’s last will and testament. Her petition alleged: that Mr. Vess lacked

testamentary capacity and was not of sound and disposing mind at the time of execution;

that the instrument was not executed and witnessed properly; that the signature on the

document was not Mr. Vess’s signature; that the instrument was procured by fraud; and

that the instrument was procured by the exercise of undue influence of Mr. Price, who

allegedly maintained a confidential relationship with Mr. Vess. Although Ms. Vess did

not include the allegation in her petition, her other submissions assert that Mr. Price

established a confidential relationship with Mr. Vess by serving as his financial advisor.

The caveat petition included a request that Mr. Price “be required to answer” the

petition. Maryland Rule 6-432(a) states that, within five days after the filing of a petition

to caveat, the register of wills must “issue an Order to Answer requiring the personal

representative . . . to respond to the petition to caveat within 20 days after service[.]”

Rule 6-432(b) requires the register of wills to serve that order and the caveat petition on

the personal representative. In this case, the register did not issue such an order within

that time period.

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 Nevertheless, on the twentieth day after Ms. Vess had filed her petition, Mr. Price

responded by filing a motion to dismiss the petition based on lack of standing. Mr. Price

contended that Ms. Vess would have no direct interest in the estate even if she succeeded

in invalidating the 2006 will. He informed the court that Ms. Vess was not a legatee

under the several prior wills and codicils and that she would be entitled to receive estate

property through intestate succession only if she successfully invalidated each of those

instruments, which she had not attempted to do. He argued that, absent some basis for

invalidating the prior wills, Ms. Vess’s interest in the estate was too remote to allow her

to pursue the caveat.

In her response to the motion, Ms. Vess stated that she was “only seeking to

ensure her uncle’s wishes are honored fully, whether or not she receives any gain for

herself arising out of . . . her possible heir status.” She argued that her interest “based by

intestacy should provide sufficient standing” to caveat the will.

In April 2012, several months after the filing of the petition, the Register of Wills

issued notice of the caveat petition to Mr. Price, as an interested person. The notice

stated that, if Mr. Price wished to respond to the caveat petition, he was required to do so

“within 20 days after service of this notice[.]” The Register also issued an Order to

Answer to Mr. Price, instructing him, as the personal representative, to “respond to the

petition to caveat no later than 20 days after service.” Mr. Price did not file an additional

response to the caveat petition at that time, because he had already responded through his

motion to dismiss.

After a hearing, the orphans’ court dismissed the caveat petition, concluding that

4
Ms. Vess lacked standing to challenge the 2006 will. The court reasoned that, if Ms.

Vess prevailed in the caveat proceedings, the prior wills would be offered for probate, but

that she would receive nothing under either of those wills. The court noted that Ms. Vess

had raised no question as to the validity of the prior wills.

Ms. Vess took a de novo appeal to the circuit court. The circuit court reversed the

dismissal of the caveat petition and remanded the case to the orphans’ court. In its

opinion, the circuit court reasoned that, even though Ms. Vess had only a “slight chance

to inherit” by invalidating each of the successive wills, her status as an heir-at-law was

itself a sufficient interest for her to pursue the caveat proceeding. Although Mr. Price

could have appealed from the circuit court’s judgment to this Court, he did not do so.3

3
The circuit court based its conclusion on the general proposition that “‘any
person having an interest in the property of a testator, in the event that the will is
annulled, has the right to caveat [the] will, whether his interest arises from his
relationship to the decedent, as in the case of an heir, or is acquired under the provisions
of a prior will.’” Yingling v. Smith, 254 Md. 366, 368 (1969) (quoting Philip L. Sykes,
Contest of Wills in Maryland § 4, at 5 (1941)). In addition, the circuit court cited Hamill
v. Hamill, 162 Md. 159 (1932), and Associated Professors of Loyola College v. Stuart,
179 Md. 96 (1940), which hold that a party who has successive interests in the estate,
both as an heir and as a legatee under a prior will, may contest a later will without
“electing” to proceed under one of those two interests. None of those cases (and no other
Maryland case cited by the court) holds that an heir has standing to caveat a later will
even where she has conceded the validity of prior wills under which she would receive
nothing. By contrast, in Fry v. Yeatman, 207 Md. 379, 386-87 (1955), the Court of
Appeals held that an orphans’ court did not err in dismissing a petition to caveat where
the caveator could establish an interest in the decedent’s estate only if he succeeded in
invalidating his parents’ will, which he had not undertaken to do. Before oral argument,
this Court requested additional briefing on whether Ms. Vess has a sufficient interest to
caveat the 2006 will. Although an appellate court may sometimes decide an issue of
standing on its own motion (e.g., Peterson v. Orphans’ Court for Queen Anne’s Cnty.,
160 Md. App. 137, 172 (2004)), we have decided not to do so here, as the record does not
appear to include all materials from the earlier appeal. Our decision does not preclude

5
 C. The Petition to Transmit Issues

After the case returned to the orphans’ court, the court held a hearing in October

2013 on the status of the caveat proceedings. In open court, Ms. Vess and Mr. Price

submitted a joint petition asking the orphans’ court to transmit five issues to the circuit

court for a jury trial: (a) whether Howard Vess was competent to make the 2006 will; (b)

whether the will was procured by the exercise of undue influence; (c) whether the

testator’s signature on the will was genuine; (d) whether the will was attested and signed

by two credible witnesses in his presence; and (e) whether the will was procured by

fraud. The orphans’ court filed a hearing sheet, which stated that the joint petition had

been “granted” and that the judge intended “to prepare [an] order” to transmit issues.

Two months later, however, before the court finalized the written order to transmit

issues, Ms. Vess filed a line in the orphans’ court withdrawing her support for the joint

petition. For the first time, she complained that Mr. Price had never filed a formal

“answer” denying the allegations of her petition. She contended that “[t]ransmission of

the issues first requires an answer to the Petition to Caveat which establishes the

existence of a factual controversy.”

Immediately upon learning of Ms. Vess’s attempt to withdraw her support for the

joint petition (and, in fact, two days before she filed the line with the orphans’ court), Mr.

Price filed a formal answer to the caveat petition. In addition to denying specific

allegations, he represented: that the 2006 will was executed properly by Mr. Vess and

Mr. Price from re-asserting his standing challenge in the circuit court as a potential
alternative ground for his defense in the caveat proceeding.

6
attested by two witnesses, that Mr. Vess had the requisite testamentary capacity at the

time the will was executed, and that the will had not been procured by fraud or undue

influence. Mr. Price signed a statement verifying the contents of his answer under

penalty of perjury.

D. The “Order of Default” in the Caveat Proceeding

Soon after Mr. Price filed his answer, Ms. Vess moved to strike it on the ground

that it was untimely. She contended that Mr. Price was required by Rule 6-122(b) to file

“[a]ny response” to the caveat petition “within 20 days after service” of the petition. She

argued that entry of an order of default would be “appropriate” upon the striking of Mr.

Price’s answer.

Recognizing that the Maryland Rules do not authorize an orphans’ court to render

judgment by default, Ms. Vess asked the orphans’ court to apply the rules that govern

pleadings in civil cases before the circuit court. Ms. Vess relied on Rule 6-461, which

makes certain Title 2 rules applicable in the orphans’ court and permits the orphans’ court

to “apply other rules” from Title 2 “on petition of a party . . . and after notice to all

persons who may be affected by the proceeding and an opportunity to be heard[.]” Md.

Rule 6-461(d). Specifically, Ms. Vess requested that the orphans’ court apply Rule 2-

613(b), which authorizes the circuit court to “enter an order of default” where “the time

for pleading has expired and a defendant has failed to plead[.]”

Mr. Price opposed the motion, arguing primarily that Rule 2-613 did not apply to

proceedings in the orphans’ court. In fact, at the time of the motion, Mr. Price was no

longer in “default,” because he had filed an answer two months earlier. Rule 2-613

7
includes no provision authorizing the court to strike a pleading so as to create a default.

Nonetheless, the orphans’ court granted Ms. Vess’s motion without a hearing,

struck Mr. Price’s answer, and directed that an “order of default” be entered against him,

subject to his right to move to vacate the “order of default” within 30 days after its entry.

Although Mr. Price continued to argue that Rule 2-613 did not apply, he made a

timely motion to vacate the “order of default.” He argued that the untimeliness of his

answer should be excused under the circumstances and that the record demonstrated “a

substantial and sufficient basis for an actual controversy as to the merits of the action”

under Rule 2-613(e). In support, he relied on the verified answer that he had filed before

the “order of default” was even entered, the discovery requests and responses that the

parties had exchanged,4 and the parties’ agreement to submit a joint petition for issues, to

which he pointed as “an acknowledgement” by Ms. Vess that those issues were

contested. He argued that the will was “presumptively valid” because it had an

attestation clause and that Ms. Vess would bear the burden of proving otherwise. He

asked the court to vacate the “order of default,” to accept his answer for filing, and to

transmit the contested issues to the circuit court for trial.

At a hearing on October 22, 2014, the orphans’ court granted Mr. Price’s motion

to vacate the “order of default.” At the court’s direction, the Register of Wills made a

docket entry stating that the orphans’ court had granted the motion and that the court

4
Despite the absence of an answer to help define the issues, Ms. Vess had
managed to respond to discovery requests and had sent her own discovery requests to Mr.
Price.

8
would prepare an order to transmit issues. On the same day, the court entered a written

order transmitting five issues to the circuit court. The issues were the same issues that

the parties originally framed in the joint petition.

E. Ms. Vess’s Post-Judgment Revisory Motion to the Orphans’ Court

Although Ms. Vess had the right to appeal the order transmitting issues (see, e.g.,

Hegmon v. Novak, 130 Md. App. 703, 711 (2000)) either to this Court5 or to the circuit

court,6 she did not do so. Instead, she filed a post-judgment motion, in which she asked

the orphans’ court to exercise its revisory powers under Maryland Rules 2-534 and 2-535,

which apply to “a final order” of an orphans’ court. See Md. Rule 6-461(d). She argued

that the order was fully subject to revision because the judgment had “los[t] its finality

upon the filing of the . . . Motion pursuant to Rule 2-534 and/or 2-535 within 10 days”

after the entry of the judgment.

The orphans’ court, however, did not receive Ms. Vess’s motion by Monday,

November 3, 2014, the tenth day after the entry of its judgment.7 The Register of Wills

stamped the document to indicate that it was received on November 6, 2014, and made a

docket entry noting that the document had been filed on November 6, 2014.

5
Md. Code (1974, 2013 Repl. Vol.), § 12-501 of the Courts and Judicial
Proceedings Article.
6
Md. Code (1974, 2013 Repl. Vol.), § 12-502 of the Courts and Judicial
Proceedings Article.
7
Monday, November 3, 2014, was actually the twelfth calendar day after the entry
of the judgment. But because the tenth calendar day had fallen on a Saturday, November
1, 2014, the 10-day deadline was extended until the following Monday. Md. Rule 1-
203(a)(1); see also Md. Rule 6-106.

9
 Ms. Vess’s post-judgment motion included what she characterized as an

“alternative motion” to amend the issues. She cited Rule 6-434(d), which authorizes the

orphans’ court, “[u]pon petition,” to “amend, supplement or modify issues previously

transmitted to a circuit court.” The court had transmitted two questions asking,

respectively, whether the 2006 will had been procured by fraud or undue influence. Ms.

Vess asked the court to modify the questions to ask whether the will was partially invalid

on those grounds.

On January 12, 2015, the orphans’ court entered an order denying Ms. Vess’s

post-judgment motion “in whole[.]” Thirty days after the entry of that order, Ms. Vess

filed a notice of de novo appeal to the circuit court.

F. De Novo Appeal in Circuit Court from the Order to Transmit Issues

After the circuit court received the record from the orphans’ court, Mr. Price filed

what he called a “Motion for Summary Judgment” in the circuit court. In essence, he

argued that the order transmitting issues was correct and that the circuit court should

uphold the judgment on the merits.

In addition to his main argument on the merits, Mr. Price asserted that Ms. Vess

had failed to note a timely appeal from the order to transmit issues. He observed that Ms.

Vess had not filed a notice of appeal within 30 days after the orphans’ court entered that

order on October 22, 2014. He argued that, although a revisory motion filed within 10

days of the date of judgment may extend the time for noting an appeal, Ms. Vess had not

filed her motion within that 10-day period. He relied on the docket entry showing that

Ms. Vess had filed her post-judgment motion on November 6, 2014, 15 calendar days

10
after the entry of judgment. On that basis, he contended that “the appeal must be

dismissed” by the circuit court.

In response, Ms. Vess argued that her appeal was timely as to the order to transmit

issues. She claimed that her attorney “filed the Motion to Alter or Amend” with the

orphans’ court “on November 3, 2014 by placing the Motion in the overnight box of the

Circuit Court.” She submitted a separate motion to the circuit court, styled as a “Motion

to Correct Estate Docket.”

During a hearing on the dispositive motion, Ms. Vess’s attorney offered a billing

record indicating that he had submitted the post-judgment motion on the night of

November 3, 2014. He believed that the original version of the motion had a time-stamp

from the circuit court, but the stamp was not visible on the copies sent from the orphans’

court as part of the de novo appeal.

The hearing judge stated that he was familiar with the circuit court’s night box,

which he described as “a wooden box in the commissioner’s office where pleadings can

be deposited after hours[.]” The judge stated that he was unaware that the orphans’ court

used a night box. In response, Ms. Vess’s attorney claimed that a circuit court employee

“generally” separates the circuit court filings from the orphans’ court filings and does

something (it is not clear what) to ensure that the orphans’ court filings “get” to the

orphans’ court.

The circuit court concluded that the docket entries were “presumptively correct”

and that those entries were “dispositive evidence” of the filing date of November 6, 2014.

The court reasoned that the presumption of correctness could not be rebutted by

11
presenting a “lawyer’s bill for the time spent going on the date to file it.” The court

announced that it would grant Mr. Price’s “motion for summary judgment” and that the

“whole appeal” would be “dismissed.” The court denied all other pending motions,

including the motion to correct the estate docket, on the ground that they were “moot.”

In her written opposition, Ms. Vess had argued that, even if her motion to alter or

amend was not timely, her post-judgment motion had included timely “alternative

motions” to revise the judgment under Rule 2-535(a) and to amend the issues previously

transmitted under Rule 6-434(d). She argued that her appeal was timely at least as to the

denial of those motions and, therefore, that the circuit court had the authority to

reconsider the underlying orphans’ court orders.

After the court announced during the hearing that it was “dismissing everything,”

counsel for Ms. Vess asserted that her appeal was “still viable” as to the petition to

amend the issues that were to be transmitted. Her attorney did not, however, elaborate on

why he believed that the issues needed to be amended. The circuit court said that it

would consider those other matters if Ms. Vess raised them in a timely motion.

On November 10, 2015, the circuit court entered a written order granting Mr.

Price’s “Motion for Summary Judgment” and remanding the matter “to the Orphans’

Court to certify and send issues to [the circuit court] as framed by Order of Orphans’

Court dated October 22, 2014.” The court also entered a separate order denying Ms.

Vess’s motion to correct the estate docket as “moot.”

G. The Motion for Reconsideration in the Circuit Court

Within 10 days after the circuit court entered judgment in favor of Mr. Price, Ms.

12
Vess moved to “alter, amend, revise and/or reconsider” the judgment. She asked the

court to reconsider the conclusion that she had failed to file a post-judgment motion

within 10 days after the orphans’ court entered the order to transmit issues.

Ms. Vess offered additional evidence that she had filed her post-judgment motion

on the night of November 3, 2014. The evidence consisted of images of the original

versions of her post-judgment motion, along with affidavits to authenticate those images.

The images showed that the document had been stamped three times. The first

stamp, from the Clerk of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, reads: “2014

NOV 3 PM 8:32.” The second stamp marks the document as “FILED” with the clerk of

the circuit court on “NOV 3 2014.” The third stamp marks the document as “FILED” on

“NOV 06 2014” with the Register of Wills for Prince George’s County. Ms. Vess argued

that the first stamp proved that the document had been filed “in the ‘night box’ in the

Courthouse” at “8:32 p.m. on November 3, 2014.”

The circuit court held a hearing on the motion for reconsideration. After

examining the images, the court concluded that the document “was received in the Circuit

Court’s box at 8:32 p.m., on November 3rd.” The court commented that the motion

“certainly would have been timely” if it had been “a filing in the Circuit Court[.]” The

court explained, however, that the document “need[ed] to be filed with the Register of

Wills, the Orphans’ Court, not with the Circuit Court[.]” Therefore, the court upheld its

determination that Ms. Vess did not file the post-judgment motion with the orphans’

court until the register of wills received it on November 6, 2014.

Separately, Ms. Vess argued that her appeal had been timely from the orphans’

13
court’s denial of her “alternative motion” to amend the issues to include questions about

partial invalidation of the 2006 will. She argued that her request to amend the issues

under Md. Rule 6-434(d) was not subject to the 10-day deadline for filing a motion to

alter or amend the judgment under Md. Rule 2-534. The circuit court agreed that her

petition to amend the issues had been timely under Rule 6-434(d).8 But after Ms. Vess

conceded that the decision to allow the amendment was discretionary, the judge ruled that

amending the issues was not “necessary or appropriate under all of these circumstances.”

On April 12, 2016, the circuit court entered an order denying Ms. Vess’s motion

for reconsideration. The order reiterated that the case was remanded to the orphans’

court for that court to transmit issues for trial.

H. Notices of Appeal in the Circuit Court and in the Orphans’ Court

On April 18, 2016, the circuit court’s civil coordinating judge signed an order

directing the orphans’ court to “immediately frame the issues” for trial. The order stated

that the case needed to be “returned to [the circuit] court promptly for trial” beginning on

October 3, 2016, a little less than six months from the date of the order. The order was

docketed on April 21, 2016.

The orphans’ court evidently received the order from the circuit court’s civil

coordinating judge even before it was docketed: on April 20, 2016, the orphans’ court

entered another order stating that the same five issues from the October 22, 2014, order to

8
Rule 6-434(d) does not specify a time period for filing a petition to amend
previously transmitted issues. It requires parties to obtain leave from the circuit court if
the orphans’ court amends issues within 15 days of the scheduled trial date.

14
transmit issues were being “re-submitted for trial.”

On April 28, 2016, Ms. Vess filed a notice of appeal from the circuit court to the

Court of Special Appeals. Her notice identified three circuit court orders for review: the

order granting judgment in favor of Mr. Price; the order denying Ms. Vess’s motion for

reconsideration; and the subsequent order issued by the civil coordinating judge. That

appeal is now before this Court as In the Estate of Howard Lewis Vess, No. 372, Sept.

Term 2016.

On the same day that she filed her notice of appeal in the circuit court, Ms. Vess

filed a line in the orphans’ court, notifying that court of the appeal that she had noted in

the circuit court. Shortly thereafter, Ms. Vess filed an additional notice of appeal from

the orphans’ court directly to the Court of Special Appeals. Her notice stated that she

was appealing from the orphans’ court order that “re-submitted” five issues to the circuit

court for trial. That notice gave rise to a separate appeal: Claudia Vess v. Robert V.

Price, Jr., No. 524, Sept. Term 2016.

Ms. Vess moved to consolidate the two related appeals. This Court denied her

motion, but scheduled both cases for argument on the same day. Although these cases

are not consolidated, we have issued this joint opinion to avoid duplication of our

summary of the extensive procedural background of these two appeals.

IN THE ESTATE OF HOWARD LEWIS VESS, NO. 372, SEPT. TERM 2016

The first appeal comes to this Court from the final judgment of the circuit court in

the de novo appeal from the orphans’ court. Based on its conclusion that Ms. Vess’s

notice of appeal was untimely as to the order to transmit issues, the court announced that

15
it was “dismissing” the de novo appeal, granted what it called “summary judgment” in

favor of Mr. Price, and remanded the case to the orphans’ court.

In her appeal from that judgment, Ms. Vess presents two questions. Her first

question concerns the circuit court’s ruling in her de novo appeal:

1. Did the circuit court err as a matter of law or abuse its discretion
when it granted Price’s motion for summary judgment, thereby disposing of
[Ms. Vess’s] entire appeal, and then refused to reconsider its earlier Order?

For the reasons discussed below, the answer to first questions is: No. We affirm

the circuit court’s judgment of November 10, 2015, and the order denying the motion for

reconsideration of that judgment on April 12, 2016.

The second question relates to the propriety of the order issued by the civil

coordinating judge a week after the denial of reconsideration. Ms. Vess asks:

2. Did the Circuit Court abuse its discretion or err as a matter of law
when it scheduled a non-jury trial to begin on October 3, 2016, and then
further directed the Orphans’ Court to “immediately” frame the issues for
the trial scheduled on that date, thereby making it practically impossible to
exercise a right of appeal that is conferred by statute?

There is no need to answer the second question, because the record shows it is

moot. The appeal is dismissed under Rule 8-602(a)(10) to the extent that it challenges

the civil coordinating judge’s order, which was signed on April 18, 2016, and docketed

on April 21, 2016.

I. Judgment of the Circuit Court in the De Novo Appeal

Generally, parties have two alternative methods to obtain appellate review of a

final judgment of an orphans’ court. See Md. Rule 6-463. A party may appeal from the

final judgment of an orphans’ court directly to the Court of Special Appeals. Md. Code

16
(1974, 2013 Repl. Vol.), § 12-501(a) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article

(“CJP”). Or a party may appeal from the orphans’ court to the circuit court for that

county, except in Harford County and Montgomery County, where the circuit court sits

as the orphans’ court. CJP § 12-502(a)(1)(i).

Here, the orphans’ court entered an appealable, final judgment on October 22,

2014, the date that the Register of Wills docketed the order transmitting issues to the

circuit court for a jury trial. See Kao v. Hsai, 309 Md. 366, 372 n.4 (1987); Banashak v.

Wittstadt, 167 Md. App. 627, 685-88 (2006); Hegmon v. Novak, 130 Md. App. at 709.

Ms. Vess could have secured appellate review of that judgment in this Court by

filing a notice of appeal with the register of wills within 30 days after the entry of the

orphans’ court’s judgment. See Md. Rule 8-202(a). Alternatively, she could have

secured review in the circuit court by filing a notice of appeal with the register of wills

during that period. See Md. Rule 7-503(a). But she did not file a notice of appeal to

either court within 30 days after October 22, 2014. Instead, within that 30-day period,

Ms. Vess made the motion styled as a motion to “Alter, Amend, Revise, and/or

Reconsider Order Transmitting Issues” pursuant to Rules 2-534 and 2-535.

When a party files a Rule 2-534 motion to alter or amend within 10 days after the

entry of judgment, Maryland Rule 8-202(c) extends the time period for noting an appeal

to this Court until 30 days after the motion is withdrawn or decided. Rule 8-202(c) also

extends the time period for noting an appeal to this Court when a party files a revisory

motion under Rule 2-535 within 10 days after entry of judgment. See Committee Note to

Rule 8-202(c); Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane v. Tornillo, 320 Md. 192, 200 (1990). The

17
courts sometimes say that a timely, 10-day post-judgment motion causes the judgment to

“lose its finality” for purposes of appeal. See, e.g., Green v. Hutchinson, 158 Md. App.

168, 171 (2004).

By its own terms, however, Rule 8-202(c) changes the time for noting an appeal

only when a party files a “timely motion.” A motion styled as a motion to alter or amend

a judgment under Rule 2-534, if filed more than 10 days after entry of judgment, does not

stay the time period for noting an appeal to this Court. See, e.g., Blake v. Blake, 341 Md.

326, 331 (1996); Pickett v. Noba, Inc., 122 Md. App. 566, 570 (1998).

Rules 2-534 and 2-535, which govern post-judgment revisory motions in the

circuit court, also apply to a “final order” of an orphans’ court. See Md. Rule 6-461(c).

Rule 6-461(c) “transport[s] the tolling effect of those two rules, under Rule 8-202(c), to

appeals to this Court from final judgments of the orphans’ court.” Edery v. Edery, 213

Md. App. 369, 383 (2013) (emphasis added).

But Title 8 of the Maryland Rules, including Rule 8-202(c), applies only to

“appellate procedure in the Court of Appeals and the Court of Special Appeals.” Md.

Rule 8-101. Rule 8-202(c), therefore, does not apply to appeals from an orphans’ court to

a circuit court. The rules governing appeals from an orphans’ court to a circuit court are

found in Title 7, Chapter 5, of the Maryland Rules, which first took effect in 2008. See

Md. Rule 7-501 (“[t]he rules in this Chapter govern appeals to a circuit court from a

judgment or order of an orphans’ court”).

Rule 7-502(a) provides that review in the circuit court of a judgment or order of

the orphans’ court “may be obtained only if a notice of appeal is filed with the Register of

18
Wills within the time prescribed in Rule 7-503.” (Emphasis added.) Unlike Rule 8-

202(c), Rule 7-503, which governs the timing of de novo appeals from the orphans’ court

to the circuit court, does not extend the deadline until the withdrawal or disposition of a

timely, post-judgment motion:

(a) Generally. Except as otherwise provided in this Rule or by law,
the notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after entry pursuant to
Rule 6-171 of the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken.

(b) Appeals by Other Party. If one party files a timely notice of
appeal, any other party may file a notice of appeal within 10 days after the
date on which the first notice of appeal was served or within 30 days after
entry of the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken, whichever is
later.

Consequently, in de novo appeals from an orphans’ court to a circuit court, such

as Ms. Vess’s appeal from the orphans’ court order that transmitted issues and struck the

“order of default,” the filing of a post-judgment motion within 10 days of the judgment

does not extend the time for taking an appeal.

In light of Rule 7-503, it does not matter whether Ms. Vess filed her post-

judgment motion within 10 days of the judgment or more than 10 days after the judgment

– i.e., it does not matter whether Ms. Vess is deemed to have filed her post-judgment

motion with the orphans’ court by putting it in the circuit court’s night deposit box on the

evening of the tenth day, or whether she is not deemed to have filed the motion until the

orphans’ court actually received it three days later. Even a timely, 10-day post-judgment

motion does not extend the 30-day deadline for noting an appeal from the orphans’ court

to a circuit court. See Md. Rule 7-503. Therefore, Ms. Vess’s post-judgment motion had

no effect whatsoever on her 30-day deadline for filing an appeal to the circuit court.

19
Because Ms. Vess did not appeal to the circuit court until well over 30 days after the

entry of the judgment in which the orphans’ court transmitted issues and struck the “order

of default,” her appeal was not timely as to the merits of that judgment. See Md. Rule 7-

503(a).

The result would not change even if we assumed that when a party files a timely

motion to alter or amend an orphans’ court’s judgment, Rule 8-202(c) somehow operates

to delay the time period for noting a de novo appeal not only to this Court, but to the

circuit court as well.

Ms. Vess contends that she “filed” her post-judgment motion with the orphans’

court by delivering it to the circuit court’s night deposit box on the evening of November

3, 2014. She contends that the circuit court erred in concluding that she did not “file” her

post-judgment motion with the orphans’ court until Thursday, November 6, 2014, and

consequently that her motion did not extend the deadline for noting an appeal from the

order to transmit issues.

The ultimate determination of when a document is deemed to be “filed” under a

rule or statute is a conclusion of law that is subject to de novo review. See In re Vy N.,

131 Md. App. 479, 482 (2000); see also Molé v. Jutton, 381 Md. 27, 35 (2004). Where

the court looks outside the docket entries and considers other evidence about the

circumstances of the filing, the court’s factual findings about the delivery of the

document are entitled to deference on appeal unless those findings are clearly erroneous.

See In re Vy N., 131 Md. App. at 482 (deferring to district court’s factual findings about

time of delivery of juvenile delinquency petitions).

20
 “‘In modern usage, the “filing” of a paper consists in placing it in the custody of

the proper official who makes the proper indorsement thereon.’” Cherry v. Seymour

Bros., 306 Md. 84, 92 (1986) (quoting Levy v. Glens Falls Indem. Co., 210 Md. 265, 273

(1956)). “‘[A] paper is said to be “filed” when it is delivered to the proper officer and

received by him [or her] to be kept on file.’” Id. at 92 (quoting Levy v. Glens Falls

Indem. Co., 210 Md. at 273). “‘The date that a pleading or paper is “filed” is the date that

the clerk receives it.’” Bond v. Slavin, 157 Md. App. 340, 351 (2004) (quoting Paul V.

Niemeyer & Linda M. Schuett, Maryland Rules Commentary 47 (3d ed. 2003)). “‘A

pleading or paper is filed by actual delivery to the clerk.’” Id. (quoting Paul V. Niemeyer

& Linda M. Schuett, Maryland Rules Commentary, supra, at 47); Lovero v. Da Silva, 200

Md. App. 433, 442 (2011); Cave v. Elliott, 190 Md. App. 65, 75 (2010).

Maryland Rule 1-322(a), which governs the filing of an item with a court,

provides that “[o]n the same day that an item is received in a clerk’s office,” the clerk

must “note on it that date it was received and enter on the docket that date[.]” The paper

is “deemed filed on . . . the date noted by the clerk on the item.” Id. This Rule “requires

that, to be filed, pleadings and papers must be actually delivered, either in person or by

mail, to the clerk or a judge of the court in which they are sought to be filed.” Blundon v.

Taylor, 364 Md. 1, 11 (2001).9

As Mr. Price points out, Rule 1-322(a) does not strictly apply in proceedings

before the orphans’ court. See Md. Rule 1-101(a) (providing that Title 1 of the Maryland

9
Rule 1-322(a) also permits an individual judge to accept an item for filing. That
procedure is not at issue here.

21
Rules applies to all courts in this State except the orphans’ courts). But although there is

no equivalent rule in Title 6 for the filing of items in the orphans’ court, Ms. Vess argues

that cases interpreting Rule 1-322(a) should guide the determination of when an item is

“filed” with the orphans’ court.

We agree that those authorities provide guidance here. The relevant “filing”

requirement comes from Rule 2-534, a rule governing motions to the circuit court, which

is then made applicable in the orphans’ court. The determination of when a motion to the

orphans’ court is “filed” under Rule 2-534 should be largely consistent with the

determination of when such a motion is filed with the circuit court under that Rule. The

main difference is that, in the orphans’ court, the register of wills takes the place of the

“clerk” of the court. See Md. Rule 6-105(b) (“‘Clerk’ when used in any rule incorporated

by reference into this Title means the register of wills”). Thus, in general, a motion under

Rule 2-534 is “filed” with the orphans’ court on the day when it is actually received by or

delivered to the register of wills.

In the vast majority of cases, there are no disputes about when a particular

document has been filed with the court, because the docket entries of the clerical staff

create a public record of the filing date, so that all parties may rely on those docket

entries. “Docket entries are made under the eye of the court, and by its authority, and are

presumed to be true until corrected.” Mateen v. Saar, 376 Md. 385, 396-97 (2003)

(citations and quotation marks omitted). The Maryland appellate courts “have

consistently held that docket entries are presumptively correct, and will be considered

dispositive evidence of when a paper was filed in court[.]” Estime v. King, 196 Md. App.

22
296, 304 (2010) (citing Waller v. Maryland Nat’l Bank, 332 Md. 375, 379 (1993);

Lawson v. State, 187 Md. App. 101, 108 (2009); Shade v. State, 18 Md. App. 407, 411

(1973)); see also Brethren Mut. Ins. Co. v. Suchoza, 212 Md. App. 43, 62 n.10 (2013)

(“[i]n the absence of a court order changing the filing date . . . , we must accept the date

of filing as the one entered in the docket entries”). This presumption of correctness can

be overcome if the docket entry conflicts with a transcript of court proceedings, but

where “the rules rely upon the form and date of the docket entry to establish the finality

and date of finality of an order, the docket entry will control” unless and until it is

corrected. Estime, 196 Md. App. at 305 (citing Waller, 332 Md. at 379).

The circuit court expressly relied on Estime when it reasoned that the docket entry

was “presumptively correct and considered to be dispositive evidence” that Ms. Vess had

filed her post-judgment motion in the orphans’ court on November 6, 2014. The court

commented that it “would completely eviscerate the purpose of docket entries” if a party

could override the docket entry simply by proffering a “lawyer’s bill for time spent going

on the date to file it.”

We see no error in the circuit court’s analysis. Although Estime and other cases

discuss the presumption of correctness for docket entries of other courts, the registers of

wills have a duty to “keep a proper docket showing . . . a short entry of every paper filed

in the court and every order of the court or the register, setting forth the nature of the

order or paper.” Md. Code (1974, 2011 Repl. Vol.), § 2-208(d) of the Estates and Trusts

Article. Furthermore, the estate docket should be “similar in every respect to the dockets

required to be kept in the offices of the equity courts.” Id.

23
 Ms. Vess contends that docket entries made by the register of wills are not entitled

to any presumption of correctness. The only authority she cites in support of that

assertion is Anthony v. Clark, 335 Md. 579 (1994).

As part of its opinion in that case, the Court of Appeals addressed a dispute about

the date of entry of an orphans’ court’s judgment. The orphans’ court had granted a

motion to dismiss a caveat petition, and the docket entry from the same date read:

“‘Motion to dismiss petition to caveat and order.’” Id. at 584. The Court of Appeals

rejected the argument (id. at 588-89) that the register of wills had failed to make a proper

record of that judgment under Rule 6-171(b), which requires that the register of wills

“enter an order or judgment by making a record of it in writing” in the docket. The Court

of Appeals concluded that Rule 6-171(b) was “not intended to be interpreted identically”

to the rule governing entry of judgments in the circuit court. Anthony v. Clark, 335 Md.

at 592-93. The Court held that Rule 6-171(b) “simply requires that it be noted on the

docket in an orphans’ court that an order has been filed relative to some previously filed

paper; the register need not describe on the docket the orphans’ court action reflected in

the order.” Anthony v. Clark, 335 Md. at 593.

In the final paragraph of its analysis, the Court explained a policy rationale for its

interpretation of that Rule:

With but a handful of exceptions, orphans’ court judges are lay persons
who serve part time in their judicial capacities. They cannot be expected to
supervise the clerical staffs of the registers of wills in digesting or
describing orders. Furthermore, the registers of wills’ clerical personnel do
not have the same opportunity or necessity for acquiring that skill. There
ordinarily are no oral orders in orphans’ court – orphans’ court rulings
usually are not dictated to a court reporter. There are no jury verdicts

24
 announced in open court, which must be interpreted and then noted on the
docket. Instead, in orphans’ courts, an order is a paper writing that is filed
in the estate file. Rule 6-171 contemplates that interested persons will read
that writing. The purpose of the docket is simply to alert the interested
person that an order has been filed.

Id. at 594.

While acknowledging that this passage “refers specifically” to the docketing of

orphans’ court orders, Ms. Vess theorizes that “the [C]ourt’s reasoning would appear to

have broader application.” She suggests that Anthony v. Clark creates a “diminished

expectation of accuracy” for the estate docket. Her suggestion is unpersuasive.

The Court’s analysis in Anthony v. Clark does not address the “accuracy” of the

docket entries; it addresses the “specificity” (id. at 593) of the docket entries. The

Court’s concerns about the ability of the clerical staffs of the registers of wills “to digest

and then to reproduce on the docket” the content of court rulings (id. at 593-94) are not

implicated in the task of marking the date that a document is received and recording that

date. In this case, the circuit court did not err when it concluded that the orphans’ court’s

docket entry for Ms. Vess’s post-judgment motion was presumptively correct as evidence

of the filing date of November 6, 2014.

In any event, during the hearing on reconsideration, the circuit court gave an

additional rationale (independent of the docket entry) for its determination of the filing

date. At that hearing Ms. Vess presented evidence about a time-stamp from the clerk’s

office of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, which persuaded the judge that

the motion was “received in the Circuit Court’s box at 8:32 p.m., on November 3, 2014.”

In addition, the judge concluded (as Ms. Vess had conceded) that the orphans’ court did

25
not receive the motion until three days later when it was stamped by the Register of

Wills. We accept those uncontested factual findings, which were by no means clearly

erroneous. See In re Vy N., 131 Md. App. at 482.

Having made those findings, the circuit court judge reasoned that it was

immaterial whether the circuit court had received Ms. Vess’s post-judgment motion

within the period for making a motion to the orphans’ court. According to the judge, Ms.

Vess needed to file the post-judgment motion “with the Register of Wills, the Orphans’

Court, not the Circuit Court[.]” Consequently, the judge reaffirmed his conclusion that

Ms. Vess failed to file a timely motion under Rule 2-534.

We see no fault in the circuit court’s reasoning. As Mr. Price observes in his brief,

Ms. Vess delivered the motion on time but “to the wrong court.”

Arguing that the circuit court erred, Ms. Vess cites In re Vy N., 131 Md. App. 479

(2000), and Molé v. Jutton, 381 Md. 27 (2004). She asserts that those two cases are

“squarely on point.” We disagree. Neither of those cases hold that a document is

considered to be filed in one court on the day that it is received by a different court.

In the former case, this Court held that the district court erred by dismissing

juvenile delinquency petitions on the ground that the petitions were “delivered to the

Clerk’s Office sometime after 4:30 p.m.” on the last day that the documents were due,

and “‘stamped in’” on the following day. In re Vy N., 131 Md. App. at 481. The district

court found that “an employee of the Clerk’s Office received the delinquency petitions”

on the due date (id. at 486), after the office had closed for the day. This Court explained:

“When a pleading or other paper must be filed within a particular number of days, it can

26
be filed anytime before midnight on the last day provided that – if the Clerk’s Office has

closed – it is delivered to a judge or to an employee of the Clerk’s Office who is

authorized to accept delivery of such a document during the hours that the office is open

to the public.” Id. at 483. The Court held that, “because the delinquency petitions at

issue were actually delivered to a person authorized to receive them” on the last day of

the filing period, the petitions were considered to be “filed” on that day. Id. at 486.

In Molé v. Jutton, 381 Md. at 32-38, the Court of Appeals analyzed whether an

appellant had filed a timely notice of appeal with the circuit court. On the morning when

the notice of appeal was due, the postal service delivered the notice to the post office box

that the clerk had designated as his mailing address, but the docket entry designated the

notice as “filed” three days later. Id. at 37. The Court of Appeals approved of the

proposition from In re Vy N., 131 Md. App. at 484, that a “document is deemed ‘received

for filing’ on the day that it is delivered to the judge or other authorized person.” Molé v.

Jutton, 381 Md. at 36 (quotation marks omitted). The Court reasoned that, “whether

delivered by the Postal Service directly to the Clerk’s Office or to a post office box, the

mail is received, and therefore pleadings or papers filed, when the mail is delivered to the

address designated by the Clerk.” Id. at 38. The Court held that that the delivery of the

notice of appeal “to the Post Office Box designated by the Clerk as his mailing address

constitute[d] actual delivery of that notice[.]” Id.

In the present case, Ms. Vess produced credible evidence showing that her

attorney delivered the motion to alter or amend the orphans’ court’s judgment to the

circuit court on the night of November 3, 2014. But the clerk of the circuit court is

27
certainly not an “employee” (In re Vy N., 131 Md. App. at 486) of the orphans’ court or

of a register of wills. Ms. Vess did not produce evidence that the orphans’ court or the

Register of Wills of Prince George’s County had “authorized” the clerk of the circuit

court to receive filings while the register’s office was open or closed. Cf. id. at 483-84.

Nor did she produce evidence that the Register of Wills of Prince George’s County had

“designated” the circuit court as a proper delivery address. Cf. Molé v. Jutton, 381 Md. at

38. The Register of Wills’ acceptance of the document three days later, when a circuit

court employee forwarded it to the orphans’ court, does not establish that the circuit court

had advance authorization to receive orphans’ court filings.

In the absence of evidence that the clerk of the circuit court was authorized to

receive filings on behalf of the orphans’ court, we see no error in the conclusion that Ms.

Vess failed to file the motion with the orphans’ court in the time prescribed by Rule 2-

534.10

Ms. Vess contends that, notwithstanding the untimeliness of her motion to alter or

10
In her brief, Ms. Vess argues that the circuit court applied an incorrect standard
in evaluating the evidence of the filing date. Observing that Mr. Price raised the
timeliness issue in what he called a motion for summary judgment, she contends that the
circuit court should have viewed all facts in the light most favorable to her. Under her
new theory, the court was supposed to deny the motions, after two hearings on the
subject, and then to hold a “trial where the [Register of Wills] c[ould] be called to
testify.” Her argument is not properly preserved, because she did not ask the circuit court
to decide the issue under that standard, but instead asked the court to decide the issue in
her favor as a matter of law. In any event, the response to the “summary judgment”
motion did not include an affidavit from the Register of Wills or any proffer of what she
might testify. The vague representations from Ms. Vess’s attorney, that “regularly the
night box is used for filings for all courts,” do not create any genuine factual dispute
about whether the Register of Wills had authorized the circuit court clerks to receive
filings.

28
amend (and by extension the untimeliness of her appeal from the underlying judgment),

the circuit court should not have dismissed her entire appeal. Because Ms. Vess filed her

motion with the orphans’ court more than 10 days after the entry of the order to transmit

issues, but within 30 days after the entry of that order, her post-judgment motion was in

substance a motion to revise the judgment under Md. Rule 2-535(a). She filed her notice

of de novo appeal to the circuit court within 30 days after the denial of that motion.

The Court of Appeals has held that an orphans’ court’s order denying a motion to

revise a judgment, where the motion was filed within 30 days of the judgment, may be an

appealable order. See Grimberg v. Marth, 338 Md. 546, 551-52 (1995). However, “‘[a]n

appeal from the denial of a motion asking the court to exercise its revisory power is not

necessarily the same as an appeal from the judgment itself.’” Bennett v. State Dep’t of

Assessments & Taxation, 171 Md. App. 197, 203 (2006) (quoting Green v. Brooks, 125

Md. App. 349, 362 (1999)); see also Furda v. State, 193 Md. App. 371, 377 n.1 (2010).

The scope of review is “limited to whether the trial judge abused his [or her] discretion in

declining to reconsider the judgment.” Grimberg, 338 Md. at 553; see Bennett, 171 Md.

App. at 203. It is hard to imagine a more deferential standard than this one. See, e.g.,

Stuples v. Baltimore City Police Dep’t, 119 Md. App. 221, 232 (1998) (explaining that

the denial of a motion to revise a judgment should be reversed only if the decision “was

so far wrong – to wit, so egregiously wrong – as to constitute a clear abuse of

29
discretion”).11

A “de novo” appeal from an orphans’ court’s denial of a motion to revise its

judgment is unusual, and perhaps even paradoxical. Generally, the circuit court treats a

de novo appeal “as if it were a new proceeding and as if there had never been a prior

hearing or judgment by the orphans’ court.” CJP § 12-502(a)(1)(iii). The relevant

“judgment” here was not the underlying order to transmit issues, but the orphans’ court’s

subsequent order declining to revise the order to transmit issues. At best, the de novo

appeal from that order placed the circuit court in the same position as the orphans’ court

on the motion to revise the judgment under Rule 2-535(a).

Ms. Vess contends that both the orphans’ court and the circuit court should have

exercised their discretion to revise the order to transmit issues. She argues that the

orphans’ court should not have transmitted any issues because it should not have vacated

the “order of default” against Mr. Price. Her argument is fatuous, because the orphans’

court should never have entered the order in the first place.

By their terms, the orphans’ court rules do not require a formal “answer,” but only

a “response to the petition.” Md. Rule 6-122(b); see Md. Rule 6-433. Yet months before

Ms. Vess ever requested the “order of default,” Mr. Price had already filed a “response to

the petition,” in the form of a “verified answer,” in which he denied specific allegations

11
During the summary judgment hearing, the circuit court judge expressed
incredulity that counsel for Ms. Vess would even attempt to appeal from the denial of a
motion to revise: “And you’re appealing from [the orphans’ court’s] denial of an
untimely motion to alter or amend? Is that what you’re telling me? And you want to go
forward with that?”

30
and asserted that the decedent had properly executed the will, that two witnesses had

properly attested the will, that the decedent had the requisite testamentary capacity when

he made the will, and that the will had not been procured by fraud or undue influence.

Hence, even assuming that the circuit court concept of “default” could somehow apply in

an orphans’ court proceeding,12 Mr. Price was not in default when the orphans’ court

entered the “order of default.” The only thing that put him in default was the

misconceived order itself, which struck the answer that he had previously filed.

It is true that Mr. Price did not promptly respond to the substance of the petition to

caveat after Ms. Vess’s successful first appeal, when the circuit court reversed the

orphans’ court’s dismissal of the petition because of questions about Ms. Vess’s standing.

The lack of a prompt response did not, however, hinder the parties’ ability to formulate

the joint petition to transmit issues or to engage in discovery. Mr. Price’s failure to file a

prompt response did not in any way justify the orphans’ court in striking the substantive

response that he eventually filed.13

12
Ms. Vess was not really asking the orphans’ court to “apply” Rule 2-613, the
circuit court rule regarding defaults, so much as to adapt the rule. Rule 2-613 talks about
plaintiffs seeking determinations of liability against defendants. But Ms. Vess was not a
“plaintiff” seeking to determine Mr. Price’s “liability.” Nor was Mr. Price a “defendant.”
13
Even assuming that the “order of default” was somehow proper and that the
orphans’ court was required to evaluate Mr. Price’s motion to vacate under Rule 2-613,
Mr. Price did more than enough to state the basis for a meritorious defense. With a reply
in support of his motion to vacate, Mr. Price submitted a copy of his answers to
interrogatories, which included a detailed narrative about the preparation of the 2006 will.
Given the information that was actually presented to the orphans’ court, it was not an
abuse of discretion to vacate the “order of default.” See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v.
Ward, 394 Md. 1, 20-22 (2006); Holly Hall Publ’ns, Inc. v. Cnty. Banking & Trust Co.,

31
 Ms. Vess goes on to argue that her post-judgment motion to the orphans’ court

included a separate request to “amend, supplement or modify issues previously

transmitted to a circuit court” under Rule 6-434(b). Specifically, her motion had asked to

change the wording of two of the five issues, so that the jury would have the option to

decide that the 2006 will was partially invalid as a result of fraud or undue influence.

Ms. Vess contends that the denial of that motion is separately appealable as an order

refusing to transmit issues. See Russell v. Gaither, 181 Md. App. 25, 28 n.2 (2008) (“an

order refusing to transmit issues is an appealable final judgment”) (citing Nugent v.

Wright, 277 Md. 614, 616 (1976); Banashak v. Wittstadt, 167 Md. App. 627, 688 (2006)).

Even if we agreed that the denial of her Rule 6-434(b) motion is appealable, Ms.

Vess has not identified any error in that ruling. Her briefs include no argument as to why

she believes that the orphans’ court and the circuit court were required to amend the

issues to include the question of partial invalidity of the will. Therefore, we need not

address the issue. See Ochoa v. Dep’t of Pub. Safety & Corr. Servs., 430 Md. 315, 328

(2013) (“arguments not presented in a brief or not presented with particularity will not be

considered on appeal”) (citation and quotation marks omitted).14

II. Propriety of the Order from the Civil Coordinating Judge

As a separate issue in her appeal from the circuit court, Ms. Vess contends that the

147 Md. App. 251, 260 (2002); Bliss v. Wiatrowski, 91 Md. App. 258, 270-71 (1999);
Drummond v. Drummond, 91 Md. App. 630, 635 & n.4 (1992).
14
In any event, both parties agreed during oral argument that the question of
“partial invalidity” of the will was already subsumed into the two questions about
whether the 2006 will had been procured by fraud or undue influence.

32
circuit court abused its discretion when it attempted (unsuccessfully) to schedule a trial in

October 2016.

As previously mentioned, the circuit court entered a final judgment in the de novo

appeal on November 10, 2015, by granting Mr. Price’s dispositive motion and remanding

the matter to the orphans’ court. Ms. Vess moved for reconsideration within 10 days, and

the court denied her motion on April 12, 2016.

On April 18, 2016, the circuit court’s civil coordinating judge signed another

order, which stated that the case needed to be “returned to [the circuit] court promptly for

trial” and directed the orphans’ court to “immediately” frame the issues so that the case

would “stand for trial on October 3, 4, and 5, 2016 starting at 8:45 a.m. before any

judge.” The order was docketed on April 21, 2016.

Ms. Vess now raises an additional challenge to the propriety of the civil

coordinating judge’s order, but we are unconvinced that the issue is even open for

appellate review. Although the order was filed as part of the de novo appeal in the circuit

court, it was entered after the final judgment in the de novo appeal and the denial of

reconsideration, which occurred on April 12, 2016. Generally, “[o]n an appeal from a

final judgment, an interlocutory order previously entered in the action is open to

review[.]” Md. Rule 8-131(d) (emphasis added). This rule, however, does not appear to

permit review of an interlocutory order entered in the action after the final judgment.

Furthermore, the civil coordinating judge’s order does not appear to be appealable

independently of the judgment in the de novo appeal: it does not have the attributes of a

final judgment, nor does it fall into one of the few narrow categories of appealable

33
interlocutory orders. The civil coordinating judge did not adjudicate anything other than

the collateral matter of how soon the case should be returned for trial.

Assuming for the sake of argument that the civil coordinating judge’s order is

somehow appealable, Ms. Vess contends that the “practical effect” of the order “would

be to make this appeal moot before this Court has an opportunity to decide it.” Because

the order envisioned an October 2016 trial date, she asserts that it makes it “practically

impossible” to exercise her right to obtain appellate review of the circuit court’s

judgment.

It is obvious that the civil coordinating judge’s order did not have the effect that

Ms. Vess feared. One week after the entry of that order, Ms. Vess noted this timely

appeal from the circuit court’s judgment. The civil coordinating judge’s order did

nothing to prevent this appeal from proceeding. When the scheduled trial date arrived, no

trial occurred. The circuit court docket entry for October 4, 2016, reads: “Trial Moot[;]

case appealed stayed[.]” As Ms. Vess concedes in her reply brief, the “trial date has

come and gone.”

Consequently, the issue of whether the circuit court somehow abused its discretion

by attempting to have the case tried in October 2016 is now moot. See, e.g., Voters

Organized for the Integrity of City Elections v. Baltimore City Elections Bd., 451 Md.

377, 392-94 (2017). This Court does not sit to decide purely academic questions. See,

e.g., Cnty. Comm’rs of Charles Cnty. v. Sec’y of Health & Mental Hygiene, 302 Md. 566,

568 (1985). We decline to do so here.

34
 CLAUDIA VESS V. ROBERT V. PRICE, JR., NO. 524, SEPT. TERM 2016

I. The Orphans’ Court Order from April 20, 2016

Ms. Vess’s separate appeal concerns developments in the orphans’ court after it

received the circuit court’s instructions to “immediately frame the issues” for trial in

October 2016.

The orphans’ court attempted to comply with the remand instructions. On April

20, 2016, the orphans’ court entered a new “Order Transmitting Issues.” The order stated

that the case was being “re-submitted for the trial scheduled” in October 2016. The order

transmitted five issues (the same issues from the October 22, 2014, order to transmit

issues) to the circuit court for determination by a jury.

A week later, on April 28, 2016, Ms. Vess filed her notice of appeal from the

circuit court to the Court of Special Appeals. That notice of appeal gave rise to the

appeal in In the Estate of Howard Lewis Vess, No. 372, Sept. Term 2016. On the same

day, Ms. Vess filed a line with the orphans’ court, notifying that court of the appeal that

she had just noted in the circuit court. Citing CJP § 12-701(a)(1), Ms. Vess suggested

that her appeal should “stay[] all proceedings in the orphans’ court concerning the issue

appealed.”

On May 4, 2016, the Register of Wills filed a memorandum in the estate

docket. The Register asked the orphans’ court judge to decide whether the Register

“should still transmit the order framing issues” in light of the line filed by Ms. Vess. The

judge wrote the following comment in response: “do not transmit order.” The judge

signed the memorandum and filed it in the estate docket.

35
 Ms. Vess then filed a notice of a direct appeal from the orphans’ court to the Court

of Special Appeals. Her notice stated that she was appealing from the orphans’ court

order from April 20, 2016, which “re-submitted” five issues to the circuit court for

trial. That notice gave rise to the appeal in Claudia Vess v. Robert V. Price, Jr., No. 524,

Sept. Term 2016.15

In this appeal, Ms. Vess asks this Court to declare the orphans’ court’s order of

April 20, 2016, to be “void.” Her brief presents the following question:

Did the orphans’ court abuse its discretion or err as a matter of law when it
issued Orders transmitting certain Issues to the circuit court and granting
Price’s Motion to Vacate Order of Default while Claudia’s appeal of an
earlier Order transmitting the same Issues was pending before the circuit
court and this Court?

Ms. Vess contends that the order was not “consistent with the automatic stay of

proceedings” provided by CJP § 12-701(a)(1). That statute provides: “An appeal from an

orphans’ court or a circuit court stays all proceedings in the orphans’ court concerning the

issue appealed.” She further argues, that even in the absence of an automatic stay, the

order was not consistent with “the proper exercise of a trial court’s jurisdiction during the

pendency of an appeal.” (Emphasis added.) She argues that the order runs afoul of the

principle that, “‘during the pendency of an appeal,’” a trial court may not “‘exercise its

15
We are not entirely convinced that the order from April 20, 2016, was properly
appealable. In general, an order transmitting issues is considered to be “final judgment of
the orphans’ court” under CJP § 12-501 and is therefore appealable. See, e.g., Kao v.
Hsai, 309 Md. 366, 372 n.4 (1987). We are unaware of any case holding that an order to
transmit issues is appealable as a “final judgment” when the orphans’ court itself
determines nothing, and it merely complies with remand instructions from the circuit
court or an appellate court.

36
jurisdiction in a manner affecting the subject matter or justiciability of the appeal.”

Brethren Mut. Ins. Co. v. Suchoza, 212 Md. App. 43, 64 (2013) (quoting Kent Island,

LLC v. DiNapoli, 430 Md. 348, 361 (2013)).

Ms. Vess’s challenge to the order from April 20, 2016, is based on the incorrect

assertion that an appeal was “pending,” either with the circuit court or with the Court of

Special Appeals, at the time the orphans’ court entered that order. No appeal was

pending as of that date. Ms. Vess’s de novo appeal in the circuit court had ended on

April 12, 2016; her further appeal, from the circuit court to this Court, did not start until

April 28, 2016.

The circuit court rendered final judgment in Ms. Vess’s de novo appeal at the

hearing on Mr. Price’s motion for summary judgment. At that hearing, the court

announced in unequivocal terms that it was granting Mr. Price’s dispositive motion,

dismissing Ms. Vess’s entire appeal, and denying all other pending motions. The court

signed a document stating in unqualified language that it granted Mr. Price’s motion and

remanded the case to the orphans’ court. The clerk docketed the judgment on November

10, 2015. Ms. Vess filed a timely motion to alter or amend that judgment, which the

circuit court denied in an order entered on April 12, 2016.

Thus, as of April 12, 2016, Ms. Vess’s de novo appeal (Case No. CAL 15-08368

in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County) was no longer pending before the circuit

court. Because there was no longer “[a]n appeal from an orphans’ court or a circuit

court” on that date, it follows that there was no longer a stay of “all proceedings in the

orphans’ court concerning the issue appealed” under CJP § 12-701(a)(1). The orphans’

37
court had regained the authority to enter appropriate orders in the caveat proceedings,

including orders concerning the issues that had previously been appealed. The orphans’

court’s order of April 20, 2016, did not improperly affect “the subject matter or the

justiciability of the appeal”; it honored the terms of the circuit court’s final judgment in

the de novo appeal.

One week later, on April 28, 2016, Ms. Vess did commence another appeal (No.

372, Sept. Term 2016 in the Court of Special Appeals), by filing a notice of appeal in the

circuit court. The filing of her notice triggered a new stay of orphans’ court proceedings

under CJP § 12-701(a)(1). Once Ms. Vess had notified the orphans’ court of her appeal

from the circuit court to this Court, the orphans’ court specifically directed the Register

of Wills not to formally transmit issues. The orphans’ court memorandum, filed on May

4, 2016, effectively ensured that the Register of Wills would not send the case for trial

during the pendency of Ms. Vess’s appeal to this Court. In fact, no trial occurred during

October 2016.

We do not fault the orphans’ court for obeying the circuit court’s instructions to

“immediately” send the case back for a prompt trial. Practically speaking, the orphans’

court could have delayed that action until the expiration of all time periods for seeking

further appellate review. But neither CJP § 12-701(a)(1) nor any other legal principle

invoked by Ms. Vess required the orphans’ court to do so.

Mr. Price argues that Ms. Vess’s appeal from the orphans’ court order of April 20,

2016, is moot, because it was “abrogated or nullified” by other decisions, or that it is

“already substantively involved” in her other appeal from the circuit court. Although Ms.

38
Vess has not persuaded us that there is any error in the order, we choose to dismiss her

appeal from that order as moot.

Affirming, reversing, or vacating that order would be a meaningless gesture under

the circumstances. The orphans’ court’s prompt directions to the Register of Wills on

May 4, 2016, already achieved the result that Ms. Vess claims to seek. As Ms. Vess

describes it in her brief, the efforts to promptly send the case to trial “came to naught”

because the Register of Wills “allowed time for [her] appeal before formally transmitting

issues” to the circuit court. Because the orphans’ court had “effectively granted” a stay

of the transmission of issues even before Ms. Vess noted her appeal in the orphans’ court,

“there is no relief for us to grant” with respect to the order of April 20, 2016. In re W.Y.,

228 Md. App. 596, 609 (2016).

The appeal from the orphans’ court order from April 20, 2016, is dismissed as

moot under Md. Rule 8-602(a)(10).

B. The Orphans’ Court Order of September 28, 2016

Although Ms. Vess noted her appeal in the orphans’ court on May 20, 2016, she

also seeks to challenge an order entered by that court several months later, on September

28, 2016.16 Her challenge is not properly before us.

16
Her brief phrased the question as: “Whether the orphans’ court’s September 28,
2016 Order granting Price’s Motion to Vacate Order of Default, and this Court’s eventual
vacation of that Order, requires the Court to reverse the judgment of the circuit court in
First Related Appeal?” The ultimate target of her argument regarding the order from
September 28, 2016, is not even a decision of the orphans’ court. Through an elaborate
chain of reasoning, she seeks to use her appeal from the orphans’ court order as a basis
for overturning the circuit court’s judgment, which was the subject of her other appeal.

39
 The order at issue was nothing more than additional written documentation of an

interlocutory order that had been entered nearly two years earlier. In connection with the

hearing on October 22, 2014, the orphans’ court vacated the “order of default” that it had

previously entered against Mr. Price. The judge signed and filed a handwritten “daily

sheet” on that date, which stated that the court had granted Price’s motion to vacate the

order of default. The clerk made a docket entry stating that his motion to vacate the order

of default had been “GRANTED.” The court then filed and docketed the separate,

typewritten order transmitting issues.

No additional steps were necessary to give effect to the order vacating the “order

of default.” The rule governing entry of orders or judgments in the orphans’ court

provides: “After determination of an issue, . . . the court shall direct the entry of an

appropriate order or judgment.” Md. Rule 6-171(a). Rule 6-171(a) does not require that

each order be set forth on its own separate document. Instead, “in orphans’ courts, an

order is a paper writing that is filed in the estate file.” Anthony v. Clark, 335 Md. at 594.

The hearing sheet clearly stated that the motion had been granted, it included the judge’s

signature, it was filed in the estate docket, and it was properly docketed by the Register of

Wills. The orphans’ court did more than enough to achieve the entry of that interlocutory

order. See id. at 592 (holding that a docket entry in the orphans’ court need not

summarize the contents of the order but need only show that an order was filed).

Nevertheless, on September 28, 2016 (for reasons that are not apparent from the

record), the orphans’ court signed and entered the separate, typewritten document giving

additional confirmation of its order vacating the order. The document stated: “Pursuant

40
to the Court’s findings at the hearing held on October 22, 2014, . . . Caveatee Robert

Price’s Motion to Vacate Order of Default . . . is hereby GRANTED.” The document

was entirely superfluous, because the Register of Wills had already documented the

decision to the same effect nearly two years earlier.

Ms. Vess contends that the September 28, 2016, order was improper because it

concerned the subject matter of her two pending appeals to this Court. Regardless of the

potential merits of her argument, her May 20, 2016, notice of appeal does not permit this

Court to review an order from September 28, 2016. As Ms. Vess concedes, the order

from September 28, 2016, is at most an interlocutory order that is not appealable on its

own. Even if that order were somehow appealable, Ms. Vess did not file a notice of

appeal within 30 days after the entry of that order.

In general, “[o]n an appeal from a final judgment, an interlocutory order

previously entered in the action is open to review” by the appellate court. Md. Rule 8-

131(d) (emphasis added). On an appeal from an appealable interlocutory order,

previously entered orders may be challenged “to the extent [that] such previous rulings

directly control and are inextricably bound to the order that is treated as final for purposes

of appeal[.]” Davis v. Attorney Gen., 187 Md. App. 110, 123 (2009) (citing Snowden v.

Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co., 300 Md. 555, 560 n.2 (1984)) (emphasis added).

Citing the language from Davis v. Attorney General, Ms. Vess theorizes that her

appeal from the order of April 20, 2016, carries with it the right to seek review of the

interlocutory order entered on September 28, 2016. Her argument is doubly flawed.

First, she omits the requirement that the review encompasses “previous rulings.” An

41
order signed and entered five months after the order under review is not a “previous

ruling[].” Second, she misconstrues what it means, in this context, for a prior ruling to

“directly control” and to be “inextricably bound” to a later ruling. The correctness of the

order from April 20, 2016, does not depend on the correctness of a decision made five

months later.

Because Ms. Vess’s appeal from the order entered by the orphans’ court on

September 28, 2016, is “not allowed by [the Maryland R]ules or other law” (Md. Rule 8-

602(a)(1)), we must dismiss the appeal to the extent that it challenges that order. 17

CONCLUSION

In In the Estate of Howard Lewis Vess, No. 372, Sept. Term 2016, we affirm the

judgment of the circuit court in the de novo appeal, as well as the order denying

reconsideration of that judgment. The circuit court correctly concluded that Ms. Vess

failed to note a timely appeal from the order to transmit issues. Moreover, because the

orphans’ court did not err or abuse its discretion when it vacated the “order of default,”

the circuit court was not required to revise the orphans’ court’s orders. The appeal is

17
Before we conclude, we must address one remaining loose end. Throughout her
various briefs, Ms. Vess repeatedly advances a theory that an orphans’ court has no
“jurisdiction” to transmit issues to the circuit court unless a party has filed a formal
answer denying allegations from a petition. Even if her theory were correct, that
requirement has already been satisfied. Mr. Price filed an answer denying the allegations
from her caveat petition. The orphans’ court temporarily struck his answer when it
entered the “order of default” on May 19, 2014. But on October 22, 2014, the orphans’
court granted Mr. Price’s motion to vacate, which included his request that the orphans’
court “[a]ccept for filing the Answer to Petition to Caveat.” In effect, the orphans’ court
reinstated his answer at the same time that it transmitted issues.

42
dismissed as moot to the extent that it challenges the order from the civil coordinating

judge that was entered on April 21, 2016.

The appeal in Claudia Vess v. Robert V. Price, Jr., No. 524, Sept. Term 2016, is

dismissed. The appeal is moot to the extent that it challenges the orphans’ court order

that “re-submitted” the issues to the circuit court on April 20, 2016. On an appeal from

that order, the order subsequently entered on September 28, 2016, is not open for review.

With the cooperation of the orphans’ court, the circuit court shall proceed to a trial

on the issues as framed by the order entered on October 22, 2014.

IN CASE NO. 372, SEPT. TERM 2016, THE
JUDGMENT ENTERED BY THE
CIRCUIT COURT FOR PRINCE
GEORGE’S COUNTY ON NOVEMBER 10,
2015, AND THE ORDER ENTERED ON
APRIL 12, 2016, ARE AFFIRMED.
APPEAL DISMISSED AS TO THE ORDER
ENTERED ON APRIL 21, 2016.
APPELLANT TO PAY COSTS.

APPEAL DISMISSED IN CASE NO. 524,
SEPT. TERM 2016. APPELLANT TO PAY
COSTS.

43