State v. ChestnutÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-1310

Filed: 3 October 2017

Wilson County, No. 15 CR 051891

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,

MICHAEL ANTOINE CHESTNUT, Defendant,

and

MELISSA HINES, Bail Agent,

and

AGENT ASSOCIATES INSURANCE, L.L.C., Surety.

Appeal by Wilson County Board of Education from order entered 3 October

2016 by Judge John J. Covolo in District Court, Wilson County. Heard in the Court

of Appeals 7 August 2017.

Schwartz & Shaw, P.L.L.C., by Kristopher L. Caudle and Rebecca M. Williams,
for Wilson County Board of Education, Plaintiff-Appellant.

No brief for Michael Antoine Chestnut, Defendant-Appellee.

No brief for Melissa Hines, Bail Agent.

No brief for Agent Associates Insurance, L.L.C., Defendant-Appellee Surety.

McGEE, Chief Judge.
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

The Wilson County Board of Education (“the Board of Education”)1 appeals

from the trial court’s order granting a motion to set aside a bond forfeiture filed by

Agent Associates Insurance, L.L.C. (“Surety”). For the reasons discussed below, we

vacate the trial court’s order.

I. Background

Michael Antoine Chestnut (“Defendant”) failed to appear in Wilson County

District Court on an underlying criminal charge on 8 April 2016. On that same day,

the trial court issued a bond forfeiture notice for the forfeiture of an appearance bond

in the amount of $1,500.00 posted by Melissa Hines (“Bail Agent”) on Surety’s behalf.

The notice set a final judgment date of 8 September 2016, and notice of the bond

forfeiture was given to Bail Agent and Surety on 11 April 2016.2

Bail Agent filed a motion to set aside the forfeiture (“the motion to set aside”)

on 6 September 2016. A pre-printed form, Form AOC-CR-213, is used for motions to

set aside a bond forfeiture. This form lists seven exclusive reasons, pursuant to N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.5, for which a bond forfeiture may be set aside, along with

1 “The Board’s status as appellant in the instant case is due to its status as the ultimate
recipient of the ‘clear proceeds’ of the forfeited appearance bond at issue herein, pursuant to Article
IX, § 7 of the North Carolina Constitution.” State v. Dunn, 200 N.C. App. 606, 607 n.1, 685 S.E.2d
526, 527 n.1 (2009) (citation omitted).

2 Notice of a bond forfeiture is effective when the notice is mailed. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
544.4(d) (2015). “A forfeiture becomes a final judgment of forfeiture on the 150th day after notice of
forfeiture is given, unless a motion to set aside the forfeiture is either entered on or before or is pending
on that date.” State v. Gonzalez-Fernandez, 170 N.C. App. 45, 48-49, 612 S.E.2d 148, 151 (2005) (citing
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.6).

-2-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

corresponding boxes for a movant to mark the specific reason(s) alleged for setting

aside the forfeiture. Bail Agent did not check any of these boxes in this case. In

addition to the motion to set aside, however, Bail Agent submitted a letter stating

that Bail Agent “ha[d] been putting forth efforts to locate [Defendant] and ha[d] been

unsuccessful in doing so[,]” despite “spen[ding] $150.00 checking leads as to where

and how [Bail Agent could] locate [Defendant].” The Board of Education filed a Form

AOC-CR-213 objecting to the motion to set aside on 12 September 2016.

The trial court held a hearing on Surety’s motion to set aside on 3 October

2016. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court allowed the motion, based on

its finding that Surety “ha[d] established one or more of the reasons specified in

[N.C.G.S.] 15A-544.5 for setting aside [the] forfeiture.” The Board of Education

appeals.

II. Discussion

A. Standard of Review

In an appeal from an order setting aside a bond forfeiture, “the standard of

review for this Court is whether there was competent evidence to support the trial

court’s findings of fact and whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such

facts.” State v. Dunn, 200 N.C. App. 606, 608, 685 S.E.2d 526, 528 (2009) (citation

omitted); see also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.5(h) (2015) (providing in part that “[a]n

order on a motion to set aside a forfeiture is a final order or judgment of the trial

-3-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

court for purposes of appeal. Appeal is the same as provided for appeals in civil

actions.”). Questions of law, including matters of statutory construction, are reviewed

de novo. See In re Hall, 238 N.C. App. 322, 324, 768 S.E.2d 39, 41 (2014) (citation

omitted) (“Resolution of issues involving statutory construction is ultimately a

question of law for the courts. Where an appeal presents a question of statutory

interpretation, full review is appropriate, and we review a trial court’s conclusions of

law de novo[.]”).

B. Analysis

1. Statutory Framework

In North Carolina, bail bond forfeiture is governed by N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-

544.1 – 544.8.

If a defendant who was released . . . upon execution of
a bail bond fails on any occasion to appear before the court
as required, the court shall enter a forfeiture for the
amount of that bail bond in favor of the State against the
defendant and against each surety on the bail bond.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.3 (2015). A forfeiture entered under N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.3

becomes a final judgment of forfeiture “on the one hundred fiftieth day after notice is

given under [N.C.G.S.] 15A-544.4 if (1) [n]o order setting aside the forfeiture under

G.S. 15A-544.4 is entered on or before that date; and (2) [n]o motion to set aside the

forfeiture is pending on that date.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.6 (2015).

-4-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

“The exclusive avenue for relief from forfeiture of an appearance bond (where

the forfeiture has not yet become a final judgment) is provided in [N.C. Gen. Stat.]

§ 15A-544.5.” State v. Williams, 218 N.C. App. 450, 451, 725 S.E.2d 7, 9 (2012)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.5(a),

“there shall be no relief from a forfeiture except as provided in this section. The

reasons for relief are those specified in subsection (b) of this section.” In turn, N.C.

Gen. Stat. 15A-544.5(b) states that

[e]xcept as provided by subsection (f) of this section, a
forfeiture shall be set aside for any one of the following
reasons, and none other:

(1) The defendant’s failure to appear has been set aside
by the court and any order for arrest issued for that
failure to appear has been recalled, as evidenced by
a copy of an official court record, including an
electronic record.

(2) All charges for which the defendant was bonded to
appear have been finally disposed by the court other
than by the State’s taking dismissal with leave, as
evidenced by a copy of an official court record,
including an electronic record.

(3) The defendant has been surrendered by a surety on
the bail bond as provided by G.S. 15A-540, as
evidenced by the sheriff’s receipt provided for in that
section.

(4) The defendant has been served with an Order for
Arrest for the Failure to Appear on the criminal
charge in the case in question as evidenced by a copy
of an official court record, including an electronic
record.

-5-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

(5) The defendant died before or within the period
between the forfeiture and the final judgment as
demonstrated by the presentation of a death
certificate.

(6) The defendant was incarcerated in a unit of the
Division of Adult Correction of the Department of
Public Safety and is serving a sentence or in a unit
of the Federal Bureau of Prisons located within the
borders of the State at the time of the failure to
appear as evidenced by a copy of an official court
record or a copy of a document from the Division of
Adult Correction of the Department of Public Safety
or Federal Bureau of Prisons, including an electronic
record.3

(7) The defendant was incarcerated in a local, state, or
federal detention center, jail, or prison located
anywhere within the borders of the United States at
the time of the failure to appear, and the district
attorney for the county in which the charges are
pending was notified of the defendant’s
incarceration while the defendant was still
incarcerated and the defendant remains
incarcerated for a period of 10 days following the
district attorney’s receipt of notice, as evidenced by
a copy of the written notice served on the district
attorney via hand delivery or certified mail and

3 After the present appeal was filed, the General Assembly amended N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
544.5(b)(6) to read as follows:

The defendant was incarcerated in a unit of the Division of Adult
Correction and Juvenile Justice of the Department of Public Safety and
is serving a sentence or in a unit of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
located within the borders of the State at the time of the failure to
appear as evidenced by a copy of an official court record or a copy of a
document from the Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice
of the Department of Public Safety or Federal Bureau of Prisons,
including an electronic record.

See North Carolina Sess. Law 2017-186 (eff. 25 July 2017) (emphases added).

-6-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

written documentation of date upon which the
defendant was released from incarceration, if the
defendant was released prior to the time the motion
to set aside was filed.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.5(b)(1)-(7) (2015) (emphasis added); see also State v.

Rodrigo, 190 N.C. App. 661, 664, 660 S.E.2d 615, 617 (2008) (“Relief from a forfeiture,

before the forfeiture becomes a final judgment, is exclusive and limited to the reasons

provided in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.5.”). A party seeking to set aside a forfeiture

must make a timely written motion “stat[ing] the reason for the motion and

attach[ing] to the motion the evidence specified in subsection (b) of this section.” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 15A-544.5(d) (2015). This Court has held that a trial court lacks the

authority to allow a motion to set aside that is “not premised on any ground set forth

in [N.C.]G.S. § 15A-544.5.” State v. Sanchez, 175 N.C. App. 214, 218, 623 S.E.2d 780,

782 (2005).

2. Surety’s Motion to Set Aside

In the present case, the Board of Education argues the trial court erred in

allowing Surety’s motion to set aside because Surety failed to demonstrate a legally

sufficient reason to set aside a bond forfeiture pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5. We

agree.

The record filed in this matter does not show that Surety established any of

the reasons enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5(b) in support of its motion to set

aside the forfeiture. Surety did not identify the specific statutory basis of its motion

-7-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

on the written form it filed, in that no box was checked on the AOC-CR-213 form. A

letter attached to the written motion stated that Bail Agent “ha[d] been putting forth

efforts to locate [Defendant] and ha[d] been unsuccessful in doing so.” However, such

documentation does not fall within any of the seven exclusive reasons for setting aside

a forfeiture pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5(b). See, e.g., State v. Lazaro, 190 N.C.

App. 670, 673, 660 S.E.2d 618, 620 (2008) (holding trial court erroneously granted

motion to set aside based on evidence that defendant was deported, because

“deportation is not listed as one of the . . . exclusive grounds that allowed the court to

set aside a bond forfeiture.”). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court’s finding that

Surety “established one or more of the reasons specified in G.S. 15A-544.5” was not

supported by competent evidence.

Our holding in the present case follows State v. Cobb, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___

S.E.2d ___, 2017 WL 2945860 (2017), a recently published opinion of this Court, that

involved similar facts. In Cobb, a bail agent filed a motion to set aside a bond

forfeiture using Form AOC-CR-213, and checked a pre-set box stating that the

defendant “ha[d] been surrendered by a surety on the bail bond as provided by

[N.C.]G.S. 15A-540, as evidenced by the attached ‘Surrender of Defendant By Surety’

([Form] AOC-CR-214)[,]” i.e., ground (b)(3) under N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5. Id., 2017 WL

2945860 at *2 (quotation marks omitted). However, instead of attaching Form AOC-

CR-214, the bail agent attached a printout from the Automated Criminal/Infractions

-8-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

System (“ACIS”). The ACIS printout indicated the defendant had been charged with

an unrelated traffic offense, to which he pled guilty, “and that, as part of the

disposition [of the traffic offense charge], [the] defendant agreed to plead guilty in

[another unrelated case].” Id.

This Court observed that “[t]he ACIS printout included no reference to [the]

case number . . . [for] the case in which the bond was forfeited.” Id. The majority

found that the ACIS printout, the only documentary evidence in the record offered to

show that the defendant had been surrendered by a surety on the bail bond, “did not

meet the requirement of a sheriff’s receipt contemplated by [N.C.G.S. § 15A-

544.5(b)(3)]; i.e., [the specific] evidence [required to prove that the] defendant was

surrendered by a surety on the bail bond.” Id. at *3. According to the majority,

“where the facts of record do not support the asserted ground for the motion [to set

aside] or any other ground set forth in [N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5] subsection (b), [there

is] no basis on [such] record for the trial court to exercise statutory authority to set

aside the bond forfeiture.” Id.

The dissenting opinion deemed it “impossible . . . to reach a conclusion on the

validity of the trial court’s order without a record of what transpired at the hearing.”

Id. at *8 (Zachary, J., dissenting). According to the dissent, “the only pertinent

question [for this Court] . . . [was] the [sufficiency of the] evidence provided by the

-9-
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

surety at the hearing before the trial court.” Id. at *8 (emphasis in original). In the

dissent’s view,

[t]he propriety of the trial court’s order cannot be
determined merely by review of the documentation that the
surety attached to its motion [to set aside], because the
trial court’s order was entered following a hearing at which
the parties would have been allowed to present additional
testimony or evidence.

Id. at *7. The dissent noted that if a transcript is unavailable, an appellant may

create a record of the trial court hearing by preparation of a narration of the

proceedings pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 9(c)(1). Id. This Court, the Cobb dissent

concluded, was required to presume the trial court acted properly because “the

appellate record [did] not contain any indication of the evidence or testimony offered

at the hearing in addition to, or instead of, the ACIS statement attached to the

surety’s motion.” Id.

The majority acknowledged that, as the appellant, “the Board of Education had

a duty to provide a complete record and that failure to do so should be met with strong

disapproval.” Id. at *3.

However, appellant Board compiled a proposed record on
appeal, and when the time for response to appellant
Board’s proposed record expired without comment from the
surety, the record was settled by operation of the Rules of
Appellate Procedure. Thereafter, only appellant Board
filed a brief in this matter. The record as submitted by
appellant Board shows error on its face. Unlike the
dissent, we will not speculate on what if anything else may
have occurred before the trial court. This record as

- 10 -
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

reviewed on appeal and argued by appellant, contains
documentary evidence which, on its face, does not support
the ruling of the trial court.

Id. (internal citation omitted) (emphasis in original).

The Cobb majority controls in the present case. As in Cobb, the record on

appeal in the present case was compiled and proposed by the Board of Education.

Surety took no action within the time allowed for responding, and the record was

therefore settled by operation of N.C. R. App. P. 11(b).4 The only documentary

evidence in the record before us – the letter attached to Surety’s motion to set aside

– does not support any of the grounds for setting aside a forfeiture enumerated in

N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5(b). Accordingly, under Cobb, the record in the present case

“supports a conclusion, not a presumption, that the trial court erred, as there is not

[a] sufficient basis in the record to warrant the exercise of statutory authority to set

aside a bond forfeiture.” Id.

We note that the four companion cases filed contemporaneously with this

appeal are factually distinguishable from both Cobb and the present case in that, in

4 “If the record on appeal is not settled by agreement under Rule 11(a), the appellant shall . . .

serve upon all other parties a proposed record on appeal . . . . Within thirty days . . . after service
of the proposed record on appeal upon an appellee, that appellee may serve upon all other parties a
notice of approval of the proposed record on appeal, or objections, amendments, or a proposed
alternative record on appeal in accordance with Rule 11(c). If all appellees within the times allowed
them . . . fail to serve either notices of approval or objections, amendments, or proposed alternative
records on appeal, appellant’s proposed record on appeal thereupon constitutes the record on appeal.”
N.C.R. App. P. 11(b).

- 11 -
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

those cases, the records on appeal contained no documentary evidence to support the

sureties’ motions to set aside.5 In each of the companion cases, a bail agent or surety

filed a motion to set aside a bond forfeiture, using Form AOC-CR-213, without

checking any of the preprinted boxes to identify the alleged statutory basis for the

motion. The records on appeal did not indicate whether any evidence was attached

to the motions to set aside, and transcripts of the hearings were not provided to this

Court.6 See supra n.5. However, in light of Cobb, which was decided after the Board

of Education filed the records on appeal and appellate briefs in the present case and

the companion cases, the Board of Education filed motions to amend each record on

appeal to add narrations of the trial court hearings. See N.C.R. App. P. 9(b)(5), 9(c)(1).

No objections were filed to the Board of Education’s motions to amend the records on

appeal in the present case or the companion cases, and this Court allowed the motions

on 7 August 2017. The narrations submitted by the Board of Education assert that,

during each hearing, (1) the bail agent or surety “did not argue that any of the

statutory bases for set aside had been met,” and (2) “[n]either the Board [of

5 The companion cases are State v. Reaves (COA16-1311); State v. Bowens (COA16-1312); State
v. Owens (COA16-1313); and State v. Mercer (COA16-1314). These cases, in addition to the present
case, were heard the same day, in the same trial court, and the Board of Education was the objecting
party in each case. According to the Board of Education, in both the present case and the four
companion cases, written transcripts of the hearings are unavailable because no audio recordings were
made and no court reporter was present during the hearings.

6 As in the present case, the records on appeal in all four companion cases were settled by
operation of the Rules of Appellate Procedure after no action was taken by the respective bail agent or
surety, and, thereafter, the Board of Education was the only party to file a brief.

- 12 -
STATE V. CHESTNUT

Opinion of the Court

Education] nor [the bail agent or surety] submitted any sworn testimony, affidavits,

or additional documents to the [trial] court during the hearing.” The amended records

on appeal thus allay the concerns expressed in the Cobb dissent and permit a

conclusion that, in all five cases, there was insufficient evidence before the trial court

to support any of the statutory grounds for setting aside a bond forfeiture pursuant

to N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5(b). As a result, the trial court erred by setting aside the

forfeitures.

III. Conclusion

The trial court lacked authority to allow Surety’s motion to set aside the bond

forfeiture absent evidence required under N.C.G.S. § 15A-544.5. The order allowing

the motion to set aside the bond forfeiture is vacated.

VACATED.

Judges TYSON and INMAN concur.

- 13 -