J-S48005-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
LEWIS BENJAMIN KNIGHT :
:
Appellant : No. 1757 MDA 2016
Appeal from the PCRA Order September 23, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0000744-2014,
CP-36-CR-0000747-2014, CP-36-CR-0000752-2014,
CP-36-CR-0000758-2014
BEFORE: OTT, J., STABILE, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED OCTOBER 12, 2017
Lewis Benjamin Knight appeals from the order entered September 23,
2016, in the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County, that denied, after a
hearing, his first petition filed pursuant to the Pennsylvania Post Conviction
Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541–9546.1 On October 17, 2014, Knight
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1Knight filed the instant, counseled appeal on October 25, 2016. A notice of
appeal must be filed within 30 days of the order being appealed. See
Pa.R.A.P. 903(a); Commonwealth v. Moir, 766 A.2d 1253, 1254 (Pa. Super.
2000). The day of entry of an order is the day that the clerk of courts mails
or delivers copies of the order to the parties, or makes much copies public.
Pa.R.A.P. 108(a)(1).
Here, the trial court docket does not indicate when the PCRA court’s
September 23, 2016, order was sent to the parties. However, on the back of
the order there is a hand-written notation: “served 9/26/16” and “Def Atty –
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was sentenced to serve an aggregate term of seven to 16 years’
imprisonment, following his open plea at four dockets, pleading guilty to 11
counts of burglary and nolo contendere to three counts of burglary.2 He
contends he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel when trial counsel
failed to file a direct appeal as requested. See Knight’s Brief at 5. Based
upon the following, we affirm.
The PCRA court aptly summarized the background of this case:
On January 27, 2014, [Knight] was arrested and charged on
Information Number 744-2014, Information Number 747-2014,
Information Number 752-2014 and Information Number 758-
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FCM” underneath the date. Accordingly, it appears the order was sent to
Knight’s counsel by first class mail on September 26, 2016. Using September
26, 2016 as the date of entry, Knight had 30 days, i.e., until October 26, 2016,
to file his notice of appeal. As the notice was filed on October 25, 2016, we
regard the appeal as timely filed and therefore properly before this Court.
2 At Docket No. 744-2014, Knight pleaded guilty to two counts of burglary,
overnight accommodation, person present, and pleaded nolo contendere to
two counts of burglary, overnight accommodation, person present. 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 3502(a)(1).
At Docket No. 747-2014, Knight pleaded guilty to one count of burglary,
overnight accommodation, person present. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1).
At Docket No. 752-2014, Knight pleaded guilty to one count of burglary,
overnight accommodation, no person present. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(2).
At Docket No. 758-2014, Knight pleaded guilty to seven counts of
burglary, overnight accommodation, no person present, and pleaded nolo
contendere to one count of burglary, overnight accommodation, no person
present. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(2).
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2014 with a variety of charges stemming from a series of
burglaries which occurred from January 13th through January 25th
of 2014. On July 11, 2014, [Knight] entered an open plea of guilty
to eleven counts of burglary and nolo contender[e] to three counts
of burglary, and on October 17, 2014, was sentenced to an
aggregate term of [7-16] years’ incarceration. At the time of his
guilty plea [and sentencing], [Knight] was represented by Heather
Reiner, Esquire. No motion for post-sentence relief or notice of
appeal was filed on [Knight’s] behalf.
On June 26, 2015, and through his counsel, [Knight] filed a
petition for post-conviction relief under the Post Conviction Relief
Act (PCRA), which sought the reinstatement of his direct appeal
rights for the purpose of appealing his sentence to the Superior
Court. [Knight] asserts that Attorney Reiner was ineffective in
failing to file a motion for reconsideration of sentence, an appeal
or otherwise failing to preserve his appellate rights, after
specifically being asked to do so. On December 11, 2015, an
evidentiary hearing was held before this court, and upon its
completion, a subsequent briefing schedule was ordered [and
completed].
PCRA Court Opinion, 9/23/2016, at 1-2 (footnote omitted). By order dated
September 23, 2016, the PCRA court denied PCRA relief and this appeal
followed.3
The principles that guide our review are as follows:
On appeal from the denial of PCRA relief, our standard of review
requires us to determine whether the ruling of the PCRA court is
supported by the record and free of legal error. Commonwealth
v. Washington, 592 Pa. 698, 927 A.2d 586, 593-94 (Pa. 2007).
To be eligible for relief based on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, a PCRA petitioner must demonstrate by a preponderance
of the evidence that (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit;
(2) no reasonable basis existed for counsel’s action or omission;
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3 On November 22, 2016, the PCRA court issued an order, reaffirming its
September 23, 2016, opinion and order. The docket does not reflect that the
PCRA court ordered PCRA counsel to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.
However, PCRA counsel filed a concise statement on behalf of Knight on
February 6, 2017.
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and (3) there is a reasonable probability that the result of the
proceeding would have been different absent such error.
Commonwealth v. Steele, 599 Pa. 341, 961 A.2d 786, 796 (Pa.
2008).
Commonwealth v. Widgins, 29 A.3d 816, 819 (Pa. Super. 2011).
Knight argues trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a direct
appeal, “despite his and his mother’s express statements to counsel that they
wished to seek review of the trial court’s sentence.” Knight’s Brief at 11.
It is well settled that the unjustified failure to file a requested direct
appeal is ineffective assistance of counsel per se and that an appellant need
not show that he likely would have succeeded on appeal in order to meet the
prejudice prong of the test for ineffectiveness. Commonwealth v. Bath, 907
A.2d 619, 622 (Pa. Super. 2006). However, “[b]efore a court will find
ineffectiveness of counsel for failing to file a direct appeal, the defendant must
prove that he requested an appeal and that counsel disregarded that request.”
Id. (citation omitted). Here, Knight contends he asked to appeal his sentence.
By way of background, after Knight entered an open plea of guilty to 11
counts of burglary and nolo contendere to three counts of burglary, the trial
court sentenced him to 7 to 16 years’ imprisonment as follows: At Docket No.
744-2014, three concurrent sentences of 2-5 years’ imprisonment and one
concurrent sentence of 1½-3 years’ imprisonment; at Docket No. 747-2014,
1½-3 years’ imprisonment, consecutive to Docket No. 744-2014; at Docket
No. 752-2014, 1½-3 years’ imprisonment, consecutive to Docket No. 747-
2014; at Docket No. 758-2014, eight concurrent sentences of 2-5 years’
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imprisonment, consecutive to the sentence imposed at Docket No. 752-2014.
All of the sentences were guideline sentences, except the eight concurrent
sentences imposed at Docket No. 758-2014.4
At the PCRA hearing, Knight’s trial counsel, Heather Reiner, Esquire,
testified that there was a negotiated plea offer in Knight’s case of “Ten to 20,”
that she conveyed the offer to Knight, and the decision was to “try to do better
with an open plea.” N.T., 12/11/2015, at 10–11. Attorney Reiner testified
that after the sentencing hearing, she talked to Knight, and talked to his
family. Id. at 11. She testified as follows:
Q. … Could you just describe for the record in general what you
discussed?
A. I would have said – I would have talked about, you know, …
obviously what the sentence was and he understood it and I’m
trying – like since you filed this, obviously I’m trying to remember
exactly, you know, what he said to me. I mean, Lewis never said
a lot, you know what I mean. We just kind of talked and I know
he was disappointed with it but accepting of it, knew it was better
than what he could have got, and I think, if I could describe his
demeanor, it would be accepting, and what I said to him, what I
say to all my clients, is if you need anything or you have any
questions, let me know. I can’t remember specifically if he asked
me to file a motion for reconsideration. I know I would have told
him that we did better than, you know, the 10 to 20[,] and … I
remember him being accepting of that. It wasn’t as good as what
we hoped it to be but from our discussions, he knew it was, you
know, up to the judge to decide.
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4 After imposing the aggregate sentence, the trial court informed Knight:
“Relative to the sentences that could have been imposed, this sentence is far
less than you could be facing, even had I imposed the mitigated range
sentences and made them consecutive.” N.T., 10/17/2014, at 35.
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Q. Okay.
A. If he would have asked me to file – if he would have said to
me, I want you to file a motion for reconsideration, then I would
have pursued this further.
Q. But it’s possible that he did ask you for the motion for
reconsideration or for an appeal in general?
A. I know he didn’t ask me for an appeal but if we would have
discussed a motion for reconsideration and he asked me to do
that, we would have talked about it further.
Q. Okay. Did you communicate his appeal rights to him while
you were talking to him?
A. Not in the cell, no. We had talked about that before the plea.
Q. Is it possible that he asked you to file in general some
paperwork and didn’t use the specific phrase, motion for
reconsideration?
A. No. He didn’t ask me specifically to do anything.
Q. Did you speak with Mr. Knight after that discussion.
A. I didn’t speak to him. … I know I did talk to his family about
some other matters but I can’t remember if they asked me – like
a lot of times people ask me, you know, how soon [is he] going to
be transported. I don’t know if we talked about that or not but
we didn’t talk about an appeal or, I mean, we talked outside the
courtroom after sentencing but not after that day.
Q. Okay. But you don’t recall talking with his family about an
appeal?
A. I think we talked about possibly like a reconsideration but they
didn’t ask me to file a reconsideration.
Q. Okay. Do you remember talking about the motion for
reconsideration?
A. Not like specifics.
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Q. Okay. But you believe that maybe –
A. I think so. I think we talked about that.
THE COURT: One at a time.
THE WITNESS: Yeah, because I know they had with them
a gentleman who had been a judge. I think he was there that day
and we may have discussed that. I don’t remember like really
specific recollection to that. But as far as my position, what I
would have said about the reconsideration is that one, we already
did better than what the offer was, and two, we had a very lengthy
sentencing hearing where it was my opinion – and I filed a memo
regarding everything that we had discussed, everything
mitigating. It was my, you know, thought that Judge Miller was
very thorough in sentencing and considering everything that we
presented, so it was my opinion and still my opinion that
reconsideration wouldn’t have been successful, but like I said, if
they would have said this is what we want to do, we want to file
reconsideration, I would have done it.
Q. So you’re saying that hypothetically if someone had asked for
reconsideration, you would have filed it despite your personal
feelings about the sentence?
A. Yeah. I know in this case I would have.
Q. So you at no point considered filing a motion for
reconsideration for Mr. Knight?
A. Not on my own, not without them asking me to do it.
Q. Okay. And you at no point considered filing … an appeal?
A. No, they didn’t ask me for an appeal.
Q. And did you consider filing the motion for reconsideration and
the notice of appeal and then filing an Anders[5] brief?
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5 Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967) (setting out the requirements
for a brief filed when appointed counsel seeks to withdraw from a direct appeal
based on a determination that the issues presented are wholly frivolous).
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A. No.
Q. Did you make any attempt to contact Mr. Knight after the day of the
sentencing hearing?
A. No. I only communicated with his mother, I believe.
Q. Okay. Did you communicate with his mother after the day of
sentencing or only right after the hearing?
A. After sentencing, just regarding … finances[.]
N.T., 12/11/2015, at 12–16.
Knight, in his testimony, gave a different version of the discussion after
the sentencing hearing:
Q. And do you recall having a conversation with your attorney
after that sentencing?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Okay. Where and when did that conversation take place?
A. Roughly within 15 to 20 minutes after the sentencing in the
back holding facility that they have.
Q. And in that conversation, did you talk about an appeal?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you ask your attorney to appeal the sentence?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you know at that time the difference between filing for
reconsideration and filing an appeal?
A. No.
Q. But you believe you were clear to her that you wanted her to
file some paperwork to challenge the sentence?
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A. Yes.
Q. At the end of your conversation with her that day, was it your
belief that she was going to file something to preserve your right
to appeal?
A. Yes, it was.
N.T., 12/14/2015, at 33–34.
On cross-examination, Knight stated he had told Attorney Reiner he
“would like to have her continue the process, filing paperwork, appeals,
whatever needed to be done to get a lesser sentence.” Id. at 34. He further
testified, “She stated that it was more than she had hoped for and that filing
any paperwork to get it reduced would only upset the judge and possibly cause
me to receive more time.” Id. at 35.
Knight’s mother, Connie Knight, also testified at the hearing. She
described her exchange with Attorney Reiner after sentencing: “I said we need
to appeal this, he got too much time. And she said, no, that would not be a
good idea because it will make the judge angry and he will get more time.”
Id. at 39. Connie Knight further testified Attorney Reiner contacted her after
the hearing by letter about “the money or whatever, what the sum was I owed
her, she owed me.” Id. When asked, “Was it your understanding that
something was going to be filed to preserve [Knight’s] appellate rights,”
Connie Knight responded “No, because she [Attorney Reiner] didn’t think it
was a good idea.” Id. On cross-examination, Connie Knight reconfirmed that
outside the courtroom, after sentencing she had explained to Attorney Reiner
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that she “wanted this appealed.” Id. at 39–40. Connie Knight testified
“Absolutely” that she would do anything for her son. Id. at 40.
Attorney Reiner was called on rebuttal by the Commonwealth, and
testified that when she spoke to Connie Knight outside the courtroom, they
did not talk about an appeal. Id. at 42. Attorney Reiner further testified she
never made the statement that an appeal would get the judge angry and
Knight would get more time. In that regard, she testified, “That doesn’t even
make sense to me.” Id. On cross-examination, Attorney Reiner stated she
did recall discussing a motion for reconsideration with Knight’s mother, but “I
know she didn’t ask me to file one.” Id. Attorney Reiner testified she could
not recall the specific discussion, but her advice would have been that “I didn’t
think the judge would have changed her sentence because we already put
everything out there we want[ed] the judge to consider and based on the
exchange that happened during the sentencing, I could tell the judge put a lot
of thought into her sentence and I didn’t think that would have been
successful.” Id. at 43. The PCRA court questioned Attorney Reiner whether
there was anything in her discussion with Knight or his mother that would
have led her to believe “they were under the impression that … [a] post
sentence motion or appeal … would anger the Court and lead the Court to act
in a vindictive or retributive manner.” Id. at 45. She answered, “No.” Id.
With regard to Knight’s assertion that trial counsel failed to file a direct
appeal as requested, the PCRA court opined:
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“[W]here there is an unjustified failure to file a requested
direct appeal, the conduct of counsel falls beneath the range of
competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases … and
constitutes prejudice for purposes of Section 9543(a)(2)(ii).”
Commonwealth v. Lantzy, 736 A.2d 564, 572 (Pa. 1999). A
petitioner need not prove that he had meritorious grounds for an
appeal. Id. at 571. However, a petitioner may waive his appellate
rights if it is done through a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent
waiver. Interest of J.J., 656 A.2d 1355, 1357 (Pa. 1995).
****
[Knight] testified at his PCRA hearing that Attorney Reiner
did not say anything about [Knight] losing his appellate rights.
The written guilty plea colloquy and the court’s oral colloquy at
the time of the guilty plea, together with Attorney Reiner’s
testimony at the PCRA hearing, do not support that conclusion.
[Knight] admitted to reviewing the written guilty plea colloquy. In
the written colloquy and on the record, [Knight] stated that [he]
understood [he] was giving up [his] appellate rights. Based on
the court’s review of the guilty plea proceeding and the PCRA
[hearing] testimony, the court is satisfied that [Knight] was duly
and timely informed of [his] appellate rights.
The court is in doubt regarding whether [Knight] or
his mother directly requested that Attorney Reiner file an
appeal or post-sentence motion. Having previously indicated
that he understood his appellate rights, [Knight’s] testimony
regarding his post-sentence discussion with Attorney Reiner was
too vague and unspecific to establish a request was made.
Additionally, the circumstances surrounding the hallway
conversation following the sentencing of her son, who she testified
she would “absolutely” do anything for (Id. at 40), leaves a
substantial degree of uncertainty in regards to the accuracy of Ms.
Knight’s testimony. While the court will refrain from speculating
on any improprieties in their testimony, the consistency of their
assertions regarding Attorney Reiner’s stating that any post-
sentence filing would anger the court and lead to an increased
sentence, coupled with Attorney Reiner’s subsequent testimony
refuting such a statement, leaves the court doubting the
authenticity of some testimony as well. The court finds
Attorney Reiner’s testimony to be credible, including her
indication that had [Knight], or his mother, directly
requested she file a post-sentence motion or appeal, it
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would have been customary for her to speak with [Knight]
at a later more appropriate time.
In sum, [Knight] has not proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that a request was made to Attorney Reiner to file a
direct appeal within the 30 day appeal period following [Knight’s]
guilty plea.
PCRA Court Opinion, 9/23/2016, at 3-6 (emphasis added).
It is well settled that “[t]he PCRA court’s credibility determinations are
binding on this Court, where the record supports those determinations.”
Commonwealth v Widgins, supra, 29 A.3d at 820. See also
Commonwealth v. Dennis, 17 A.3d 297, 305 (Pa. 2011) (PCRA court’s
credibility determinations, if supported by the record, are binding on a
reviewing court). Our review confirms that the PCRA court’s findings and
determinations are supported by the record, and therefore, we must accept
them. Accordingly, Knight’s claim that trial counsel failed to file a requested
appeal fails.
Knight also argues in his brief that “Knight has shown, at least, that he
‘reasonably demonstrated to counsel that he was interested in appealing’ and
thus, that his counsel was ineffective for not filing a direct appeal.” Knight’s
Brief at 14. Knight argues he suffered prejudice because “[c]ertainly he had a
basis to appeal the discretionary aspect of the trial court’s sentence.” Id. at
15. Knight’s argument is based on the United States Supreme Court decision,
Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470 (2000).
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In Flores-Ortega, the United States Supreme Court held counsel has a
constitutionally imposed duty to consult with a defendant when there is reason
to think a rational defendant would want to appeal or that the particular
defendant reasonably demonstrated to counsel he was interested in
appealing. Id. at 480. To show prejudice, a petitioner must demonstrate a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient failure to consult with
him about appeal, he would have timely appealed. Id. at 484.
The PCRA court, in its opinion, detailed how this claim arose after the
Commonwealth presented a two-fold argument in its post-hearing brief
that (1) Knight did not establish Attorney Reiner failed to file an appeal as
requested, and (2) under Flores-Ortega, Attorney Reiner completed her
duties by consulting with Knight regarding his sentence. See Commonwealth’s
Counter-Statement of the Questions Presented, 3/24/2016, at 11–12
(unnumbered). Knight filed a reply to the Commonwealth’s brief, and
responded to the Commonwealth’s second argument stating, “Roe v. Flores-
Ortega was not raised in either of [Knight’s] prior filings, and raises a new
issue of prejudice if the court determines [Flores-Ortega] controls.” Knight’s
Reply to the Answer of the Commonwealth, 4/11/2016, at 1. Knight argued
that trial counsel did not fulfill her duty to consult after sentencing “if this
court finds the discussion [on the day of sentencing] ended ambiguously.” Id.
at 2. Further, Knight argued he “met the burden to show a ‘reasonable
probability’ that he would have timely appealed absent counsel’s deficient
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performance” because he “testified he believed Ms. Reiner was going to file
the correct paperwork to preserve his right to an appeal.” Id. Knight
requested the PCRA court “first consider” his argument that he made an
affirmative request to an appeal, and “[i]n the alternative,” that he met the
standard under Roe v. Flores-Ortega. Id. at 3.
The PCRA court concluded “the Commonwealth’s Counter-Statement
opens the door for the court[’s] consideration of the facts in light of the Court’s
holding in Roe [v. Flores-Ortega].” PCRA Opinion, 9/23/2016, at 8. The
PCRA court found Knight “has at least established that he ‘reasonably
demonstrated to counsel that he was interested in appealing.’” Id. The PCRA
court further determined Knight had failed to establish prejudice as required
by Flores-Ortega, opining: “It cannot be said ‘that there (was) a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s deficient failure to consult with his about an
appeal, he would have timely appealed.’” Id. at 9.
Based on our review, we conclude that, while the PCRA court addressed
the issue of counsel’s duty to consult under Flores-Ortega, the issue may be
deemed waived. Furthermore, the issue is meritless.
The petitioner bears the onus of informing the PCRA court that he or she
seeks to add claims through an amended petition, and, in response, the court
shall freely grant leave to amend where doing so achieves substantial justice
consistent with the dictates of Pa.R.C.P. 905(A). Commonwealth v. Mason,
130 A.3d 601, 627 (Pa. 2015). Where a petitioner does not include a claim in
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his PCRA petition and does not obtain permission to amend his petition to
include the claim, the issue is waived. Commonwealth v. Elliott, 80 A.3d
415, 430 (Pa. 2013), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 50 (2014). Here, Knight raised
the argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately consult
with him regarding an appeal after Knight received the Commonwealth’s post-
hearing brief. Because the claim was raised in Knight’s reply brief, and Knight
did not obtain permission to amend his petition to include same, the issue
may be subject to waiver. See Commonwealth v. Reid, 99 A.3d 470, 484
(Pa. 2014) (finding claims raised in unauthorized supplemental petitions
waived even though trial court addressed the claims). In any event, the issue
is meritless.
In his brief submitted to this Court, Knight argues he demonstrated he
was prejudiced because “he received an extensive prison sentence on each
count of conviction, with several above-guideline sentences, with his separate
convictions running consecutive[ly] to one another” and therefore, he had a
basis to challenge the discretionary aspect of the sentence. Knight’s Brief at
15.6
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6 It bears noting that Knight’s sentence was, in fact, comprised of 12
concurrent and two individual sentences at four separate dockets, with the
sentence at each docket made consecutive.
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Here, no evidence of record shows that, but for counsel’s deficient failure
to consult with him, Knight would have sought reconsideration of this
sentence. As the PCRA court explained:
… Regardless of whether Attorney Reiner had a duty to
follow-up, [Knight’s] testimony at his PCRA hearing remains too
vague and unsubstantiated to meet the Roe [v. Flores-Ortega]
standard for relief. Although [Knight] stated that he thought
Attorney Reiner was going to preserve his appellate right, he lacks
any further evidence or testimony to give credence to this
assertion. Furthermore, when asked whether it was her
understanding that something was going to be filed to preserve
[Knight’s] appellate rights, [Knight’s] mother testified that she did
not. (N.T. Post Conviction Relief Hearing p. 39).
In support of [his] argument, [Knight’s] Reply [to the
Answer of the Commonwealth] cites to the Pennsylvania Superior
Court’s application of Roe [v. Flores-Ortega] in
Commonwealth v. Donaghy, [33 A.3d 12 (Pa. Super. 2011),]
stating that the court concluded counsel’s failure to follow-up with
the defendant “deprived Donaghy of his constitutional right to
assistance of counsel on direct appeal.” However, the facts of that
case are inconsistent with those at bar, as there, defendant wrote
to his counsel regarding the next steps to take following
sentencing, and here, no action was taken following the date of
sentencing.
Considering the ambiguous nature of [Knight’s] post-
sentence discussion with Attorney Reiner, combined with Ms.
Knight’s testimony regarding whether she thought [Knight’s]
appellate rights were going to be preserved and the fact that
neither [Knight] nor his mother took any additional action
following the date which [Knight] was sentenced, it cannot be said
that there was a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
deficient failure to consult with him about an appeal, he would
have timely appealed.
PCRA Court Opinion, 9/23/2016, at 9.
Our review confirms the PCRA court’s credibility determinations and
factual findings are supported by the record. Furthermore, we agree with the
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PCRA court that Donaghy is distinguishable from the facts of this case.
Accordingly, even if the issue is not deemed waived, there is no basis upon
which to disturb the decision of the PCRA court. Therefore, we affirm the
order denying PCRA relief.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/12/2017
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Com. v. Knight, L.
Combined Opinion