NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0591-15T2
KELVIN HOLMES,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
JOSE ZAYAS, and JERSEY CITY
INCINERATOR AUTHORITY,
Defendants,
and
WASTE MANAGEMENT OF NEW JERSEY,
INC. d/b/s or a/k/a NE NJ HAULING,
NORRISTOWN ON SITE d/b/a CENTREX
STAFFING, INC.,
Defendants-Respondents.
_______________________________________
Argued March 16, 2017 – Decided October 13, 2017
Before Judges Espinosa and Suter.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-
0597-13.
Daniel W. Sexton argued the cause for
appellant.
Paul Lanza argued the cause for respondents
(Callahan & Fusco, LLC, attorneys; Mitchell
R. Ayes and Karen L. Williams, on the
brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Kelvin Holmes was an employee of Norristown On Site
d/b/a Centrix Staffing, Inc. (Centrix), a company that provided
workers to defendant Waste Management of New Jersey (WM) pursuant
to a contract. After he was struck by a car and injured, plaintiff
collected workers compensation benefits from Centrix, settled with
third parties and filed the instant action against Waste
Management. He appeals from an order granting summary judgment
to WM, contending that the dismissal of his negligence claim was
error. We affirm, substantially for the reasons set forth by
Judge Joseph A. Turula in his oral decision.
I.
In our review of the order granting summary judgment, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff to determine
whether Waste Management was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law, Rowe v. Mazel Thirty, LLC, 209 N.J. 35, 41 (2012) (citing
Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 529 (1995)),
and review questions of law de novo. Davis v. Devereux Found.,
209 N.J. 269, 286 (2012).
In the early morning hours of November 22, 2011, plaintiff
had finished his shift as a sanitation worker when he was dropped
2 A-0591-15T2
off by a Waste Management truck driver on JFK Boulevard in Jersey
City, where he was to be met by a Waste Management supervisor who
plaintiff expected to drive him to help on another route. 1 He
attempted to cross Kennedy Boulevard to meet the supervisor but
was struck by a vehicle driven by Jose Zayas.
At that time, plaintiff had returned to working for WM two
weeks earlier, having been placed there by a temporary agency,
Centrix. His paychecks came from Centrix. He previously worked
for WM from 2006 to 2007 and from 2002 through 2004. Each time,
he was placed with WM by a temporary agency, Centrix for 2006 to
2007 and Active Staffing for 2002 through 2004. Plaintiff
testified that, in 2006, Centrix took over the contract with WM
from Active Staffing and that, when he returned to work, Centrix
"was the agency you had to go through to get employment."
Plaintiff's sole reason for applying to Centrix was so he
could work for WM and he was "only employed with Centrix so that
[he] could work for [WM]." This had not been the case with Active
Staffing, where he did other jobs as well as working for WM.
1
Plaintiff testified that when he was dropped off, it was either
to take him home or to help out with another route. He believed
that on this evening, he would have been taken to another route
because it was too early to go home.
3 A-0591-15T2
Plaintiff did not have to fill out additional paperwork for
WM. He watched a safety video that was specific to working for
WM and never returned to the Centrix office.
On November 7, 2011, plaintiff signed a form, labeled "Focus
on Integrity, Code of Conduct, Safety Training, Responsibility
Statement, Contractor Copy," which stated:
I acknowledge that I am not a Waste Management
employee but have been made aware of [WM's]
Code of Conduct, understand it and accept my
obligation and responsibility for maintaining
[WM's] reputation for integrity. I
acknowledge that I understand the safety
training I have received and that it is my
responsibility to wear all safety equipment
as required and to comply with all applicable
safety training, rules and regulations.
He also signed an "Employee Safety Training Documentation"
that acknowledged he had seen the "Waste Management Safety Video."
Each day, he began work by walking to a destination where a
supervisor drove him in a WM van to the garage where the garbage
trucks were located. Throughout his employment, he was told where
the van would pick him up and what he would be doing. During the
two weeks he was employed prior to the accident, Centrix's "input"
regarding his employment was to tell him he was assigned to WM.
He was advised on a daily basis by a WM supervisor whether he was
scheduled for work the following day.
4 A-0591-15T2
The safety equipment plaintiff received, gloves and a lime
green vest with reflectors, were provided by Centrix but, some of
the vests were labeled with WM's name on the back. The trucks he
worked on were WM trucks.
In 2011, Randy Newman was operations manager for Centrix. He
testified that Centrix trained employees who would work for WM
using materials provided by WM. Centrix handled disciplinary
issues and was responsible for terminating employees when
necessary.
Thomas Brindley, senior district manager at WM, testified
that the route manager for WM selected who would work for WM on
any given day. Although the route manager did not have authority
to terminate the employment of any Centrix employee, he could
advise Centrix if he did not want a particular worker to return
to work for WM. He stated further that WM had safety requirements
for certain items the workers should wear.
The Master Agreement between WM and Centrix (referred to
herein as Contractor) provided, in part:
3. Contractor Responsibilities: Contractor
is in the business of supplying trained and
qualified temporary labor ("Personnel") or
("Worker") to perform work as requested by
Waste Management. Contractor is solely
responsible for performing all hiring, firing,
discipline, training and other
responsibilities necessary to discharge its
legal obligations as the employer of the
5 A-0591-15T2
Personnel supplied to Waste Management.
Contractor and Personnel shall be independent
contractors in respect of Waste Management,
and shall not be employees of Waste
Management. Contractor is solely responsible
for all payments whatsoever required to be
made to or in respect of its Personnel,
including, without limitation, all wages,
salaries and benefits (including health
insurance and/or medical payments), all
federal, state and local payroll taxes, and
all Workers' Compensation insurance coverage
and payments.
4. Invoicing, Payment, & Rates: Contractor
shall be reimbursed by Waste Management's
third party administrator, . . . .
5. Training: Contractor is obligated to
ensure that Personnel supplied to Waste
Management are fully qualified and trained for
the jobs they are being supplied to perform
and that they have been given safety training
that meets or exceeds the training Waste
Management provides to its employees for the
same or similar jobs.
9. Insurance: Contractor agrees to maintain
the following minimum insurance with solvent
and qualified insurers acceptable to Waste
Management:
a. Workers Compensation and Employers
Liability Insurance:
. . . .
d. Waste Management, including parent,
affiliated and related companies shall be
named as an Additional Insured on all policies
except Workers' Compensation.
6 A-0591-15T2
II.
The Workers' Compensation Act (WCA) N.J.S.A. 34:15-1 to -128,
provides an employee with an exclusive remedy against the employer
for work-related injuries. Gore v. Hepworth, 316 N.J. Super. 234,
240 (App. Div. 1998), certif. denied, 158 N.J. 70 (1999); N.J.S.A.
34:15-1,-7, -8. An employee receives workers' compensation
benefits, which are awarded without regard to fault, and surrenders
common law tort remedies against his or her employer and co-
employees, except for intentional wrongs. 2 N.J.S.A. 34:15-8;
Basil v. Wolf, 193 N.J. 38, 53-54 (2007) (citing Millison v. E.I.
du Pont de Nemours & Co., 101 N.J. 161, 174 (1985)).
An employee may have two employers under the special-employee
doctrine. Volb v. G.E. Capital Corp., 139 N.J. 110, 116 (1995)
(citing Blessing v. T. Shriver and Co., 94 N.J. Super. 426, 429-
30 (App. Div. 1967)). When the doctrine applies, both employers
are subject to liability under the Workers Compensation Act and
the "recovery against one bars the employee from maintaining a
tort action against the other for the same injury." Antheunisse
v. Tiffany & Co., Inc., 229 N.J. Super. 399, 402 (App. Div. 1988),
certif. denied, 115 N.J. 59 (1989).
2
Plaintiff does not appeal from the dismissal of his intentional
wrong claim.
7 A-0591-15T2
Therefore, whether the tort action against WM is barred is
"dependent upon a determination that" WM is a special employer of
plaintiff. Hanisko v. Billy Casper Golf Mgmt., Inc., 437 N.J.
Super. 349, 360 (App. Div. 2014) (quoting Blessing, supra, 94 N.J.
Super. at 430). Because there is no question that an employment
relationship existed between plaintiff and WM, the question
whether plaintiff was a special employee of WM is a question of
law, which we review de novo. Kelly v. Geriatric and Med. Servs.,
Inc., 287 N.J. Super. 567, 578 (App. Div.), aff’d, o.b., 147 N.J.
42 (1996).
Our special-employee doctrine has its roots in the three-
prong test recommended by Professor Larson for establishing a
special-employment relationship:
When a general employer lends an employee to
a special employer, the special employer
becomes liable for workmen's compensation
only if:
(a) The employee has made a contract of
hire, express or implied, with the special
employer;
(b) The work being done is essentially that
of the special employer; and
(c) The special employer has the right to
control the details of the work.
When all three of the above conditions are
satisfied in relation to both employers,
both employers are liable for workmen's
compensation.
8 A-0591-15T2
[Blessing, supra, 94 N.J. Super. at 430
(quoting 1A Larson, Workmen's Compensation §
48.00, at 710 (1966)).]
In granting summary judgment, Judge Turula found each of the
Blessing criteria was satisfied.
As to the first factor, whether an implied contract was
created, the court found WM's repeated assertions that it was not
plaintiff's employer to be "largely irrelevant to the legal issue."
Citing Kelly, supra, 287 N.J. Super. at 575, the court said "the
focus is not upon the relationship between the two corporations,
but rather the plaintiff and each of his potential employers."
Ibid. Judge Turula observed, "Here, there was no dispute the
plaintiff voluntarily accepted work from Waste Management which
was [sic] therefore gave rise to an implied contract of
employment." Judge Turula thus found the first factor weighed in
favor of the special employer relationship.
Plaintiff argues that there can be no implied contract between
him and WM because the contract between WM and Centrix precludes
its existence. We acknowledge that the contract establishes
responsibilities and rights as between WM and Centrix. But, as
Judge Turula observed, the issue here regarded the relationship
between WM and plaintiff. Pacenti v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 245
N.J. Super. 188, 193 (App. Div. 1991) ("The employment agreement
necessary under the Larson tests involves the limited subject of
9 A-0591-15T2
supervision for workers' compensation purposes, not the general
responsibility for payment of wages, withholding taxes,
unemployment compensation responsibility, job benefits and the
like."); see also Kelly, supra, 287 N.J. Super. at 577. Thus, the
contractual language does not take precedence over the undisputed
facts regarding plaintiff's employment. Moreover, finding an
implicit contract between plaintiff and WM does not void the
contract between WM and Centrix or create immunity for WM because
WM is liable as an employer under the WCA.
Turning to the second factor, the work being performed, Judge
Turula said this factor was "clearly satisfied" because "there is
no dispute that the work done by the plaintiff was essentially
that of Waste Management." This factor has some overlap with the
third factor, the right to control the details of the work. The
"sheer weight of authority" is that the predominant factor is
"control." Volb, supra, 139 N.J. at 116. The Court noted,
"federal authorities . . . are uniform that the ultimate test is:
Whose is the work being done? . . . In determining whose work is
being done, the question of the power to control the work is of
great importance . . . ." Ibid. (citations omitted).
Judge Turula described the degree of control exercised by WM:
Based on the record . . . the evidence [is]
that Waste Management controlled the daily
operation of plaintiff's activities. For
10 A-0591-15T2
instance, Waste Management's route manager
will determine if the Centrix employee was
selected to work on a given day. Moreover,
according to the deposition testimony of
Thomas Brindley, Waste Management's district
management, if the route manager did not want
Centrix's employees to return, he would
request from Centrix not to have the employee
return to Waste Management. . . .
The judge also noted that plaintiff acknowledged he believed
the Waste Management employee, Mark Mallett, was his supervisor.
We agree with Judge Turula that each of these criteria was
satisfied here. Pursuant to Volb, supra, 139 N.J. at 116, citing
Professor Larson's three-pronged test, that is sufficient to
establish the special employer relationship. See also Vitale v.
Schering-Plough Corp., 447 N.J. Super. 98, 117 (App. Div.), certif.
granted, 228 N.J. 421 (2016); Hanisko, supra, 437 N.J. Super. at
360.
Two other factors have been discussed as relevant to this
inquiry and were considered by Judge Turula -- who paid plaintiff's
wages and who had the power to hire, discharge or control the
employee.
We have previously noted the direct payment of the employee's
wages "is not necessary for determination that a special employment
relationship exists . . . because "[t]he money used to pay
[plaintiff's] wages came indirectly out of the fees paid by
defendant for plaintiff's services." Walrond v. Cty. of Somerset,
11 A-0591-15T2
382 N.J. Super. 227, 237 (App. Div. 2006) (quoting Kelly, supra,
287 N.J. Super. at 577). Indirect compensation for services, as
through a temporary staffing agency, is sufficient for a
determination that a special employment relationship exists.
Kelly, supra, 287 N.J. Super. at 577. Judge Turula accordingly
gave little weight to the fact Centrix paid plaintiff and we agree
with that assessment.
The "fifth" factor considered by Judge Turula was the power
to hire, discharge or recall plaintiff. See Kelly, supra, 287
N.J. Super. at 577. He found that power was inherent in WM's
control over plaintiff's day to day activities. The record also
supports a conclusion that WM had such power because it had the
authority to decide whether a worker could return to work for WM.
Like the special employer in Kelly, WM lacked the power to decide
whether plaintiff could work out of Centrix for anyone else, but
"it had full control over whether [he] would continue to work at
[WM]." Ibid. Therefore, we fully agree that WM had the requisite
control over plaintiff's employment to satisfy the special
employment relationship.
Plaintiff's remaining arguments lack sufficient merit to
warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
12 A-0591-15T2
KELVIN HOLMES VS. JOSE ZAYAS(L-0597-13, HUDSON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion