In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16‐2643
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
ALI AL‐AWADI,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana.
No. 15 CR 0072 — Tanya Walton Pratt, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JANUARY 17, 2017 — DECIDED OCTOBER 13, 2017
____________________
Before EASTERBROOK, WILLIAMS, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. While he was the only adult in a
room of napping children at the daycare where he worked,
Ali Al‐Awadi pulled back the underwear of one young girl
and took pictures. He claimed at trial that he did so because
she injured herself on his watch while she was playing on his
lap and he was checking for injury. The jury did not believe
him and convicted him of making and attempting to make
child pornography. He appeals his convictions. Several of his
2 No. 16‐2643
arguments concern evidence the jury heard that Al‐Awadi
also digitally penetrated the young girl, an act for which he
was not charged in this case. Although he argues the jury re‐
ceived the wrong standard when it was instructed to deter‐
mine whether it was “more likely than not” that Al‐Awadi
had molested the girl, the pattern jury instruction given to the
jury accurately told the jury how to assess evidence of acts
other than charged crimes. The jury was also instructed that
the government had to prove the elements of the charged
crimes beyond a reasonable doubt for Al‐Awadi to be found
guilty. Al‐Awadi also argues that the jury heard too much ev‐
idence of the molestation. However, the evidence was permis‐
sible because he placed his intent in taking the pictures at is‐
sue, the molestation evidence was relevant to his intent, and
the government’s evidence was not unduly repetitive. Finally,
sufficient evidence supports the jury’s conclusion that Al‐
Awadi used the young girl to engage in sexually explicit con‐
duct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of the
conduct.
I. BACKGROUND
Soon after he began working at a daycare, other teachers
expressed concern about twenty‐year‐old Ali Al‐Awadi’s in‐
teractions with young female children there. Al‐Awadi was
cautioned about sitting children on his lap in the classroom,
picking up children who could walk, and taking female chil‐
dren into the bathroom.
Al‐Awadi took a particular interest in one young girl in
the kindergarten room, four‐year‐old Child Victim One
(“CV1”). On August 21, 2014, the daycare was shorthanded of
staff, and Al‐Awadi took advantage. Al‐Awadi was sent to
cover the kindergarten room during the substitute teacher’s
No. 16‐2643 3
lunch. While he was the only adult in the room and it was
darkened for the children to nap, he sat down next to CV1.
When she fell asleep, Al‐Awadi opened her pants and pulled
her underwear away from her. He then took two pictures of
her vagina. He thought the quality of the pictures was poor
so he took two more. Al‐Awadi then placed his finger in
CV1’s vagina. This woke up the young girl.
When the teacher returned to the classroom, Al‐Awadi
went to his car for about thirty minutes. At some point, he
deleted the pictures from his cellphone.
While Al‐Awadi was still out of the room, CV1 told the
teacher, “It hurts down there,” while pointing to her vagina.
When the teacher asked why, CV1 responded, “It hurts down
there because Mr. Ali touched it.” The teacher reported this to
the school secretary, who for some reason asked Al‐Awadi to
return to the kindergarten room. The teacher asked CV1 to
repeat what she had said, which she did. Al‐Awadi then
picked CV1 up, sat her on his lap, and said, “no, thank you.”
CV1 left his lap.
The secretary also informed the daycare’s assistant direc‐
tor, who then spoke with Al‐Awadi. He claimed that he and
CV1 had been playing, that she jumped on his lap and
wrapped her legs around his arm, and that when he pushed
her off, she pinched her vagina on his watch.
After daycare, CV1 told her mother she had pain in her
vagina and later informed her of what Al‐Awadi had done.
At the hospital, the nurse who examined CV1 noted swelling
and several areas of redness that were consistent with digital
penetration. A pediatrician who later examined CV1 said it
was unlikely that her injury was caused by a watch.
4 No. 16‐2643
Law enforcement recovered the deleted images from Al‐
Awadi’s phone, and a DNA test concluded that Al‐Awadi’s
DNA was consistent with that found on CV1’s underwear.
Law enforcement also discovered that Al‐Awadi had viewed
child pornography in the past.
A second superseding indictment charged Al‐Awadi with
four counts of sexual exploitation of a minor through the pro‐
duction of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251(a), and four counts of attempted production of child
pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(e). Before trial,
the government filed notice of its intent to use evidence of Al‐
Awadi’s molestation of CV1, and the district court admitted
this evidence under Federal Rules of Evidence 404(b) and
414(a).
Multiple witnesses testified for the government at trial, in‐
cluding CV1 who was then six years old. Al‐Awadi testified
in his own defense. A jury convicted Al‐Awadi on three
counts of sexual exploitation by producing child pornogra‐
phy and on all four of the attempt counts. The district court
vacated three of the attempt convictions because they were
lesser included offenses of the completed offenses. The judge
sentenced Al‐Awadi to concurrent terms of 324 months’ im‐
prisonment and fifteen years of supervised release on each
count. Al‐Awadi appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
A. No Error in Jury Instructions
Al‐Awadi first argues that the jury should not have re‐
ceived the instruction that reads as follows, with our under‐
line added to the words with which Al‐Awadi especially
takes issue:
No. 16‐2643 5
You have heard testimony and evidence that the
Defendant committed crimes, acts and/or
wrongs other than the ones charged in the In‐
dictment. Before using this evidence, you must
decide whether it is more likely than not that the
Defendant did the crimes, acts, and/or wrongs
that are not charged in the Indictment. If you de‐
cide that he did, then you may consider this ev‐
idence to help you decide the Defendant’s intent
to produce or attempt to produce child pornog‐
raphy, absence of mistake in dealing with the al‐
leged victim or opportunity. You may not con‐
sider it for any other purpose. Keep in mind that
the Defendant is on trial here for sexual exploi‐
tation and attempted sexual exploitation of a
child, not for the other crimes, acts, or wrongs.
This instruction is our Seventh Circuit Pattern Criminal Jury
Instruction 3.11, “Evidence of Other Acts by Defendant,” with
Al‐Awadi’s case‐specific information added. Al‐Awadi main‐
tains that the “more likely than not” language in the instruc‐
tion improperly directed the jury to apply the preponderance
of the evidence standard to intent, which is an element of the
charged offenses. Especially because the evidence of molesta‐
tion had been admitted as direct evidence of the charged
crimes, Al‐Awadi maintains that the result of the instruction
was that the jury could find the intent element of the charged
crimes satisfied by a preponderance standard rather than by
the constitutionally required standard of beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Al‐Awadi did not object at trial to this instruction. The
government first contends that Al‐Awadi waived any right to
6 No. 16‐2643
our review of the instruction. “The touchstone of waiver is a
knowing and intentional decision.” United States v. Jaimes‐
Jaimes, 406 F.3d 845, 848 (7th Cir. 2005). The trial transcript re‐
flects a discussion between the district court and counsel out‐
side the presence of the jury before closing arguments in
which the judge stated, “earlier this morning we talked about
the final instructions,” and then asked the government and
Al‐Awadi’s counsel whether each “had any objections to any
of the final instructions.” Al‐Awadi’s counsel responded, “No
objection to the final instructions, Your Honor.”
In arguing that counsel’s response constitutes waiver of
any review of the instruction at issue, the government points
to cases including our decision in United States v. Natale, 719
F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 2013). But even Natale recognized the harsh‐
ness of a waiver result in cases where defense counsel simply
says “no objection” during a rote colloquy with a judge, and
we further noted there that we may review even waived ar‐
guments when “the interests of justice” require it. Id. at 730–
31. More recent cases follow in the same vein. See United States
v. Ajayi, 808 F.3 1113, 1121–22 (7th Cir. 2015) (reviewing chal‐
lenged jury instruction for plain error even though counsel
stated “no objection” during rote colloquy where government
stated instruction was a pattern instruction but did not dis‐
close that language was missing); United States v. Pust, 798
F.3d 597, 602 (7th Cir. 2015) (reviewing admission of chal‐
lenged statements for plain error where counsel at times said
“no objection” or “no” when asked if objection to admission).
Waiver is, after all, an intentional relinquishment of a known
right, while merely “negligently bypassing” an argument al‐
lows for our review on appeal, albeit under the demanding
standard of plain error review. Pust, 798 F.3d at 602. Here, the
contents of the discussion earlier in the morning regarding the
No. 16‐2643 7
jury instructions are not in the transcript; had they been and
depending on their content we might have more comfort in a
finding that Al‐Awadi intentionally relinquished his review
of Instruction No. 12.
In any event, at the least, it is clear that Al‐Awadi forfeited
his contest to the instruction by failing to object before the dis‐
trict court, and our review of forfeited arguments is for plain
error. United States v. Christian, 673 F.3d 702, 708 (7th Cir.
2012). That means we will grant relief only if there was an er‐
ror; the error was plain, meaning clear or obvious; the error
affected the defendant’s substantial rights in that he probably
would not have been convicted absent the error; and the error
seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation
of judicial proceedings. Id.
Because it is a pattern instruction, the instruction at issue
is presumed to accurately state the law. United States v. Marr,
760 F.3d 733, 744 (7th Cir. 2014). While the government cer‐
tainly had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt
that Al‐Awadi committed the charged crimes, on its face In‐
struction No. 12 is directed at acts “other than the ones
charged in the Indictment” and repeats again at the end of the
instruction that the “Defendant is on trial here for sexual ex‐
ploitation and attempted sexual exploitation of a child, not for
the other crimes, acts, or wrongs.” The sentence with which
Al‐Awadi takes issue only speaks of the preponderance of the
evidence standard for uncharged conduct, as it states:“ … you
must decide whether it is more likely than not that the De‐
fendant did the crimes, acts, and/or wrongs that are not
charged in the Indictment.” So the instruction makes clear
that it is not about the charged crimes or elements of the of‐
fense, and it only directs the “more likely than not” standard
8 No. 16‐2643
to apply to the jury’s determination of whether Al‐Awadi mo‐
lested CV1. See United States v. Gomez, 763 F.3d 845, 854 (7th
Cir. 2014) (en banc).
For the elements of the charged crimes including intent,
on the other hand, the jury was instructed that the standard it
must apply was that of beyond a reasonable doubt. That is
important because we review challenges to jury instructions
like Al‐Awadi’s challenge to Instruction No. 12 by examining
the jury instructions as a whole and in the context of the entire
proceeding. See United States v. Fiedeke, 384 F.3d 407, 411 (7th
Cir. 2004). When it came to the charged crimes, the instruc‐
tions were clear that the government’s burden of proof was
that of beyond a reasonable doubt. The elements instruction
stated that to find the defendant guilty of sexual exploitation
of a minor, “the Government must prove each of the follow‐
ing elements beyond a reasonable doubt” and then listed the
elements. The instruction directed that if the jury found the
government had proved the “elements beyond a reasonable
doubt,” it should find the defendant guilty, but if it found “the
Government has failed to prove any of these elements beyond
a reasonable doubt,” it should return a not guilty verdict. The
next instruction gave identical directions for the crime of at‐
tempted sexual exploitation of a minor.
Non‐elements instructions also reminded the jury of the
constitutionally required burden of proof. Instruction No. 3
stated that the defendant is presumed innocent of each of the
charges, and that this presumption is not overcome unless the
jury is “convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the De‐
fendant is guilty as charged.” This same instruction further
stated that the “Government has the burden of proving the
No. 16‐2643 9
Defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” The penulti‐
mate instruction included the direction, “Your sole interest is
to determine whether the Government has proved its case be‐
yond a reasonable doubt.” The instructions also told the jury
the government had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant is the person who committed the charged
crime. The instructions correctly informed the jury of the
standard of proof for the elements, which was a higher stand‐
ard than for non‐charged crimes, acts, or wrongs. We find no
error, plain or otherwise, in the jury’s receipt of Instruction
No. 12.1
B. Admission of Evidence of Molestation
Al‐Awadi makes several arguments on appeal regarding
the admission of the evidence of the alleged digital molesta‐
tion of CV1. At trial, Al‐Awadi objected to the cumulative ef‐
fect of testimony from multiple witnesses about the molesta‐
tion. He repeats that argument now, so we review the district
court’s decision to allow all the evidence of the molestation
that it did for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Fifer, 863
F.3d 759, 767 (7th Cir. 2017). He also makes several new argu‐
ments on appeal that he did not raise before the district court,
and for those our review is for plain error. See United States v.
Schrode, 839 F.3d 545, 554 (7th Cir. 2016).
We address first whether evidence of CV1’s alleged mo‐
lestation was admissible at all at trial. The government
1 The government also points out on appeal that under Rule 414 (“Similar
Crimes in Child Molestation Cases”), evidence may be considered “on any
matter to which it is relevant,” which overrides the propensity bar in Rule
404, United States v. Stokes, 726 F.3d 880, 896 (7th Cir. 2013), so Instruction
No. 12 may have been more favorable to Al‐Awadi than the law required.
10 No. 16‐2643
needed to prove as an element of the charged crime of making
child pornography that Al‐Awadi took the photographs with
the requisite intent. See 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). And in this trial,
Al‐Awadi’s intent was the principal dispute. He did not con‐
test that he had taken the photographs. Instead, his position
throughout trial was that he had not taken the pictures with a
sexually motivated intent. His counsel argued in opening
statements that Al‐Awadi had another valid reason to take the
pictures, albeit a “stupid reason,” and Al‐Awadi took the
stand and testified he was worried he had hurt CV1 so he took
the pictures to check for injury. While saying it was the
“dumbest thing” he had ever done, Al‐Awadi maintained he
had not taken the four photographs with sexual intent.
Al‐Awadi therefore placed his intent at issue. The district
court allowed evidence of the molestation at trial as direct ev‐
idence of the charged crimes, and the government introduced
the evidence of molestation that was within seconds of when
Al‐Awadi took the photographs as evidence that Al‐Awadi’s
intent in taking the pictures was a sexually motivated one.
The molestation made Al‐Awadi’s criminal intent in taking
the photographs more probable than it would have been
without the evidence of molestation, so the molestation was
relevant. See Fed. R. Evid.401, 402.
Repeating an argument he made before the district court,
Al‐Awadi argues that too much evidence of the molestation
was admitted. He emphasizes that he was charged with mak‐
ing child pornography, not with the crime of child molesta‐
tion. The jury heard evidence of the molestation from the sub‐
stitute kindergarten teacher, who was the first person CV1
told; the daycare’s assistant director, who interviewed both
No. 16‐2643 11
CV1 and Al‐Awadi; CV1’s parents, who uncovered the mo‐
lestation and took CV1 to the hospital; and from people who
investigated the allegations—the nurse who examined CV1,
the lead detective, the pediatrician who did a follow‐up ex‐
amination, and two forensic scientists who examined CV1’s
clothing for DNA and bodily fluids. We do not find an abuse
of discretion in the district court’s decision to admit the testi‐
mony from the multiple witnesses. The witnesses added dif‐
ferent meaningful pieces to the account, and we do not see
here an improper “drum beat repetition” of a victim’s story,
cf. Stone v. State, 536 N.E.2d 534, 541 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989), or
the admission of “gruesome and unnecessary details,” United
States v. Ostrowsky, 501 F.2d 318, 323 (7th Cir. 1974), as in the
cases to which Al‐Awadi points, especially in light of Al‐
Awadi’s defense at trial.
Al‐Awadi also argues that the district court failed to con‐
duct a proper Rule 403 analysis that balanced the evidence’s
probative value with its potential for unfair prejudice. See Fed.
R. Evid. 403 (“The court may exclude relevant evidence if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger
of … unfair prejudice … .”); United States v. Loughry, 660 F.3d
965, 972 (7th Cir. 2011) (finding district court erred by failing
to explain how it balanced the Rule 403 considerations). We
disagree. The district court first stated why it found the evi‐
dence admissible: it was direct evidence of guilt, and if not, it
was admissible under Rule 414 subject to Rule 403’s balancing
test. It then explained why it concluded the molestation evi‐
dence was not unfairly prejudicial, stating that Al‐Awadi had
not objected to most of it, the details were probative to
demonstrate CV1’s credibility, and the evidence was not so
graphic that its prejudicial impact outweighed its probative
value.
12 No. 16‐2643
Al‐Awadi makes other arguments regarding admissibility
issues, all of which we review for plain error because they are
raised for the first time on appeal. He argues that the govern‐
ment failed to establish a temporal connection between CV1’s
reports of pain and the alleged molestation. For example, the
substitute kindergarten teacher testified that on the day at is‐
sue, CV1 told her Al‐Awadi had touched her “all the way
down there and it really hurts. And Mommy said that I can’t
take a bubble bath no more because it’s going to hurt worse.”
Because CV1’s mother was not at the day care that day, Al‐
Awadi argues that the conversation about a bubble bath be‐
tween CV1 and her mother must have taken place before Al‐
Awadi had any contact with CV1 on the day at issue.
There was no plain error in the district court’s finding of
sufficient evidence of a temporal connection between the al‐
leged molestation and CV1’s reports of pain to warrant ad‐
mission of the molestation evidence. Among other evidence,
CV1 said that she was not hurting before Al‐Awadi inserted
his finger in her, and the medical evidence supported an in‐
ference that her pain was from the molestation. Discrepancies
in the conflicting testimony about timing go to the evidence’s
weight, not to its admissibility. See United States v. Mokol, 646
F.3d 479, 484 (7th Cir. 2011). Al‐Awadi’s attorney had the op‐
portunity to, and did, cross examine witnesses regarding con‐
tradictions in the timing. We find no plain error.
Al‐Awadi also argues that the videotaped statement CV1
gave to law enforcement should not have been admitted at
the trial that took place two years after the events. CV1 testi‐
fied at trial and appeared for cross examination, so the Con‐
frontation Clause did not bar the introduction of her prior
statement. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59 n.9
No. 16‐2643 13
(2004) (“[W]hen the declarant appears for cross‐examination
at trial, the Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all
on the use of his prior testimonial statements.”). He also
seems to suggest a due process violation in the admission of
the videotaped statement, but his argument is difficult to dis‐
cern. We find no plain error in the admission of the statement
or of any other challenged evidence.
C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Al‐Awadi also argues that it is not clear which body part
is depicted in the pictures he took so the evidence at trial was
insufficient to support his convictions. We will only set aside
a guilty verdict on the basis of insufficient evidence “if the
record contains no evidence from which a reasonable juror
could have found the defendant guilty.” United States v. Long‐
street, 567 F.3d 911, 918 (7th Cir. 2009).
To sustain Al‐Awadi’s convictions under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251(a), the statute requires that he must have used CV1 to
engage in “sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of pro‐
ducing [a] visual depiction of such conduct.” The statute de‐
fines “sexually explicit conduct” to include the “lascivious ex‐
hibition of the genitals or pubic area,” 18 U.S.C.
§ 2256(2)(A)(v), but it does not define “lascivious exhibition.”
We have said that a lascivious exhibition “is one that calls at‐
tention to the genitals or pubic area for the purpose of eliciting
a sexual response in the viewer.” United States v. Russell, 662
F.3d 831, 843 (7th Cir. 2011). More than mere nudity is neces‐
sary. United States v. Miller, 829 F.3d 519, 524 (7th Cir. 2016).
Instead, “the focus of the image must be on the genitals or the
image must be otherwise sexually suggestive.” Id. at 524–25
(quotation omitted). Whether pictures reflect a lascivious ex‐
hibition is “an intensely fact‐bound question,” United States v.
14 No. 16‐2643
Schuster, 706 F.3d 800, 806 (7th Cir. 2013), so “the question is
left to the factfinder to resolve, on the facts of each case, ap‐
plying common sense.” Russell, 662 F.3d at 843.
Al‐Awadi does not contest that the photographs he took
were of CV1’s pubic area. Instead, he argues that his convic‐
tions cannot stand because he contends that it is difficult to
tell only from looking at the pictures the body part that is de‐
picted.
Sufficient evidence supports the convictions here. Al‐
Awadi does not dispute that the pictures are in fact of CV1’s
nude genital area, and he acknowledged at trial that he pulled
back CV1’s clothing to focus on her genital area when taking
the pictures. The jury also heard that he had previously
shown an interest in CV1—the two called each other “Little
Baby,” for example—and that he had prior interest in child
pornography. See Schuster, 706 F.3d at 807. The latter facts
were relevant in assessing the images and in particular in de‐
termining whether the images were “for the purpose of elicit‐
ing a sexual response in the viewer” because Al‐Awadi had
“disclaimed any intent to create a sexually suggestive image.”
Russell, 662 F.3d at 843; see also Schuster, 706 F.3d at 806. There
was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that Al‐Awadi
took the photographs of CV1’s genital area for the purpose of
eliciting a sexual response in him. Cf. Russell, 662 F.3d at 843
(explaining that subjective intent and motive of the creator of
the photographer can be a relevant consideration); Schuster,
706 F.3d at 806.
That it may be difficult for some viewers to tell from the
pictures alone which part of the body is depicted does not
preclude conviction here. The pictures for which Al‐Awadi
was convicted of making child pornography clearly show
No. 16‐2643 15
CV1’s skin, and Al‐Awadi does not dispute that the pictures
are of CV1’s genital area. Cf. United States v. Levy, 385 Fed.
App’x 20, 23 n.4 (2d Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (declining to de‐
cide whether a blurry image can support a § 2251(a) convic‐
tion for making child pornography). The Fourth Circuit has
even affirmed a § 2251(a) conviction when no visual depiction
resulted because a videotape stopped before the victim un‐
dressed, reasoning that the crime was complete when the de‐
fendant induced the victim to engage in sexually explicit con‐
duct “for the purpose of” making a visual depiction. United
States v. Buculei, 262 F.3d 322, 327–28 (4th Cir. 2001). We need
not consider that scenario, though, because pictures of CV1’s
genital area were in fact taken. The jury was justified in find‐
ing that Al‐Awadi used CV1 to engage in sexually explicit
conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of the
conduct.
III. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.