2017 IL App (1st) 161272
No. 1-16-1272
Opinion filed November 3, 2017
Fifth Division
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
LINH PHUNG HOANG NGUYEN, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 14 L 9403
)
NHUTAM LAM and HUNG LAM, ) Honorable
) Eileen M. Brewer,
Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Reyes and Justice Hall concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Linh Phung Hoang Nguyen filed this personal injury action seeking damages for
injuries she sustained when she stepped on a catch basin in a backyard and the lid gave way. The
Cook County circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants Nhutam and Hung
Lam, who owned the property on which the catch basin was located.
¶2 On appeal, plaintiff contends that granting summary judgment was improper because she
presented enough evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding defendants’
constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition where the testimony and photographs of the
No. 1-16-1272
rusty catch basin lid and deteriorated surrounding concrete showed those conditions had existed
for a sufficient length of time. Plaintiff also argues that she was not required to present expert
testimony about the duration of the dangerous condition.
¶3 For the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court.
¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 According to the parties’ affidavits and deposition testimony, in 1989, defendants
purchased a two-story residential building at 1414 W. Winnemac Avenue in Chicago (the
property) and lived there until 2010. Defendants maintained the backyard of the property and
allowed their tenants to use the backyard, which contained a catch basin with a metal lid.
Defendant Mr. Lam noticed the catch basin in 1989 when he and his wife purchased the
property. The previous owner told Mr. Lam to look into the catch basin to make sure it did not
get clogged with sewage, but Mr. Lam never followed this instruction or advice because sewage
never came up the drain inside the home.
¶6 In 1992, defendants hired professional cleaners to clean the well of the catch basin, and
no one told Mr. Lam that the catch basin needed additional work. Defendants never performed
any maintenance or repairs to the catch basin or lid since they purchased the property in 1989,
and the catch basin has not been cleaned, inspected, or modified since 1992. Mr. Lam regularly
inspected, cleaned, and swept the backyard, repaired anything that was broken, cut the grass, and
shoveled the snow. He walked over the catch basin, had seen others walk across it, and never
noticed any problem with the catch basin. Before plaintiff’s injury, no one told him that the lid
was loose, out of place, or did not fit properly. Just a few weeks before plaintiff’s injury, Mr.
Lam cleaned the backyard area and did not inspect the catch basin or notice any problem with it.
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¶7 Plaintiff was injured in August 2014, at about 6 p.m., while she was walking on the
sidewalk in defendants’ backyard. Specifically, plaintiff and her boyfriend had parked his car in
the garage located at the rear of the property and were carrying groceries as they walked through
the backyard toward his parents’ apartment. When plaintiff’s left foot stepped onto the lid of the
catch basin, it flipped to a vertical position and caused her to fall into the well and straddle the
edge of the vertical metal lid. She sustained an injury to her groin area.
¶8 With the help of her boyfriend, plaintiff went inside the apartment of his parents, and his
mother telephoned Mr. Lam. The mother was outside when Mr. Lam arrived at the scene and
saw that the lid was in the vertical position. He pushed it down into place with his foot and stood
on the lid with both feet. The mother said that the lid was broken, but Mr. Lam said that it was
not. Mr. Lam did not see any blood at the scene and did not believe that plaintiff ever fell into the
catch basin well.
¶9 Plaintiff went to the hospital and was diagnosed with a vulvar hematoma, which required
surgery. Photographs of the catch basin were taken immediately after the occurrence. A
photograph of the lid in place on the catch basin shows that the top of the lid is rusted and the
circumference of the lid is worn and deteriorated. Moreover, the circle concrete surface
surrounding the catch basin is deteriorated and has two large cracks and a thinner crack. Those
cracks span the distance between the outside rim of the concrete circle and its inside rim, which
surrounds the lid of the catch basin. Photographs of the lid tipped in a vertical position in the
catch basin show substantial corrosion of the concrete lip upon which the metal lid must rest to
remain stable and in place. In these photographs, the rusted, uneven edge of the lid is more
obvious. A photograph of the lid removed from the catch basin shows substantial corrosion and
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deterioration of the lid, the concrete surrounding the catch basin, and the concrete lip of the catch
basin.
¶ 10 After plaintiff was injured, Mr. Lam initially placed a board and a couple of chairs over
the catch basin. About two months later, workers lifted the lid, spread cement around the lip of
the catch basin, and replaced the lid.
¶ 11 In her negligence complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendants failed to exercise reasonable
care in the ownership, maintenance, and inspection of their property. Specifically, plaintiff
argued that defendants failed to maintain the catch basin and lid in a reasonably safe and proper
condition, failed to conduct reasonable inspections of the basin and lid, and failed to repair or
replace the basin and lid in a timely manner. Defendants denied any liability, and the parties
engaged in discovery.
¶ 12 Defendants moved for summary judgment, asserting that none of the evidence gave rise
to an inference that they had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition.
¶ 13 In response, plaintiff argued that summary judgment was precluded because Mr. Lam
admitted that he never inspected the catch basin or lid after 1992 and a videotape and
photographs clearly showed the rusted condition of the catch basin lid and the deteriorated
concrete around the catch basin. Plaintiff argued that reasonable jurors could infer that the
extensive corrosion of metal and concrete indicated that the dangerous condition existed for a
sufficient duration to have given constructive notice of the danger to defendants, who had
regularly inspected and maintained the backyard during the 22 years that elapsed since the catch
basin was last cleaned and up to the date of plaintiff’s injury.
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¶ 14 Defendants moved to strike plaintiff’s videotape because it was not accompanied by an
affidavit to authenticate it and establish a foundation for its admission into evidence.
¶ 15 The circuit court granted defendants’ motion to strike the videotape based on plaintiff’s
failure to provide a proper foundation for the video. The circuit court also granted defendants’
motion for summary judgment, rejecting plaintiff’s assertions that the corroded concrete was
visible and a layperson would be able to know that such corrosion would have taken place over a
considerable amount of time. Citing Zameer v. City of Chicago, 2013 IL App (1st) 120198, the
circuit court stated that plaintiff did not present expert testimony concerning the duration of the
defect and photographs of general defects were not sufficient to impute notice to the defendants
without evidence of the specific defect.
¶ 16 Plaintiff moved the circuit court to reconsider the order granting defendants summary
judgment. The circuit court denied the motion, stating that plaintiff failed to meet her burden to
provide facts showing that defendants had constructive notice of the condition. The circuit court
stated that the mere fact of the rusty cover did not provide defendants with timely notice of the
specific defect that caused plaintiff’s injury and plaintiff did not present any expert evidence
about the duration of the defect. Plaintiff timely appealed.
¶ 17 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 18 Plaintiff contends that material issues of fact exist on the question of whether defendants
had constructive notice of the condition of the catch basin. She notes that photographic evidence
showed such severe deterioration of the concrete and catch basin lid, which would have
happened gradually over a significant period of time. Moreover, Mr. Lam testified that he
regularly inspected and maintained the backyard, was aware of the catch basin, and had walked
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and stood on it. Accordingly, plaintiff contends that whether defendants reasonably should have
discovered the dangerous condition is a question for the jury. We agree.
¶ 19 This court reviews a circuit court’s order granting summary judgment de novo. Seitz-
Partridge v. Loyola University of Chicago, 409 Ill. App. 3d 76, 82 (2011). Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the “pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2014). Because
summary judgment is a drastic means of disposing of litigation, it should be denied and the issue
decided by the trier of fact “where reasonable persons could draw divergent inferences from the
undisputed material facts or where there is a dispute as to a material fact.” Espinoza v. Elgin,
Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 165 Ill. 2d 107, 113-14 (1995). “The documents are construed strictly
against the movant and in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.” Zameer, 2013 IL App
(1st) 120198, ¶ 13. The purpose of summary judgment is to determine whether a genuine issue of
material fact exists, not to try a question of fact; accordingly, the circuit court may not weigh the
evidence or make credibility determinations. Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 438 (2011);
AYH Holdings, Inc. v. Avreco, Inc., 357 Ill. App. 3d 17, 31 (2005).
¶ 20 Property owners have a duty to exercise ordinary care in maintaining their property in a
reasonably safe condition. Chapman v. Foggy, 59 Ill. App. 3d 552, 555 (1978). Owners have a
duty to exercise reasonable care to discover defects or dangerous conditions existing on their
property and either correct them or give sufficient warning to enable those lawfully on the land
to avoid the danger. Id. It is not necessary for the plaintiff to show that the owners had actual
knowledge of the dangerous condition. Id. If, in the exercise of ordinary care, the owners should
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have discovered the condition, i.e., if they had constructive notice of it, they may be held liable.
Id. at 555-56. Constructive notice can be shown only where the dangerous condition is shown to
exist for a sufficient length of time to impute knowledge of its existence to the defendants. Ishoo
v. General Growth Properties, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st) 110919, ¶ 28; see also Pittman v. City of
Chicago, 38 Ill. App. 3d 1036, 1039 (1976) (the evidence was sufficient to support a finding of
constructive notice where a photograph showed the defective condition of the sidewalk and the
plaintiff testified that the defective condition existed for the entire time—about six years—that
she traveled the block while employed at a factory). Illinois courts have ruled that it is in the
province of the trier of fact to determine whether the plaintiff has established that the defect
existed long enough to impute knowledge of its existence to the defendant. Chapman, 59 Ill.
App. 3d at 556; Guenther v. Hawthorn Mellody, Inc., 27 Ill. App. 3d 214, 218 (1975).
¶ 21 In Baker v. Granite City, 311 Ill. App. 586, 593 (1941), the plaintiff was injured while
walking on a catch basin cover that tilted and slid aside, and the trial testimony indicated that at
the time of the plaintiff’s injury the catch basin flange was corroded and rusted and the bottom of
the cover had “a good deal of rust on it” and its lower edge was worn off “as thin as a piece of
cardboard.” Although no witness had testified about how long the deteriorated condition had
existed prior to the plaintiff’s injury, the court stated that “[i]t is a matter of common knowledge
that iron will often rust and corrode when exposed to water and weather and that such rust and
corrosion do not generally occur to any considerable extent or degree in a short period of time.”
Id.
¶ 22 The Baker court held that the trial court erred in granting the defendant’s motion for a
directed verdict because the jury could reasonably infer that the condition of the catch basin at
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the time of the plaintiff’s injury had occurred gradually over a considerable period of time and
that the presence of such rust and corrosion and the worn condition of the cover might have been
discovered and remedied by the defendant on reasonable inspection. Id. The court concluded that
it was a question of fact for the jury to determine whether the “defective conditions were of such
a character and had existed for such a length of time that the defendant might have discovered
and remedied them, and to determine whether or not the defendant was negligent in this respect.”
Id. at 594.
¶ 23 Here, there was evidence from which a jury could conclude that the deteriorated
condition of the catch basin existed for a sufficient time that defendants should have been aware
of it. Specifically, Mr. Lam testified that he lived at the property from 1989 until 2010, regularly
inspected and maintained the backyard, and had walked and stood on the catch basin. He was
aware of the catch basin since he and his wife purchased the property in 1989, but he never
inspected or maintained the catch basin or lid aside from having the well cleaned in 1992.
Although the previous property owner told Mr. Lam to look into the catch basin to make sure it
did not get clogged with sewage, Mr. Lam said that he never followed that instruction or advice.
Furthermore, the photographs show that some deterioration of the catch basin (the cracked
concrete surface and rusted lid) was visible even when the lid was in place over the well of the
catch basin. Also, the photographs of the cracked and corroded concrete upon which the rusty
catch basin lid rested indicate that the catch basin’s defective condition existed for a considerable
amount of time because concrete and metal deteriorate gradually. See id. at 593.
¶ 24 Construing the documents, testimony, and photographs strictly against defendants and in
the light most favorable to plaintiff, we find that a genuine issue of fact exists concerning
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whether defendants had constructive notice of the dangerous condition. A reasonable trier of fact
could infer from the cracked concrete surface, corroded concrete lip, and rusty lid that the
defective condition of the catch basin existed for a sufficient duration to have given constructive
notice to defendants, who should have discovered the defect by the exercise of reasonable care.
¶ 25 Defendants argue the circuit court properly awarded them summary judgment and rely on
Zameer, 2013 IL App (1st) 120198, to support their assertion that plaintiff failed to present
sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact about their constructive notice. In
Zameer, the plaintiff alleged that she sustained injuries requiring surgery when she tripped and
fell due to an approximately two-inch height disparity between two sidewalk slabs. Id. ¶ 4. The
defendant municipality asserted it was immune from liability under the Local Governmental and
Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/3-102(a) (West
2010)) because it did not have notice of the raised sidewalk that caused her fall in adequate time
to have taken measures to repair the sidewalk. Zameer, 2013 IL App (1st) 120198, ¶¶ 5, 14-15.
“Section 3-102(a) [of the Tort Immunity Act] requires proof that the defendant had timely notice
of the specific defect that caused the plaintiff’s injuries, not merely the condition of the area.” Id.
¶ 16. The municipality moved for summary judgment, and the plaintiff argued, inter alia, that
photographs of the defective sidewalk were sufficient evidence to show constructive notice. Id.
¶¶ 9, 22.
¶ 26 The Zameer court held that summary judgment for the municipality was proper because
the plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue under the Tort
Immunity Act as to whether the municipality had constructive notice of the defect, i.e., that the
condition existed for such a length of time or was so conspicuous that authorities exercising
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reasonable care and diligence might have known of it. Id. ¶¶ 19, 20, 22. Specifically, both the
plaintiff and her companion at the time of the injury testified that they did not know how long the
defect existed, and a civil engineer employed by the municipality’s department of transportation
“testified that there is no way of telling how long the defect existed” and “it could have
developed in as little as three weeks.” Id. ¶¶ 20-22.
¶ 27 Defendants’ reliance upon Zameer is misplaced because it is distinguishable from the
present case. In Zameer, the photograph of the sidewalk slabs did nothing to indicate that the
alleged defect—the two-inch height difference between the slabs—had existed for a sufficient
length of time to constitute constructive notice, particularly in light of the civil engineer’s
testimony that the condition could have developed in as little as three weeks. Here, in contrast,
the photographs of the corroded and rusted condition of the catch basin indicate, as discussed
above, that such deterioration of concrete and metal occurs gradually over time. Moreover, Mr.
Lam testified that the catch basin was not inspected for 22 years.
¶ 28 Finally, we reject defendants’ assertion that plaintiff was required to present expert
testimony about the duration of the defect. It is well settled that a trial court exercises its
discretion to allow a person “to testify as an expert if his experience and qualifications afford
him knowledge that is not common to laypersons, and where his testimony will aid the trier of
fact in reaching its conclusions.” Thompson v. Gordon, 221 Ill. 2d 414, 428 (2006). Moreover,
“[p]laintiffs are not required to prove their case at the summary judgment stage.” Thompson, 241
Ill. 2d at 438. Here, a trier of fact viewing the photographs reasonably may discern the age and
duration of the dangerous condition of the catch basin as having been in existence for a very long
time, and such opinion is not within the sole province of an expert witness. See Pittman, 38 Ill.
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App. 3d at 1039 (rejecting the municipality’s assertion that only a cement mason, contractor, or
engineer was qualified to express an opinion as to how long the dangerous sidewalk condition, as
depicted in a photograph, had existed).
¶ 29 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30 The circuit court erred in granting defendants summary judgment because plaintiff
presented sufficient evidence to show a genuine issue of material fact about whether defendants
had constructive notice of the dangerous condition of the catch basin. A jury could infer from the
testimony and photographic evidence that the deteriorated condition of the catch basin and
surrounding concrete occurred over an extended period of time so that defendants would have
discovered the dangerous condition in the exercise of reasonable care. Accordingly, we reverse
the judgment of the circuit court and remand this cause.
¶ 31 Reversed and remanded.
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