Douglas W. Klemz v. Horizon Bank (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 15 2017, 8:44 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Daniel W. Sherman Robert A. Welsh
Valparaiso, Indiana Morris A. Sunkel
Connor H. Nolan
Harris Welsh & Lukmann
Chesterton, Indiana
John E. Hughes
Kevin G. Kerr
Hoeppner Wagner & Evans, LLP
Valparaiso, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Douglas W. Klemz, November 15, 2017
Appellant-Cross/Appellee-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No.
64A05-1611-TR-2617
v. Appeal from the Porter Superior
Court
Horizon Bank, et al., The Honorable William E. Alexa,
Appellees-Cross/Appellants-Petitioners. Judge
The Honorable Katherine R.
Forbes, Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
64D02-1406-TR-5262

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 Riley, Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Beneficiary/Cross-Appellee, Douglas Klemz (Douglas), appeals the

trial court’s Order, distributing the assets of the Larry A. Klemz Trust

Agreement, in accordance with the proposed allocation submitted by the

Appellee-Successor Trustee, Horizon Bank (Horizon), and with the approval of

the Appellees-Beneficiaries/Cross-Appellants, Justin Klemz (Justin) and Brian

Klemz (Brian).

[2] We reverse and remand.

ISSUES
[3] Douglas presents us with one issue on appeal, which we restate as follows:

Whether the trial court erred in approving the distribution of the assets of the

Larry A. Klemz Trust (Trust) as proposed by the Successor Trustee.

[4] On Cross-Appeal, Justin and Brian present this court with one issue, which we

restate as: Whether Douglas breached his fiduciary duty as Trustee of the

Trust.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[5] Larry Klemz (Larry) was a life-long entrepreneur and businessman, with real

estate holdings and a printing company, Home Mountain Publishing (HMP).

On March 8, 2005, Larry established the Trust, which was amended and

restated in its entirety on April 15, 2009, and March 11, 2013, respectively. The

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 Trust instrument created a Business Trust and a Residuary Trust. The Business

Trust owned the stock and membership of HMP, the entity that operated the

printing business, and 5-K Run, LLC, the entity that owned the real estate

housing HMP. The Residuary Trust contained Larry’s remaining non-business

assets. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust, Larry and Douglas were co-trustees,

with Douglas, Justin, and Brian as designated primary beneficiaries. Upon

Larry’s passing, Douglas would receive a 90% interest in the Business Trust,

with Brian and Justin each receiving a 5% interest. Douglas had the first option

to purchase both HMP and 5-K Run, and thereby become the sole owner of the

Business Trust’s assets. The terms of the Trust further specified that the

Residuary Trust would distribute no more than $10,000 to each of Larry’s eight

grandchildren, not to exceed 10% of the net taxable value of the property then

constituting the Trust estate. Following these advancements and factoring any

advancements made to Douglas, Brian, or Justin prior to Larry’s death, the

remaining balance of the Residuary Trust was to be distributed with 60% to

Douglas, and 20% each to Brian and Justin.

[6] Upon Larry’s passing on October 12, 2013, Douglas became the sole Trustee of

the Trust and the operating manager of HMP and 5-K Run. Intending to carry

on the family business, Douglas communicated with suppliers, buyers, and

creditors of the company while managing the day-to-day operations. On

November 19, 2013, Douglas executed a quitclaim deed to convey ownership of

the real estate property at 3102 Cascade Drive (the Cascade Property) from the

Residuary Trust to an LLC owned by himself. Immediately prior to

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 transferring the Cascade Property, Douglas used $135,000 of the Trust’s funds

to pay off the mortgage on the property.

[7] On June 16, 2014, Brian and Justin filed a petition to docket the Trust and to

remove Douglas as the Trustee because of a perceived breach of his fiduciary

duties as Trustee. Finding that Douglas had conveyed property from the Trust

to his wholly owned limited liability company, had kept income from this Trust

asset for his personal use, and had not notified the other beneficiaries of this

transfer, the trial court granted the petition on January 23, 2015. In the course

of the litigation, the beneficiaries stipulated to the appointment of Horizon as

the Successor Trustee, while Douglas continued as the operating manager of

HMP and 5-K Run.

[8] During the summer of 2015, Douglas expressed his intention to exercise his

option to purchase the assets of the Business Trust. As a result of protracted

negotiations, on August 24, 2015, Horizon and Douglas entered into two

contracts, a Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement and a Real Property

Purchase Offer (collectively, Agreements) to purchase certain assets from the

Trust. The Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement provided for the sale of HMP

to Douglas for the consideration of $400,000, “plus or minus allocations for

inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable and cash on hand as of the

date of closing[,]” and subject to the “following contingencies and conditions:”

a. This Agreement is contingent upon the purchaser obtaining the
necessary financing in the amount of $200,000 at 5% interest;

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 b. This Agreement is wholly contingent upon the Purchaser’s
contemporaneous purchase of the real estate commonly known
as 3602 Enterprise Avenue, Valparaiso Indiana upon which
premises the Corporation is currently located;

c. Any sale, transfer, and/or assumption as contemplated by the
terms of this Agreement is wholly contingent upon the approval
of said terms by each creditor and the [trial court].

(Appellant’s App. Vol. III, pp. 8, 10). In executing the Corporate Asset

Purchase Agreement, the parties agreed that “[t]ime is of the essence. Any time

periods specified in this Agreement and any [sic] are calendar days and shall

expire at midnight of the date stated unless the parties agree in writing to a

different date and/or time.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 12).

[9] In the corresponding Real Property Purchase Offer, Douglas agreed to purchase

3602 Enterprise Avenue for the amount of $1.7 million, contingent on Douglas

“obtaining the necessary financing in the amount of $250,000 at 5% per annum

for a period of time not to exceed 10 years, [Douglas’] completion of the

contemporaneous purchase of the corporate assets of [HMP] and obtaining the

approval of the [trial court].” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 13). The parties

agreed that the “closing of the sale shall be on or before AUGUST 31, 2015,

unless an extension of time is mutually agreed to in writing and signed by all

parties. A reasonable extension of time shall be allowed for correcting defects

in title and obtaining [c]ourt approval for a sale.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p.

13).

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[10] In light of Brian’s and Justin’s continued opposition to the terms of the sale,

Horizon, as Successor Trustee, filed a petition on September 11, 2015, seeking

the trial court’s approval to sell the assets of HMP and 5-K Run in accordance

with the terms of the Agreements, as executed on August 24, 2015.

Commencing September 21, 2015, the trial court conducted a three-day trial on

Horizon’s petition and Brian’s and Justin’s allegations that Douglas had

breached his fiduciary duties as trustee. On March 4, 2016, while the parties

were still awaiting the trial court’s ruling after the September 21, 2015 hearing,

Horizon filed its petition to complete the sale of assets of 5-K Run and HMP

pursuant to the terms of the Agreements, previously filed, and requested the

trial court to “take immediate action to consent to the sale and allow it to be

completed at the earliest opportunity.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 19).

Again, Brian and Justin opposed the completion of the sale, arguing that the

Agreements submitted by the Successor Trustee are not enforceable in that “the

Successor Trustee’s testimony of the ‘purchase price’ and [Douglas’] testimony

of the purchase price differed by more than $500,000.” (Appellant’s App. Vol.

III, p. 36).

[11] On March 8, 2016, the trial court issued its written order following its

September 21, 2015 hearing. In its order, the trial court concluded, in pertinent

part, as follows:

2. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the Cascade Property. The [c]ourt finds no
misappropriation of Cascade or of rental income.

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 3. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the sale of the Calumet Property.

4. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to disclosure of information. All information
was turned over to Brian and Justin. However, Brian and Justin
did have to file Motions before the [c]ourt and are entitled to fees
for that action.

5. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the collection of debt owed by [HMP] to the
Trust.

6. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to oral instructions.

7. The [c]ourt finds Brian and Justin have no interest in, and,
therefore, no right to the profits of [HMP]. It appears that
neither Justin nor Brian was interested in the day to day
operations of the business. Other than the proceeds of the sale of
the business assets of share of stock, they had no expectancy or
interest in the day to day operations of [HMP]. . . . The only
operational interest they could possibly benefit from was that the
financial condition of the business would be roughly reflected in
the sale price. The Trust held the stock to which they held a
minority interest. The [c]ourt rejects their arguments and hereby
approves the sale of the business known as [HMP], and the real
estate located at 3602 Enterprise Drive, Valparaiso, IN, to Larry

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 Klemz[ 1] under the terms set in the pleading seeking [c]ourt
approval.

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 19-20).

[12] After the trial court’s March 8, 2016 order, Horizon and Douglas proceeded to

finalize the values on the Agreements in preparation of closing. Meanwhile,

Douglas continued to manage the day to day operations of HMP. As such, on

April 27, 2016, Douglas emailed Horizon, Brian, and Justin, notifying them:

There are a handful of elements to determine as of the date of
closing: Assets – cash on hand, inventory and accounts
receivable and the Liabilities – short and long term liabilities.

You’ve seen the preliminary numbers that I forwarded on April
20th. Based on the snap shot at that moment in time, Justin and
your combined 10% interest in the real estate and the business is
about $30,933.60.

My recommendation is that you accept that number and get the
deal done. These are fair numbers based on the negotiated
agreements between [Horizon] and I and, I guarantee, they will
not improve with time. As Justin is aware, [HMP] has
purchased a press which adds a significant dollar amount to the
liabilities of the Corporation. The press purchase is a good and
necessary decision for the business; however, it does not improve
the value of the shares at all.

1
All parties agree that the trial court made a scrivener’s error and the sentence should read, in part, “and the
real estate located at . . . to Douglas[.]”

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 (Appellees’ App. Vol. II, p. 44).

[13] During the continued negotiations between Horizon and Douglas, an inventory

of HMP’s personal property was prepared as of May 31, 2016, and Douglas

submitted to Horizon, as Successor Trustee, the bank statements for HMP and

5-K Run, accounts receivable and accounts payable for HMP. In the midst of

these negotiations, on June 3, 2016, Douglas filed a petition for relief and

request for hearing further to the Trust and the trial court’s March 8, 2016

ruling. In his petition, Douglas alerted the trial court to a manifest

disagreement with Horizon’s interpretation of the Agreements. Specifically,

Douglas informed the trial court that he had “always understood the Corporate

Asset Purchase Agreement to be an Asset Minus Liabilities sale,” while the

Successor Trustee advised him that it “interprets the [Corporate Asset Purchase

Agreement] to be an ‘Asset Minus Accounts Payable (only) sale.’” (Appellant’s

App. Vol. IV, p. 5). This difference in interpretation “increases the sale price to

[Douglas] by over $600,000[.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 6). Under these

conditions, Douglas presented to the trial court that he could not “financially

absorb that increase in sales price[.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 7).

[14] Five days following the filing of his petition, Douglas entered into a loan

agreement with 1st Source Bank to finance the purchase and installation of the

printing press, mentioned in Douglas’ April 27, 2016 email, for a total amount

of $636,442. In exchange for the loan amount, 1St Source Bank obtained a

secured interest in the assets of HMP and a mortgage encumbering the real

estate owned by 5-K Run.

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[15] In response to Douglas’ petition, on June 10, 2016, Horizon filed a petition

requesting the trial court to grant the specific bequests to the grandchildren, as

provided under the Trust, and seeking specific guidance with respect to the

payment of the Trust’s tax liabilities. On June 30, 2016, Horizon filed a second

petition, requesting the trial court to adopt its interpretation of the Corporate

Asset Purchase Agreement. Subsequently, on July 12, 2016, Horizon filed a

petition to resign as Successor Trustee.

[16] On September 21, 2016, the trial court heard argument by all parties on the

issues presented by the parties’ petitions and issued its order on October 18,

2016, which reflected, in part:

1. The Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement dated the 24th day
of August, 2015, between the Successor Trustee and
[Douglas] is not ambiguous as approved by the [c]ourt in its
March 8, 2016 Order.

****

5. The effective date of closing for the [Corporate] Asset
Purchase Agreement and the Real Estate Agreement shall be
May 31, 2016, with the actual closing to occur at the earliest
opportunity.

****

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
DECREED by the [c]ourt:

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 1. The petition of [Douglas] to interpret the Corporate Asset
Purchase Agreement dated the 24th day of August, 2015 as an
“asset minus liabilities” sale is Denied. The [c]ourt finds no
ambiguity in the Agreement and, accordingly, no extrinsic
evidence is admitted into the record. . . . The transaction
shall close as early as feasible with an effective Closing Date
of May 31, 2016.

(Appellees’ App. Vol. II, pp. 3, 4). That same day, October 18, 2016, 1st Source

Bank intervened in the proceedings.

[17] The following day, October 19, 2016, Horizon filed a petition requesting an

emergency hearing, informing the trial court of HMP’s cash flow problems and

Douglas’ continued refusal to close on the sale pursuant to the Agreements.

Horizon also advised the trial court that “1st Source Bank continues to demand

that there be an injection of funds from the [T]rust to assist the Business in

continuing its operation or it will commence legal action to demand immediate

payment of any and all obligations owed to them by said entities.” (Appellant’s

App. Vol. VII, p. 4).

[18] Four days later, on October 26, 2016, the trial court conducted a hearing on

Horizon’s petition. During the hearing, Horizon alerted the trial court that it

had received a notice of default from 1st Source Bank with respect to HMP’s

indebtedness, which advised Horizon that it was pursuing foreclosure

proceedings and the appointment of a receiver. The Successor Trustee also

testified to HMP’s cashflow problems and the difficulties in getting the

Agreements closed. Upon questioning by Douglas, the Successor Trustee

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 admitted not knowing whether the contingencies of the Corporate Asset

Purchase Agreement had been satisfied and conceded that Horizon did not

have a “written consent from 1st Source Bank to move forward with the sale.”

(Transcript p. 33). The trial court issued its Order on the emergency hearing on

November 4, 2016, concluding:

1. The [c]ourt grants [Horizon’s] request that [Douglas] receive,
as his distribution, the business and the real estate, assets of
the Business Trust and the funds that are shown on
[Horizon’s] proposed allocation which is attached and made a
part of this Order. This will allow [Douglas] to continue to
carry on the family business. [Douglas] should be able to
complete the purchase from his share of the Residuary Trust.

2. That all of the remaining funds shall be distributed to [Brian]
and [Justin] pursuant to [Horizon’s] proposed allocation
which the [c]ourt has now adopted.

3. That while the [c]ourt has allowed for $80,000.00 to be held
for fees and expenses, it is not entering [o]rders, at this time,
as to the exact amounts and distributions. Said sums shall be
held pending further [o]rder of [c]ourt.

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 23).

[19] Douglas now appeals. Brian and Justin cross-appeal. Additional facts will be

provided as necessary.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review

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[20] In reviewing a trial court’s order containing specific findings, the specific

findings control only as to the issues they cover, and a general judgment

standard applies to any issues upon which the trial court has not made findings.

In re Estate of Stayback, 38 N.E.3d 705, 710 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). We review

such findings by determining whether the evidence supports the findings and

whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We will reverse only when the

judgment is shown to be clearly erroneous, i.e., when it is unsupported by the

findings of fact and conclusions entered thereon, or when the trial court applies

an incorrect legal standard. Id. We defer substantially to the trial court’s

findings of fact, but we evaluate conclusions of law de novo. Id.

II. Division of the Trust

[21] In its Order on “Successor Trustee’s Petition for Emergency Hearing with

respect to the Corporate Assets and the Real Property Purchase,” issued on

November 4, 2016, the trial court granted Horizon’s distribution of the Trust as

“shown on [Horizon’s] allocation which is attached and made a part of this

Order.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 23). While the trial court omitted to

physically attach Horizon’s allocation, the proposed allocation had been made

part of Horizon’s Petition and all parties appear to be in agreement that the trial

court “presumably” referenced Horizon’s exhibit in its Order. (Appellant’s Br.

p. 15). During the hearing preceding the trial court’s Order, the parties revisited

the provisions of the Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement and the Real

Property Purchase Order in light of the recent cash flow problems of HMP and

1st Source Bank’s demand for payment on HMP’s indebtedness in the amount

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 of $1,091,714 and 5-K Run in the amount of $1,336,811. Again, Horizon

insisted that it was “trying to close under the terms and conditions of the”

Agreements and requested the trial court to approve the sale in accordance

therewith. (Tr. p. 23). Douglas disputed the terms of the Agreements and the

compliance with the contingencies specified therein.

[22] On appeal, Douglas now contends that the “Agreements that the trial court

attempts to force upon the parties are unenforceable on their face.”

(Appellant’s Br. p. 16). Referencing the drastically changed circumstances with

the appearance and actions of 1st Source Bank, Douglas maintains, among

other arguments, that because 1st Source Bank’s court-appointed receiver took

possession of the assets of HMP and 5-K Run, no consideration exists to

support the Agreements. Consequently, there is no printing business to

purchase and continue. Ignoring recent developments, Horizon, as well as

Brian and Justin, argue that the trial court’s allocation and distribution of Trust

assets should be affirmed.

[23] During the hearing, counsel for 1st Source Bank confirmed that it had notified

the Successor Trustee of HMP’s and 5-K Run’s indebtedness and default and

advised Horizon that it was “currently working on the actions to foreclose on

the real estate and the equipment and other assets. We’re going to ask to have a

receiver appointed as well so those will be on file if not today, tomorrow.” (Tr.

p. 4). However, despite the parties’ awareness of these developments and the

trial court being notified of concurrent important proceedings in a different

tribunal, the trial court failed to take the opportunity to examine the record.

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 Pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 201, a court “may take judicial notice on its

own” of a fact that “can be accurately and readily determined from sources

whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned;” and of the existence of

“records of a court of this state.” In Fisher v. State, 878 N.E.2d 457, 462 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2007), we determined that “it is clear that Indiana appellate courts

take judicial notice of records on file with that court in relation to a related

proceeding.” See also In re Paternity of P.R., 940 N.E.2d 346, 349 (Indiana Trial

Rule 201 allows courts to judicially notice records beyond those in the cases

before them); Pigman v. Ameritech Pub., Inc., 650 N.E.2d 67, 69 (Ind. Ct. App.

1995). Both Douglas and Horizon included in their appellate appendices

certain orders issued by the trial court in the cause of 1st Source Bank against

HMP, et al., which unquestionably establish that all assets of HMP and 5-K

Run have entered into receivership to satisfy 1st Source Bank’s secured debt,

and have been approved by the trial court on January 4, 2017, to be auctioned

off. As a result, HMP’s business is now closed and all assets of HMP and 5-K

Run have been sold.

[24] Without even discussing the trial court’s omission to inquire into the

satisfaction of the Agreements’ contingencies and conditions, we find that the

Agreements can no longer be approved and enforced as written as no

consideration exists. To have a legally binding contract there must generally be

an offer, acceptance, and consideration. Ind. Dept. of State Revenue v. Belterra

Resort Indiana, LLC, 935 N.E.2d 174, 179 (Ind. 2010). To constitute

consideration, there must be “either a benefit to the party making the promise,

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or a loss or detriment to the party to whom the promise is made.” OVRS

Acquisition Corp. v. Cmty. Health Servs., Inc., 657 N.E.2d 117, 126 (Ind. Ct. App.

1995), trans. denied. In the end, “consideration—no matter what its form—

consists of a bargained-for exchange.” Belterra Resort Indiana, LLC, 935 N.E.2d

at 179. In exchange for the promise to pay $400,000, Douglas wanted to obtain

the benefit of HMP’s and 5-K Run’s ownership from the Successor Trustee.

However, due to the foreclosure proceedings instituted by 1st Source Bank, the

Trust no longer includes HMP and 5-K Run and, therefore, Horizon is not in a

position to transfer ownership of these assets to Douglas. Thus, lacking

consideration, the Agreements are not valid. 2 Accordingly, the trial court erred

in granting the distribution of the assets in accordance with the provisions of the

Agreements. 3 We reverse the trial court’s Order and remand to the trial court

to calculate a new distribution and allocation of the remaining assets in the

Trust, if any, in accordance with the provision of the Trust instrument.

2
Although Horizon did not file a complaint for specific performance, it should be noted that when the
subject matter of a contract is sold to an unrelated third party, it is beyond the control of the parties and the
court may not grant specific performance. See UFG, LLC v. Southwest Corp., 848 N.E.2d 353, 361 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2006), trans. denied. Accordingly, because no complaint for specific performance was filed, we will not
address the parties’ allegations with respect to the impossibility of performance and damages. See Bernel v.
Bernel, 930 N.E.2d 673, 683 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (impossibility is an affirmative defense to performance of an
executory contract and is generally invoked as a defense to an action for damages), trans. denied.
3
Throughout their briefs, both Horizon, on the one hand, and Brian and Justin, on the other, argue that we
should affirm the trial court because the trial court had ordered the parties to use May 31, 2016, as the
effective closing date for the Agreements. Therefore, they argue that the sale price can be calculated and
ownership can be transferred as of that effective date, regardless of later developments. Although we agree
that in so far that the trial court ordered May 31, 2016 as the closing date of the Agreements, nevertheless, we
would still conclude that the Agreements are not enforceable as non of the contingencies specified in the
Agreements—most notably 1st Source Bank’s approval to the sale—were satisfied.

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 III. Fiduciary Duties

[25] In their cross-appeal, Brian and Justin contend that the trial court erred in

concluding that Douglas did not breach his fiduciary duty as Trustee.

[26] However, in its order of March 8, 2016, the trial court concluded, in part, that:

2. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the Cascade Property. The [c]ourt finds no
misappropriation of Cascade or of rental income.

3. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the sale of the Calumet Property.

4. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to disclosure of information. All information
was turned over to Brian and Justin. However, Brian and Justin
did have to file Motions before the [c]ourt and are entitled to fees
for that action.

5. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the collection of debt owed by [HMP] to the
Trust.

6. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to oral instructions.

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 19-20).

[27] Accordingly, the issue of Douglas’ purported breach of fiduciary duty was

conclusively decided by the trial court in its order of March 8, 2016. Although

the trial court failed to make a specific determination in writing with respect to

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 this individual claim of breach of fiduciary duty for the order to be a final

judgment as to that claim, the trial court never ruled on the issue of fiduciary

duties again even though Brian and Justin reiterated this claim during the

course of the proceedings. See Indiana Appellate Rule 2(H). Even assuming

that the issue of Douglas’ purported breach was not finally decided upon in the

trial court’s March 8, 2016 order, the issue would be more appropriately raised

after a final decision is reached in this cause. See Shuler v. Estate of Botkins, 970

N.E.2d 164, 167 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (“[O]rders issued by a probate court are

not final until the estate is closed.”)

CONCLUSION
[28] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court erred in approving the

distribution of the Trust, as proposed by the Successor Trustee. We further

conclude that the cross-appeal is not properly before us.

[29] Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

[30] Pyle, J. concurs

[31] Robb, J. concurring in part and dissenting in part with separate opinion

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 IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Douglas W. Klemz, Court of Appeals Case No.
64A05-1611-TR-2617
Appellant-Cross/Appellee-Respondent,

v.

Horizon Bank, et al.,
Appellees-Cross/Appellants-Petitioners.

Robb, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

[32] I concur in the majority’s decision with respect to the division of the trust.

However, I dissent from the majority’s decision that Brian and Justin’s cross-

appeal issue was “conclusively decided by the trial court in its order of March 8,

2016” and that the cross-appeal is not properly before us. See slip op. at ¶ 27.

[33] Even if Brian and Justin’s claim was “finally decided” by the March 8, 2016

order, see id., an appeal of the trial court’s disposition of that claim is not

foreclosed. The March 8, 2016 order was not a final order. The fact that the

trial court never ruled on the issue of Douglas’ fiduciary duties again is

immaterial. For purposes of deciding what is a final order, we do not look issue

by issue – we look at the case as a whole. Appellate Rule 2(H) defines a “final

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 order” as an order that “disposes of all claims as to all parties.” 4 If an order

does less than that, the trial court must make a specific determination in writing

with respect to an individual claim for the order to be a final judgment as to that

claim. Following the March 8, 2016 order, the question of how to distribute the

estate remained, a question addressed by the November 4, 2016 order. The

March 8, 2016 order did not dispose of all claims as to all parties, nor did the

trial court make an express determination that there was no just reason for

delay and direct entry of judgment as to Brian and Justin’s claim. Therefore,

the March 8, 2016 was not a final judgment as to any claim; it was an

interlocutory order. Brian and Justin’s failure to appeal within thirty days of this

interlocutory order did not waive their right to appeal the order. See Keck v.

Walker, 922 N.E.2d 94, 99 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (“A claim of error in an

interlocutory order, even an interlocutory order which is appealable as of right,

is not waived for failure to take an interlocutory appeal . . . .”).

[34] Douglas’ Notice of Appeal designates as the appealed order or judgment both the

March 8, 2016 and the November 4, 2016 interlocutory orders. I would

therefore decide the issue raised by Brian and Justin now in the interest of

judicial economy. But because the majority has chosen not to decide the issue,

I reiterate and emphasize that Brian and Justin’s claims of error in the March 8,

4
Had the March 8, 2016 order been a final judgment disposing of all claims as to all parties, the case would
have been closed and any further litigation would have borne a separate cause number. That is not the case
here.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 64A05-1611-TR-2617 | November 15, 2017 Page 20 of 21
 2016 interlocutory order can be raised by a timely notice of appeal after a final

order is entered in this case, whenever that might be. See slip op. at ¶ 27.

[35]

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 64A05-1611-TR-2617 | November 15, 2017 Page 21 of 21