J-S02034-17
2017 PA Super 363
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ABDUL MURRAY
Appellant No. 3010 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 30, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0001435-2013
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and MOULTON, J.
OPINION BY MOULTON, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 15, 2017
Abdul Murray appeals from the April 30, 2015 judgment of sentence
imposed by the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas following Murray’s
conviction for possession of a firearm by a prohibited person, 18 Pa.C.S. §
6105(a)(1). We affirm.
The trial court set forth the following facts:
Pennsylvania Parole Agent Todd Clark testified that one
of the parolees he was responsible for supervising starting
in December 2012 was Defendant Abdul Murray. In
response to [Murray’s] failure to report for a scheduled
meeting at the parole office, Agent Clark went to [Murray’s]
residence at 1247 West Huntingdon Street in Philadelphia,
a group home that housed a number of parolees.
[Murray] was not present, so Agent Clark left him a
written instruction to report to the parole office on January
11, 2013. On January 11, 2013, [Murray] reported to the
parole office, at which time Agent Clark scheduled a home
visit for January 15, 2013.
J-S02034-17
On January 15, 201[3],[1] Agent Clark went to the
scheduled home visit, but [Murray] was not present. The
following day Agent Clark received a phone call from . . .
one of the managers of the group home in which [Murray]
resided. Based on the information received, Agent Clark
spoke to [Murray] by phone and directed him to report to
the parole office that day.
When [Murray] reported to the parole office, Agent Clark
asked him about his living situation and why he had moved
without permission. [Murray] explained that on January 11,
2013, a housemate known as “E” or Ervin threatened
[Murray] with a black .357 revolver, which [Murray]
managed to wrest away from Ervin. [Murray] then gave the
gun to an acquaintance identified as Jay or “J”.
Based upon the acknowledgement of possession of a
firearm, a violation of the condition of [Murray’s]
supervision, Agent Clark took [Murray] into custody, and
proceeded to review the text messages on [Murray’s]
phone. Agent Clark identified two relevant messages dated
January 16, 2013 sent within less than a minute of each
other:
Yo, Kel if you didn’t hear from me by tonight I am
locked up. So, my stuff is over 1247 West
Huntingdon Street.
And the thing I was telling you about that I took
from the bully is in the bathroom right under the
tub.
Agent Clark then went to the group home at 1247 West
Huntingdon Street where [Murray] had been residing. He
was permitted entry to the property and searched the
bathroom. Under the tub he located a loose piece of metal,
behind which Agent Clark found a bag with an unloaded .357
revolver. Agent Clark called police and turned over the gun
to police custody.
____________________________________________
1The trial court inadvertently wrote “2014” instead of “2013” in its
opinion.
-2-
J-S02034-17
Seven months after he allegedly attacked [Murray], Ervin
Bonner (“E”) attacked another man, Michael Johnson, with
a gun at another recovery house. Bonner was arrested on
July 18, 2013 for his attack on Mr. Johnson.
Memorandum Opinion, 3/7/16, at 2-4 (“1925(a) Op.”) (internal citations
omitted).
Murray filed two motions in limine before trial. In the first motion,
Murray sought to suppress his statements to Agent Clark and the evidence
obtained from the warrantless search of his cell phone. In the second motion,
Murray sought to preclude the introduction of his statements to Agent Clark
at trial under the corpus delicti rule. Both motions were heard and denied by
the Honorable Susan I. Schulman. Murray then orally moved to recuse Judge
Shulman, who granted the motion.
On September 11, 2014, Murray proceeded to a non-jury trial before
the Honorable Giovanni Campbell. At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court
held the verdict under advisement. On October 15, 2014, the trial court found
Murray guilty of possession of a firearm by a prohibited person. On December
14, 2014, Murray filed a motion for extraordinary relief, alleging that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately investigate Murray’s
justification defense. The trial court appointed new counsel, who filed an
amended motion for extraordinary relief. The trial court denied the motion on
February 29, 2015.
On April 30, 2015, the trial court sentenced Murray to 4½ to 9 years’
incarceration. Murray timely filed post-sentence motions, which were denied
-3-
J-S02034-17
by operation of law on September 4, 2015. On September 30, 2015, Murray
timely appealed to this Court.
Murray raises the following issues on appeal:
I. Did the Commonwealth violate Brady v. Maryland[2]
by failing to disclose the identity of the attacker who
earlier pulled a gun on [Murray], as well as the
identi[t]y of another victim who previously accused
the same attacker of pulling a gun on him?
Furthermore, did the Commonwealth continue the
violation by failing to disclose the allegation made by
the other victim to the Philadelphia Police Department
and the resultant charges that the Commonwealth
brought against the attacker?
II. Are the identities of Ervin Bonner, Michael Johnson
and Rashod Green—as well as the allegations made
by Mr. Johnson and the charges against Bonner—
after-discovered evidence entitling [Murray] to a new
trial?
III. Did the Commonwealth fail to satisfy the corpus
del[i]cti rule prior to introducing [Murray’s]
statements to Agent Clark where it failed to
establish[] that a crime was committed prior to
offering Agent Clark to testify as to [Murray’s]
statements?
IV. Should all evidence recovered from [Murray’s] cell
phone have been suppressed, because Agent Clark
undoubtedly failed to satisfy the simple requirement
of him—get a warrant?
V. Did the Commonwealth fail to offer sufficient evidence
to authenticate certain text messages that it offered
into evidence?
Murray’s Br. at 4 (trial court answers omitted).
____________________________________________
2 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
-4-
J-S02034-17
First, Murray asserts that the Commonwealth violated Brady by failing
to disclose to the defense Bonner’s identity and subsequent arrest for an
allegedly similar incident before trial. We disagree.
Brady requires the prosecution to disclose all exculpatory information
material to the defendant’s guilt or punishment, including impeachment
evidence. Commonwealth v. Ovalles, 144 A.3d 957, 965 (Pa.Super. 2016).
To establish a Brady violation, the defendant has the burden of proving that:
(1) the evidence at issue was favorable to the defendant, either as exculpatory
or impeachment evidence; (2) the evidence was suppressed by the
prosecution, either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) the defendant was
prejudiced. Id.
Here, the record established that Murray’s counsel knew Bonner’s
identity before trial. In his December 24, 2014 motion for extraordinary relief,
Murray averred:
Prior to trial, defense counsel had in their
possession the name and former address of the
individual who introduced the gun in question into
[Murray’s] life in the first place. In spite of having this
information available, counsel failed to research this
individual’s criminal background to determine whether
threatening other residents in the rooming house where he
lived was part of some common plan and scheme on the
part of Mr. Bonner.
Murray’s Mot. for Extraordinary Relief, 12/24/14, ¶ 11 (emphasis added). It
is well settled that “Brady is not violated when the appellant knew or, with
reasonable diligence, could have uncovered the evidence in question, or when
-5-
J-S02034-17
the evidence was available to the defense from other sources.” Ovalles, 144
A.3d at 965.
Moreover, Murray failed to establish that the Commonwealth withheld
evidence of Bonner’s subsequent criminal conduct. In his motion for
extraordinary relief, Murray notified the Commonwealth that Bonner had been
arrested for an allegedly similar incident, attaching the arrest report for
Bonner’s criminal case to the motion. See Murray’s Mot. for Extraordinary
Relief, 12/24/14, Ex. A. The Defender Association of Philadelphia, which
represented Murray at that time, also represented Bonner. See id., Ex. B.
The Commonwealth cannot be charged with failing to disclose information that
was readily available to the defense. See Commonwealth v. Grant, 813
A.2d 726, 730 (Pa. 2002) (rejecting Brady claim regarding prosecution
witness’s additional crimen falsi convictions where defendant was represented
by public defender at trial, public defender’s office uncovered evidence after
trial, and defendant failed “to explain why the public defender could not have
procured this same information before or during trial”). Therefore, Murray’s
Brady claim lacks merit.
To the extent Murray argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to properly investigate Bonner’s identity and criminal background
before trial, we agree with the trial court that such a claim is properly deferred
to collateral review. See 1925(a) Op. at 9 (“[T]he PCRA is the appropriate
vehicle for raising the challenges [to counsel’s ineffectiveness] and conducting
the inquiry into the failure to investigate . . . .”). Absent extraordinary
-6-
J-S02034-17
circumstances, which do not exist here, “claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel are to be deferred to PCRA review . . . and such claims should not be
reviewed upon direct appeal.” Commonwealth v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562,
576 (Pa. 2013).
Second, Murray asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion
for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence. Murray claims that the
identities of Bonner, Johnson, and Green, as well as Bonner’s subsequent
arrest for a similar incident, qualify as “new” evidence entitling him to a new
trial. We disagree.
To obtain a new trial based on after-discovered evidence, the defendant
must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the evidence: (1) could
not have been obtained before the conclusion of trial by the exercise of
reasonable diligence; (2) is not merely corroborative or cumulative; (3) will
not be used solely to impeach a witness’s credibility; and (4) would likely
result in a different verdict. Commonwealth v. Pagan, 950 A.2d 270, 292
(Pa. 2008); see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(c). As discussed above, Murray’s counsel
knew Bonner’s identity before trial and could have uncovered Bonner’s
criminal record, given that both Murray and Bonner were represented by the
Defender Association at that time. Therefore, because Murray could have
obtained the evidence before trial by exercising reasonable diligence, he failed
to satisfy the first prong of an after-discovered evidence claim.
Third, Murray asserts that the trial court erred in admitting his
statements to Agent Clark at trial in violation of the corpus delicti rule. Murray
-7-
J-S02034-17
argues that the Commonwealth failed to establish the corpus delicti of
possession of a firearm by a prohibited person before admitting Murray’s
statements about the gun. We disagree.
The corpus delicti rule involves the admissibility of evidence, which we
review for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Dupre, 866 A.2d 1089,
1097 (Pa.Super. 2005). “The corpus [delicti] . . . rule places the burden on
the prosecution to establish that a crime has actually occurred before a
confession or admission of the accused connecting him to the crime can be
admitted.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Rivera, 828 A.2d 1094, 1103
(Pa.Super. 2003)). “The Commonwealth need not prove the existence of a
crime beyond a reasonable doubt as an element in establishing the corpus
delicti of a crime, but the evidence must be more consistent with a crime than
with [an] accident.” Id. at 1098. The corpus delicti, or “body of the crime,”
may be proven by circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Hogans, 584
A.2d 347, 349 (Pa. Super. 1990).
Our Court has explained:
Establishing the corpus delicti in Pennsylvania is a two-step
process. The first step concerns the trial judge’s admission
of the accused’s statements and the second step concerns
the fact finder’s consideration of those statements. In order
for the statement to be admitted, the Commonwealth must
prove the corpus delicti by a preponderance of the evidence.
In order for the statement to be considered by the fact
finder, the Commonwealth must establish the corpus delicti
beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Young, 904 A.2d 947, 956 (Pa.Super. 2006) (quoting
Rivera, 828 A.2d at 1104 n.10).
-8-
J-S02034-17
Here, the trial court found sufficient evidence to support the admission
of Murray’s statements under the corpus delicti rule. At the suppression
hearing, Agent Clark testified that he discovered an operable gun concealed
in a communal bathroom inside a boarding house where Murray and other
parolees lived. N.T., 1/2/14, at 25-26. The gun was hidden inside a plastic
bag and under a bathtub in the only bathroom in the boarding house. See
id. We agree with the trial court that the evidence of a concealed weapon
inside a parolee boarding house was more consistent with criminal activity
than with an accident. That the gun was secreted in such a manner suggests
that the person who placed it there did not lawfully possess it. We conclude
that even without Murray’s statements, the Commonwealth established, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the corpus delicti of possession of a firearm
by a prohibited person. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in admitting Murray’s statements.
Fourth, Murray asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the text
messages recovered from his cell phone because Agent Clark failed to obtain
a warrant before searching his phone. Murray relies on Riley v. California,
134 S.Ct. 2473, 2495 (2014), in which the United States Supreme Court held
that the Fourth Amendment to the Unites States Constitution generally
requires police to obtain a warrant before searching a cell phone incident to
-9-
J-S02034-17
an arrest.3 In response, the Commonwealth argues that Riley’s holding does
not apply to parolees such as Murray because parolees have a diminished
expectation of privacy.
As the Commonwealth points out, Riley did not address parole
searches. To date, this Court has applied Riley only to cases involving a
search incident to an arrest of a non-parolee. See Commonwealth v. Stem,
96 A.3d 407, 414 (Pa.Super. 2014) (“In light of the [Supreme] Court’s
decision in Riley, the [warrantless] search of Stem’s cellular telephone
undoubtedly was unconstitutional.”); see also Commonwealth v. Mosley,
114 A.3d 1072, 1081 (Pa.Super. 2015) (concluding that where police officer
failed to obtain search warrant before viewing text messages on cell phone
seized incident to Mosley’s arrest, any improper viewing of messages was
harmless error “because a valid warrant was subsequently issued to search
the phone[]”), app. denied, 166 A.3d 1215 (Pa. 2017). We have found no
Pennsylvania appellate decision addressing Riley’s application to parole
searches.4
____________________________________________
Riley was decided on June 25, 2014, shortly after Judge Shulman
3
denied Murray’s motion to suppress the text messages. On July 29, 2014,
Murray filed a motion for reconsideration based on the Riley decision, which
Judge Shulman denied after a hearing on August 11, 2014.
Several federal courts that have addressed this issue following Riley
4
have concluded that Riley’s holding is inapplicable to parole searches. See,
e.g., United States v. Luna, 602 Fed.Appx. 363, 365 (9th Cir.) (holding that
warrantless search of parolee’s cell phone “was a constitutional parole
search”), cert. denied, 136 S.Ct. 102 (2015); United States v. Johnson,
579 Fed.Appx. 920, 926 n.6 (11th Cir. 2014) (“Riley . . . has no application
- 10 -
J-S02034-17
We agree with the Commonwealth that Riley is inapplicable to this case
because of Murray’s status as a parolee. It is well settled that “[i]n exchange
for early release from prison, the parolee cedes away certain constitutional
protections enjoyed by the populace in general.” Commonwealth v.
Edwards, 874 A.2d 1192, 1197 (Pa.Super. 2005). “Because the very
assumption of the institution of parole is that the parolee is more likely than
the ordinary citizen to violate the law, the [parole] agents need not have
probable cause to search a parolee or his property; instead reasonable
suspicion is sufficient to authorize a search.” Commonwealth v. Curry,
900 A.2d 390, 394 (Pa.Super. 2006) (emphasis added; internal quotations
omitted).
In Pennsylvania, a search of a parolee’s property will be deemed
reasonable if the evidence shows that: (1) the parole officer had reasonable
____________________________________________
to the instant case because here [the defendant] waived his Fourth
Amendment rights as a condition of parole.”); United States v. Johnson,
No. 14–CR–00412–TEH, 2015 WL 4776096, at *3 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 13, 2015)
(“[E]very federal court that has addressed the application of the parole search
exception in the wake of Riley has found that the exception remains valid.”);
United States v. Martinez, No. CR 13–00794 WHA, 2014 WL 3956677, at
*3 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 12, 2014) (concluding that Riley was “inapplicable to [the
defendant] because he was on parole and was subject to a parole search
condition”); United States v. Dahl, 64 F.Supp.3d 659, 661-64 (E.D.Pa.
2014) (holding that warrantless search of probationer’s cell phone was proper
where probation officer had reasonable suspicion of probation violation under
Delaware law). But see United States v. Lara, 815 F.3d 605, 612-13 (9th
Cir. 2016) (concluding that warrantless search of probationer’s cell phone was
unconstitutional where condition in probation order did not clearly encompass
search of cell phone and its data and search did not promote legitimate
governmental interest of combatting recidivism because probationer was
convicted of non-violent drug offense and had merely missed his meeting with
probation officer).
- 11 -
J-S02034-17
suspicion that the parolee committed a parole violation; and (2) the search
was reasonably related to the parole officer’s duty. Commonwealth v.
Williams, 692 A.2d 1031, 1036 (Pa. 1997); see 61 Pa.C.S. § 6153(d)(2)
(stating that parole agent may search parolee’s property if agent has
reasonable suspicion to believe that property in parolee’s possession “contains
contraband or other evidence of violations of the conditions of supervision”).
Parole agents with the requisite reasonable suspicion need not obtain a
warrant to search a parolee’s property. See Curry, 900 A.2d at 394. To
determine whether reasonable suspicion exists in this context, we consider
the following factors:
(i) The observations of agents.
(ii) Information provided by others.
(iii) The activities of the offender.
(iv) Information provided by the offender.
(v) The experience of agents with the offender.
(vi) The experience of agents in similar circumstances.
(vii) The prior criminal and supervisory history of the
offender.
(viii) The need to verify compliance with the conditions of
supervision.
61 Pa.C.S. § 6153(d)(6).
Here, the evidence established that Agent Clark’s search of Murray’s cell
phone was based on reasonable suspicion that Murray had committed a parole
violation. At the suppression hearing, Agent Clark testified that Murray
admitted to possessing a firearm after an altercation with a housemate, which
- 12 -
J-S02034-17
was a violation of Murray’s parole. N.T., 1/2/14, at 18-19. Agent Clark also
testified that based on his prior experience, he believed Murray’s cell phone
could contain additional evidence of a parole violation, such as “conversations
in reference to the firearm that [Murray] was speaking about” or “photographs
of [Murray] with the firearm.” Id. at 21-22, 29-30.5 Accordingly, we conclude
that Agent Clark’s search of Murray’s cell phone for text messages and photos
was reasonably related to his duty to investigate a suspected parole violation.
See Commonwealth v. Colon, 31 A.3d 309, 316 (Pa.Super. 2011);
Commonwealth v. Koehler, 914 A.2d 427, 434 (Pa.Super. 2006).
Finally, Murray asserts that the Commonwealth failed to properly
authenticate the text messages recovered from his cell phone before offering
them into evidence. We disagree.
“Admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court
and will be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court clearly abused
its discretion.” In Interest of F.P., 878 A.2d 91, 94 (Pa.Super. 2005).
Electronic communications, such as text messages, must be authenticated
prior to their admission. See Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1002-
03 (Pa.Super. 2011), aff’d by an equally divided court, 106 A.3d 705 (Pa.
2014). “[P]roof of any circumstances which will support a finding that the
writing is genuine will suffice to authenticate the writing.” F.P., 878 A.2d at
94.
____________________________________________
As the concurring opinion correctly observes, “[w]e are not faced here
5
with a bald assertion, based on an agent’s experience, that cell phones often
contain relevant evidence.” Concurring Op. at 1.
- 13 -
J-S02034-17
Under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 901, text messages may be
authenticated by: (1) testimony from either the author or the sender; (2)
circumstantial evidence, including “distinctive characteristics” like information
specifying the author-sender or “reference to or correspondence with relevant
events” preceding or following the message; or (3) “any other facts or aspects
of the [message] that signify it to be what its proponent claims.”
Commonwealth v. Koch, 106 A.3d 705, 712-13 (Pa. 2014) (Castille, C.J.,
in support of affirmance); see Commonwealth v. Collins, 957 A.2d 237,
265-66 (Pa. 2008). Further, “[a]uthentication generally entails a relatively
low burden of proof; in the words of Rule 901 itself, simply ‘evidence sufficient
to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims.’” Koch, 106
A.3d at 713 (quoting Pa.R.E. 901(a)).
The trial court determined that the text messages in question were
properly authenticated based on the contextual clues in the messages and the
fact that Agent Clark retrieved the phone from Murray’s person:6
____________________________________________
Although Murray argues in his brief that the Commonwealth failed to
6
prove that the cell phone in question was Murray’s phone, Murray’s Br. at 27-
28, the record belies this claim. Agent Clark testified at the suppression
hearing as follows:
When we took [Murray] into custody I confiscated his cell
phone. After [Murray] was in custody I asked [him] for the
access code to his cell phone. I believe he hesitated. It was
2850. I entered that code to unlock the screen of his cell
phone and I reviewed his text messages.
N.T., 1/2/14, at 19-20; see also Murray’s Post-Sent. Mot., Appx. B at 2.
Moreover, Murray did not contest his possession or ownership of the cell phone
- 14 -
J-S02034-17
Here, in addition to the fact that the phone was in
[Murray’s] possession, the content of the message[s],
regarding the sender’s expectation that he might be getting
locked up that day, and alluding . . . to an item taken from
the bully, is consistent with the events and chronology of
[Murray] being ordered to report to his parole agent’s office
within 45 minutes, earlier that same day,2 and [Murray’s]
description of the incident in which he acquired the gun.
2 The time on the messages could not have been
correct, since those times were actually after the time
when Agent Clark recovered the phone from [Murray].
Of course this is impossible, but as the Agent pointed
out, it did not appear that the time on the phone was
set to the correct zone.
1925(a) Op. at 5-6 (citations omitted). The record supports the trial court’s
reasoning. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
the text messages into evidence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
President Judge Emeritus Ford Elliott joins this opinion.
Judge Stabile joins this opinion and files a concurring opinion.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/15/2017
____________________________________________
in his motion to suppress, at the suppression hearing, or at trial. Therefore,
he has waived this argument on appeal.
- 15 -
Com. v. Murray, A.
Combined Opinion