FILED
NOVEMBER 16, 2017
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 34411-8-111
Respondent, )
)
V. )
)
CASSIE KAY ROBERTSON, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
FEARING, C.J. - Cassie Robertson appeals from convictions for possession of
marijuana with intent to deliver and with a school bus stop enhancement, possession of
methamphetamine, and possession of cocaine. On appeal, Robertson challenges the
finding of probable cause that supported a search warrant and the sufficiency of the
evidence to convict her of possession of marijuana. We affirm the validity of the search
warrant and thereby affirm Robertson's convictions for possession ofmethamphetamine
and cocaine. Robertson contends that, because of conflicting amendments during the
2013 legislature session to the statute defining the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) level in
cannabis, the State failed to prove a sufficient level of marijuana to convict her of
No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
possession of marijuana because the State did not assay the green leaves seized without
excluding THC acid. Based on RCW 1.12.025, we disagree and affirm Robertson's
conviction for possession of marijuana. We later introduce other issues raised on appeal
by Robertson.
FACTS
In 2013 and 2014, the Washington State Legislature, as a result of the 2012
passage of Initiative 502, adopted a series of amendments to Washington's version of the
Uniform Controlled Substances Act, chapter 69.50 RCW. The first and third
amendments addressed the definition of marijuana, the level of THC needed to declare
cannabis to be marijuana under the law, and the manner in which experts assay the level
of THC. The second amendment, not intended to address the definition of marijuana,
omitted the amending language from the first amendment. We will discuss the
amendments in our legal analysis below. For now, we note that the State found
marijuana in the possession of Cassie Robertson during the flux of the amendments.
The State convicted Cassie Robertson based on evidence of controlled substances
gathered from her home during the execution of a search warrant. Since Robertson
argues that the warrant lacked probable cause, we now relate facts found in a telephonic
affidavit in support of the warrant.
Using a confidential informant, the Ephrata Police Department, in late January
2014, conducted a controlled buy from Cassie Robertson at her home on Sunset Street in
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State v. Robertson
Ephrata. Officers searched the informant before the purchase ploy and found no
contraband or money. The officers then gave the informant a ten-dollar bill with the
serial number recorded and followed the informant to Robertson's residence. The
informant entered the residence, exited the residence minutes later, and handed Ephrata
Officer Ryan Harvey the purchased substance. Another search of the informant produced
no money or contraband.
The confidential informant reported to Ephrata Police Department officers that
Cassie Robertson welcomed the informant into her bedroom, where he viewed five
plastic bags containing green leaves. Robertson directed the informant to seiect a
"flavor." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 69. After the informant chose a flavor, Robertson
weighed a small amount of the green leaves on a scale and placed the leaves into a
smaller plastic bag. The informant handed Robertson the recorded bill. Ephrata Police
Officer Jeff Wentworth later measured the green leaves as weighing 0.5 grams.
Wentworth performed a field test on the green leaves and the greenery tested positive for
manJuana.
The confidential informant also apprised Ephrata police officers that, inside Cassie
Robertson's abode, he viewed white powder in small plastic bags, inside larger plastic
bags. According to the informant, Robertson identified the white powder as cocaine and
stated that the cocaine cost $180 per ball, an eighth of an ounce or 3. 5 grams.
On January 23, 2014, at 2:45 a.m., Ephrata Police Officer Ryan Harvey
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
telephonically requested a warrant to search Cassie Robertson's Ephrata residence.
During the recorded call, Officer Harvey explained, under oath, that the Ephrata Police
Department had investigated Robertson for six weeks. The confidential informant had
recently entered Cassie Robertson's home and observed marijuana and cocaine.
In his telephonic affidavit, Officer Ryan Harvey identified reasons why the
confidential informant should be considered knowledgeable and reliable. The informant
had purchased, sold, and used other controlled substances and had been convicted of
violations of the controlled substances act. The informant previously engaged in
controlled buys for the Ephrata Police Department, from which law enforcement
discovered controlled substances.
In his affidavit, Officer Ryan Harvey also listed some of his own training and
experience. Harvey received training for narcotics investigations and investigated other
narcotics crimes.
A superior court judge authorized the search warrant to enter Cassie Robertson's
home. The warrant authorized the seizure of marijuana, other controlled substances, drug
paraphernalia, written records of drug sales, and control buy money.
We now forward to evidence presented at trial. On January 23, 2014, at 4 a.m.,
the Ephrata Police Department executed the warrant and recovered six bags of green
leaves, the ten-dollar bill used in the control buy, white powder, and white crystals. After
being read Miranda warnings, Robertson admitted to officers that she sold marijuana to
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
fund her drug habit for methamphetamine and cocaine.
Law enforcement forwarded the green leaves, the white powder, and the white
crystals to the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory for testing. Sheri Jenkins, a
forensic technician with the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory Division in
Cheney, analyzed the leaves. Jenkins tested three samples of the green vegetable.
Sample A contained 19.53 percent THC. Sample B contained 18.23 percent THC.
Sample C contained 19.93 percent THC. The testing identified the white crystals as
cocaine and the white powder as methamphetamine.
The crime laboratory's test did not distinguish between delta-9 THC and THC acid
found in the samples. Delta-9 THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.
THC acid is nonpsychoactive and must be converted to delta-9 THC to influence the
user. When someone smokes cannabis, the acid transmogrifies into delta-9 THC through
a chemical process called decarboxylation. We do not know if the State's testing
machine could test solely for delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol.
Ephrata Police Officer Ryan Harvey investigated the proximity of a school bus
stop to Cassie Robertson's residence. Officer Harvey obtained, from the Ephrata School
District, a list of locations of school bus stops within the district. Harvey identified two
bus stops within a half block of Robertson's home. He drove to the locations and
measured, with an Ephrata Police Department roller tape, the distance from each location
to Robertson's residence. Officer Harvey never calibrated the roller tape or measured its
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
accuracy. At trial, Harvey explained how one uses the roller tape, and he demonstrated
the roller's accuracy with a one-foot-long ruler. Officer Harvey confirmed the ruler's
accuracy by comparing it to a standard, eleven and one-half inch long, yellow notepad.
Harvey then testified that, using the roller tape, he measured the distance from each bus
stop to the edge of Cassie Robertson's property. One distance reached 280 feet. Harvey
noted that Robertson's property comprised a quarter of an acre.
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington charged Cassie Robertson with one count of possession
of marijuana with the intent to deliver, one count of possession of methamphetamine, and
one count of possession of cocaine. The State alleged the crimes occurred on January 23,
2014, the date that Ephrata Police Department officers searched Robertson's home. The
State later amended the information to add a school bus stop enhancement to the first
charge. The State alleged that possession of the marijuana with intent to manufacture or
deliver occurred within 1,000 feet of a school bus stop.
Before trial, Cassie Robertson sought an order quashing the search warrant for her
home and suppressing evidence found during the search of her residence. The trial court
denied the motion. Cassie Robertson waived a jury trial.
Forensic technician Sheri Jenkins testified at trial regarding her tests of the green
leaves seized from Cassie Robertson's home. She admitted that her test did not
distinguish between delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and THC acid.
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
The trial court convicted Cassie Robertson on all three charged counts and the
school bus stop enhancement for the marijuana charge. Our trial record lacks any formal
findings of fact. Nevertheless, the trial court wrote an extensive verdict after trial, which
mentions findings resulting from the trial. Since we do not know if the trial court entered
findings of fact not forwarded to us and since neither party complains about the lack of
any findings of fact, we treat the verdict as containing the trial court's findings of fact and
conclusions of law. The trial court found that Cassie Robertson admitted to officers that
she sold marijuana in order to gamer money to purchase cocaine and methamphetamine.
The trial court noted the various levels of THC found in the three samples of marijuana
tested by Sheri Jenkins. The court noted and impliedly found that the evidence failed to
establish the THC content of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol alone. The trial court ruled,
however, that the State did not need to establish the THC level by excluding THC acid
and by delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol alone.
The trial court sentenced Robertson to serve twelve months of community custody
on a parenting sentencing alternative. A condition of community custody prohibited
possession or consumption of controlled substances, including marijuana, without a
prescription.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Probable Cause for Search Warrant
Cassie Robertson asks that we vacate all three of her convictions on the basis that
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
the Ephrata Police Department lacked probable cause for issuance of the search warrant
for her home. She also contends that insufficient evidence supported her conviction for
possession of marijuana with intent to deliver and insufficient evidence supported the
school bus stop enhancement. Finally, Robertson challenges the community custody
condition of abstaining from marijuana. We address the assignments of error in such
order.
Cassie Robertson contends the trial court should have suppressed the controlled
substances seized pursuant to the search warrant because probable cause did not support
the warrant. Remember that the warrant application relied on a law enforcement officer's
THC field test of green leaves purchased from Robertson by a confidential informant.
She claims the field test could not measure concentration of THC such that law
enforcement lacked probable cause for identifying the leaves as marijuana. Robertson
notes that the legislature added THC concentration to the definition of marijuana in order
to distinguish marijuana from hemp. The State responds that the trial court properly
denied Robertson's motion to suppress because the field test in addition to other evidence
supported a finding of probable cause.
We review the issuance of a search warrant for abuse of discretion. State v.
Maddox, 152 Wn.2d 499, 509, 98 P.3d 1199 (2004). Trial courts accord great deference
to a magistrate's determination of probable cause. State v. Maddox, 152 Wn.2d at 509;
State v. Clark, 143 Wn.2d 731, 748, 24 P.3d 1006 (2001). We resolve any doubts in
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
favor of the validity of the warrant. State v. Perez, 92 Wn. App. 1, 4, 963 P.2d 881
(1998).
An affidavit suffices for the issuance of a search warrant if, on reading the
affidavit, an ordinary person would understand that a criminal violation occurred and
continued at the time of the application. State v. Casto, 39 Wn. App. 229, 232, 692 P.2d
890 (1984). Probable cause requires a nexus between criminal activity and the item to be
seized and also a nexus between the item to be seized and the place to be searched. State
v. Thein, 138 Wn.2d 133, 140, 977 P.2d 582 (1999). Cassie Robertson's suspected
criminal activity entailed the sale of marijuana and the possession of other controlled
substances.
Cassie Robertson argues the marijuana field test performed on the green leaf
substance obtained by the informant was legally inadequate because it could not measure
THC concentration. In so arguing, Robertson omits reference to evidence that the
confidential informant saw other controlled substances in Robertson's residence. We
conclude that regardless of the presence of other controlled substances and regardless of
whether anyone tested the marijuana, probable cause supported the search warrant. The
probable criminal activity occurred within the area authorized to be searched.
Law enforcement often conducts controlled buys to establish probable cause
before applying for a search warrant. State v. Casto, 39 Wn. App. at 232; State v. Maffeo,
31 Wn. App. 198,199,642 P.2d 404 (1982). Ifthe informant enters a building empty
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
and returns with a controlled substance, law enforcement proves the informant's assertion
that drugs were present and confirms the informant's reliability. State v. Casto, 39 Wn.
App. at 234. When properly executed, a controlled buy provides the facts and
circumstances necessary to satisfy probable cause. State v. Steenerson, 3 8 Wn. App. 722,
726, 688 P.2d 544 (1984).
State v. Casto parallels the instant case and permits the discovery of marijuana to
support proximate cause regardless of any testing of the vegetable. In State v. Casto, this
court addressed whether a warrant application supported the trial court's finding of
probable cause when based on the report of a confidential informant. We discerned no
merit in the defendant's contention that a deputy sheriff trained in marijuana
identification must be able to testify to the nature and proportions of his testing
chemicals. Chemical proof is not legally required.
Reliable information in Officer Ryan Harvey's telephonic search warrant affidavit
established that Cassie Robertson handled marijuana, not hemp. Her instruction for the
informant to pick a flavor corroborates that she intended the green leaves for
consumption. The training and experience of Officer Ryan Harvey in narcotics
investigations bolstered his identification of the green leaf substance as marijuana. The
positive marijuana field test provided additional verifying, but unnecessary, evidence that
confirmed the illegality of the marijuana sold by Robertson.
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No. 34411-8-111
State v. Robertson
Cassie Robertson raises no other challenges to the validity of her convictions for
possession of methamphetamine and cocaine. Therefore, we affirm her convictions on
both charges.
Sufficient Evidence of Unlawful Marijuana
Cassie Robertson next contends that insufficient evidence supports her conviction
for possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. She argues that the State failed to
prove the green leaf substance to be marijuana. She maintains that we must apply a
statutory definition of marijuana as cannabis with a THC concentration above 0.3 percent
excluding THC acid. The State's test for THC concentration of Robertson's marijuana
included the presence of THC acid. Robertson, therefore, claims the forensic testing by
Sheri Jenkins failed to prove the substance met the statutory definition of marijuana. The
State responds that Robertson's argument relies on a misinterpretation of the legislative
history of the definition of marijuana and that we should apply a statutory definition that
allows testing to include THC acid to arrive at a concentration exceeding 0.3 percent.
We agree with the State and affirm Robertson's conviction.
Our resolution of this intriguing issue requires the court to review the recent
legislative history of the definition of marijuana found in RCW 69.50.101. The
legislature has occasionally altered the definition as to whether the marijuana must
contain a certain concentration of THC, and, if so, the constituents of marijuana that
forensic testers may weigh to measure the concentration. RCW 69.50.101 defines terms
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
that apply to the entire chapter 69.50 RCW, including RCW 69.50.401, the statute
prohibiting possession of marijuana with intent to deliver and under which the trial court
convicted Cassie Robertson.
RCW 69.50.101 currently declares, in relevant part:
(w) "Marijuana" or "marihuana" means all parts of the plant
Cannabis, whether growing or not, with a THC concentration greater than
0.3 percent on a dry weight basis; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted
from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt,
derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds or resin. The term
does not include:
(1) The mature stalks of the plant, fiber produced from the stalks, oil
or cake made from the seeds of the plant, any other compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the mature stalks
(except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized
seed of the plant which is incapable of germination; or
(2) Industrial hemp as defined in RCW 15.120.010.
(ss) "THC concentration" means percent of delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol content per dry weight of any part of the plant
Cannabis, or per volume or weight of marijuana product, or the combined
percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in
any part of the plant Cannabis regardless of moisture content.
Under the current code, the State presented sufficient evidence to convict Cassie
Robertson of possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. The definition of THC
concentration has undergone recent changes, however.
Before December 6, 2012, RCW 69.50.101 read, in part:
(q) "Marijuana" or "marihuana" means all parts of the plant
Cannabis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted
from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt,
derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds or resin. The term
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No. 34411-8-111
State v. Robertson
does not include the mature stalks of the plant, fiber produced from the
stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of the plant, any other compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the mature stalks
(except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized
seed of the plant which is incapable of germination.
The statute made no reference to THC concentration. 2012's Initiative Measure 502
significantly decriminalized, under Washington law, the possession of marijuana in small
amounts. The initiative, effective December 6, 2012, amended RCW 69.50.101 to
include, within the definition ofRCW 69.50.101, a minimum THC concentration. After
the initiative, the statute read:
(s) "Marijuana" or "marihuana" means all parts of the plant
Cannabis, whether growing or not, with a THC concentration greater than
0.3 percent on a dry weight basis; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted
from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt,
derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds or resin. The term
does not include the mature stalks of the plant, fiber produced from the
stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of the plant, any other compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the mature stalks
(except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized
seed of the plant which is incapable of germination.
(ii) "THC concentration" means percent of delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol content per dry weight of any part of the plant
Cannabis, or per volume or weight of marijuana product, or the combined
percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid
in any part of the plant Cannabis regardless of moisture content.
(Emphasis added).
The Washington Legislature added amendments to Initiative 502. On May 1,
2013, through Engrossed House Bill 2056 (EHB 2056), effective May 1, 2013, the
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
legislature amended the definition of THC concentration. The bill reads, in pertinent
part:
Chapter 116
H.B. No. 2056
DRUGS AND MEDICINE-MARIJUANA-THC CONCENTRATION
AN ACT Relating to correcting the definition of THC concentration
as adopted by Initiative Measure No. 502 to avoid an implication that
conversion, by combustion, of tetrahydrocannabinol acid into delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol is not part of the THC content that differentiates
marijuana from hemp; amending RCW 69 .50.101; and declaring an
emergency.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF
WASHINGTON:
Sec. 1. RCW 69.50.101 and 2013 c 12 s 2 are each amended to read
as follows:
(ii) "THC concentration'' means percent of delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol content per dry weight of any part of the plant
Cannabis, or per volume or weight of marijuana product, or the combined
percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid
in any part of the plant Cannabis regardless of moisture content.
(Second emphasis added.) EHB 2056 allowed forensic testers to include THC acid when
analyzing THC content. The state governor signed EHB 2056 on May 1, 2013. Note that
the stated purpose ofEHB 2056 was correction of the definition of "THC concentration"
to include conversion of THC acid.
On May 16, 2013, the legislature adopted a competing bill, Substitute Senate Bill
5416 (SSB 5416), effective July 28, 2013, that failed to recognize EHB 2056's inclusion
of the final clause to the definition of THC. The Washington Governor signed the bill on
May 16, 2013. Notably, however, when the legislature adopted SSB 5416, it did not
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No. 34411-8-111
State v. Robertson
include and place a strike through "or the combined percent of delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in any part of the plant Cannabis
regardless of moisture content," language previously added in EHB 2056. A strike
through language is the method employed by the legislature when it intends to remove
language from a statute. SSB 5416 reads, in relevant part:
CHAPTER276
S.S.B. No. 5416
PRESCRIPTIONS-CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-ELECTRONIC
FILING
AN ACT Relating to prescription information; amending RCW
69.41.010, 69.50.308, and 69.50.312; and reenacting and amending RCW
69.50.101.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF
WASHINGTON:
Sec. 1. RCW 69.41.010 and 2012 c 10 s 44 are each amended to
read as follows:
As used in this chapter, the following terms have the meanings
indicated unless the context clearly requires otherwise:
(s) "Marijuana" or "marihuana'' means all parts of the plant
Cannabis, whether growing or not, with a THC concentration greater than
0.3 percent on a dry weight basis; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted
from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt,
derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds or resin. The term
does not include the mature stalks of the plant, fiber produced from the
stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of the plant, any other compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the mature stalks
(except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized .
seed of the plant which is incapable of germination.
(ii) "THC concentration" means percent of delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol content per dry weight of any part of the plant
Cannabis, or per volume or weight of marijuana product.
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
Note that the legislature intended SSB 5416 to address electronic filing of prescriptions
for controlled substances. The legislature did not design the bill to sculpt the definition
of marijuana or THC concentration.
Finally, on April 2, 2014, the Washington Legislature adopted Engrossed
Substitute House Bill 2304 (ESHB 2304), effective June 12, 2014. The bill returns the
phrase "or the combined percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and
tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in any part of the plant Cannabis regardless of moisture
content" to the definition of "THC" in RCW 69.50.101 and renumbers the subparagraph
to "(kk)." The bill declares, in part:
CHAPTER192
Engrossed Substitute House Bill No. 2304
MARIJUANA-PROCESSING-RETAIL LICENSES
AN ACT Relating to marijuana processing and retail licenses;
amending RCW 69.50.325, 69.50.354, 69.50.357, 69.50.360, 42.56.270,
and 69.50.535; and reenacting and amending RCW 69.50.101.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF
WASHINGTON:
Sec. 1. RCW 69.50.101 and 2013 c 276 s 2 and 2013 c 116 s 1 are
each reenacted and amended to read as follows:
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, definitions of terms
shall be as indicated where used in this chapter:
(t) "Marijuana" or "marihuana" means all parts of the plant
Cannabis, whether growing or not, with a THC concentration greater than
0.3 percent on a dry weight basis; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted
from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt,
derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds or resin. The term
does not include the mature stalks of the plant, fiber produced from the
stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of the plant, any other compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the mature stalks
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No. 34411-8-111
State v. Robertson
(except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized
seed of the plant which is incapable of germination.
(((ii))) (kk) "THC concentration" means percent of delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol content per dry weight of any part of the plant
Cannabis, or per volume or weight of marijuana product, or the combined
percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in
any part of the plant Cannabis regardless of moisture content.
(Alterations in original.) Note that the bill suggests that the phrase "or the combined
percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in any part of the
plant Cannabis regardless of moisture content" did not change prior law. The legislature
did not highlight the phrase in order to recognize the phrase as being added to RCW
69.50.101 by this third amendment.
Cassie Robertson committed her alleged crime of possession of marijuana on
January 23 and 24, 2014. Robertson therefore astutely argues that the definition of THC
concentration found in SSB 5416 controls her prosecution since the definition comes
from the most recent enactment adopted by the legislature before January 2014.
According to Robertson, SSB 5416 carried an effective date later than EHB 2056 and so
SSB 5416 impliedly amended the definition of THC to no longer allow the addition of
combustible THC acid to reach the 0.3 required weight. This interpretation would
undermine the results of the THC concentration test performed by Sheri Jenkins because
the THC test did not distinguish between THC acid and delta-9 THC. To address
Robertson's marijuana conviction, we must resolve the anomaly created by the 2013
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II No. 34411-8-111
I State v. Robertson
I legislature's amendments to RCW 69.50.101 or what the trial court aptly labeled as
"dueling legislation."
Cassie Robertson, in part, and the State ask us to implement principles of statutory
interpretation in order to divine the intent of the legislature. We find these principles
unhelpful in this setting. Our task is not to discern the meaning behind words employed
by the legislature. None of the bills' language creates an ambiguity. EHB 2056 lucidly
does not allow the combination of THC acid when measuring THC content. SSB 5416
patently permits the scientist to gauge THC content by including THC acid. We must
determine which definition of THC concentration controls Robertson's prosecution.
The principle role of courts, under the doctrine of separation of powers, is to
discern and apply legislative intent. Five Corners Family Farmers v. State, 173 Wn.2d
296, 305, 268 P.3d 892 (2011). We conclude that the state legislature intended that, in
January 2014, when Robertson possessed marijuana, the State be able to prove unlawful
THC concentration by inclusion of THC acid in the measurement. The Washington
Legislature passed EHB 2056, effective May 1, 2013, for the express purpose of
amending the definition of THC concentration to permit inclusion of acid. The
legislature declared its purpose as "correcting the definition of THC concentration as
adopted by Initiative Measure No. 502 to avoid an implication that conversion, by
combustion, oftetrahydrocannabinol acid into delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol is not part of
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
the THC content that differentiates marijuana from hemp." The legislature considered
the amendment critical such that it declared the legislation an emergency.
SSB 5416, adopted fifteen days later, omitted the correcting definition of THC
concentration, but the legislature intended SSB 5416 to only address electronic
prescription of drugs. SSB 5416 failed to note the amendment to the definition of THC
caused by EHB 2056, because the later bill did not include the language of the earlier bill
and place a strike through "or the combined percent of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and
tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in any part of the plant Cannabis regardless of moisture
content," the method employed by the legislature when it intends to remove language
from a statute. In the frequent rush of legislative business, the legislature erred.
Our discernment of the legislature's intent does not finish our analysis. The issue
on appeal is not merely one of legislative intent. Instead a distinct statute aids us in
resolving the dueling 2013 bills.
RCW 1.12.025(1) declares, in relevant part:
( 1) If at any session of the legislature there are enacted two or more
acts amending the same section of the session laws or of the official code,
each amendment without reference to the others, each act shall be given
effect to the extent that the amendments do not conflict in purpose,
otherwise the act last filed in the office of the secretary of state in point of
time, shall control: PROVIDED, That if one or more special sessions of the
same legislature shall follow any regular session, this rule of construction
shall apply to the laws enacted at either, both, any, or all of such sessions.
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State v. Robertson
We previously distinguished between the purposes of 2013's EHB 2056 and SSB
5416. On the one hand, the legislature intended the former statute merely to alter the
definition of THC concentration to permit inclusion of acid. On the other hand, the state
legislature wished the latter statute only to address electronic filing of prescriptions for
controlled substances. The legislature did not design SSB 5416 to sculpt the definition of
marijuana or THC concentration. Therefore, RCW 1.12.025 compels us to hold that the
language ofEHB 2056 controls the prosecution of Cassie Robertson. Thus, the State
carried no burden to prove the THC level of the confiscated cannabis without the
inclusion of acid.
School Bus Stop Enhancement
Cassie Robertson contends the trial court erred when imposing a school bus stop
sentence enhancement because the State failed to prove every element of the
enhancement. The enhancement statute requires proof that Robertson sold drugs within
one thousand feet of the bus stop, and the State supplied insufficient proof of the distance
to support her enhancement. According to Robertson, the State's measurement suffered
because the measuring device may have been inaccurate and the officer only measured to
the edge of Robertson's property instead of to the room where the sale occurred. The
State responds that its evidence sufficed because it showed the accuracy of the measuring
instrument and the entirety of Robertson's property fell within the one thousand feet
requirement. We agree with the State.
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No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
RCW 69.50.435 provides for an enhancement of the penalty imposed for a drug
offense if the offense occurs within one thousand feet of a school bus zone. State v.
Johnson, 116 Wn. App. 851,861, 68 P.3d 290 (2003). RCW 9.94A.5I0(6) adds a
mandatory twenty-four months sentence to the presumptive sentence for violation of
RCW 69.50.435. State v. Johnson, 116 Wn. App. at 861. The State must prove each
element of the enhancement beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hennessey, 80 Wn.
App. 190,194,907 P.2d 331 (1995).
Cassie Robertson maintains that the State failed to make a prima facie case that the
roller tape the officer used accurately measured distances. Results from a mechanical
device lack relevancy and are therefore inadmissible unless the party offering the results
makes a prima facie showing that the device functioned properly and produced accurate
results. State v. Bashaw, 169 Wn.2d 133, 142, 234 P.3d 195 (2010), overruled on other
grounds by State v. Nunez, 174 Wn.2d 707,285 P.3d 21 (2012). Robertson relies on
Bashaw. In Bashaw, the State presented no evidence the roller tape used was accurate.
"No comparison of results generated by the device to a known distance was made nor
was there any evidence that it had ever been inspected or calibrated." State v. Bashaw,
169 Wn.2d at 143.
In this appeal. the State tested the accuracy of the roller tape using a one-foot-long
ruler and compared the ruler to a standard yellow pad. We conclude the comparison
establishes the accuracy of the roller tape.
21
No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
In addition to arguing the State failed to prove accuracy of the roller tape, Cassie
Robertson argues the State failed to prove the distance element because Officer Ryan
Harvey only measured to the edge of her property, when the actual drug sale occurred in
her bedroom. The State responds that the trial court could have found the actual location
of the offense to be within one thousand feet of the bus stop based on Officer Harvey's
measurement of 280 feet to the lot, based on the officer's testimony that each lot is about
a quarter acre, and based on a map of the block found in trial exhibit 25.
We hold that the trial court had sufficient evidence to find beyond a reasonable
doubt that the drug offense occurred within one thousand feet of a school bus stop. First,
Officer Ryan Harvey measured the distance from the stop to Cassie Robertson's lot. The
distance was two hundred and eighty feet. Thus, Robertson's bedroom in her house
would need to be located over seven hundred feet from edge of her property. Officer
Harvey also testified that the lot was about a quarter acre in size. Using this information,
the State shows how absurdly shaped Robertson's lot would need to be in order to
accommodate a seven hundred feet distance on a quarter acre lot. The lot would need to
be dramatically disproportionate. Finally, Officer Harvey testified the school bus stop
was within half a block of Robertson's home. A trial court applying common sense and
experience could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Robertson's home lay within the
one thousand feet radius of the school bus stop.
22
No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
Community Custody Condition
Cassie Robertson finally contends that the trial court violated her constitutional
right to equal protection under the Washington Constitution when it barred her from
using marijuana as a community custody condition. The State responds that Robertson's
equal protection argument fails because the State has legitimate interests it protects
through the imposition of a community custody condition. We decline to review
Robertson's unpreserved constitutional argument because it was not manifest.
RAP 2.5(a) formalizes a fundamental principle of appellate review. The first
sentence of the rule reads:
Errors Raised for First Time on Review. The appellate court may
refuse to review any claim of error which was not raised in the trial court.
No procedural principle is more familiar than that a constitutional right, or a right of any
other sort, may be forfeited by the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a
tribunal havingjurisdiction to determine it. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731,
113 S. Ct. 1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993).
Good sense lies behind the requirement that arguments be first asserted at trial.
The prerequisite affords the trial court an opportunity to rule correctly on a matter before
it can be presented on appeal. State v. Strine, 176 Wn.2d 742, 749, 293 P.3d 1177
(2013). There is great potential for abuse when a party does not raise an issue below
because a party so situated could simply lie back, not allowing the trial court to avoid the
23
No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
potential prejudice, gamble on the verdict, and then seek a new trial on appeal. State v.
Weber, 159 Wn.2d 252, 271-72, 149 P.3d 646 (2006). The theory of preservation by
timely objection also addresses several other concerns. The rule serves the goal of
judicial economy by enabling trial courts to correct mistakes and thereby obviate the
needless expense of appellate review and further trials. Also, it facilitates appellate
review by ensuring that a complete record of the issues will be available, and prevents
adversarial unfairness by ensuring that the prevailing party is not deprived of victory by
claimed errors that he had no opportunity to address. State v. Strine, 176 Wn.2d at 749-
50.
Countervailing policies support allowing an argument to be raised for the first time
on appeal. For this reason, RAP 2.5(a) contains a number of exceptions. RAP 2.5(a)(3)
allows an appellant to raise for the first time "manifest error affecting a constitutional
right." Constitutional errors are treated specially under RAP 2.5(a) because they often
result in serious injustice and may adversely affect public perceptions of the fairness and
integrity of judicial proceedings. State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 686-87, 757 P .2d 492
(1998). However, "permitting every possible constitutional error to be raised for the first
time on appeal undermines the trial process, generates unnecessary appeals, creates
undesirable retrials and is wasteful." State v. Lynn, 67 Wn. App. 339, 344, 835 P.2d 251
(1992).
24
No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
Cassie Robertson's equal protection argument implicates a constitutional right.
This court must decide if the argument addresses "manifest error." Washington courts
and even decisions internally have announced differing formulations for "manifest error."
First, a manifest error is one "truly of constitutional magnitude." State v. Scott, 110
Wn.2d at 688. Second, perhaps perverting the term manifest, some decisions emphasize
prejudice, not obviousness. The appellant must identify a constitutional error and show
how, in the context of the trial, the alleged error actually affected the appellant's rights.
It is this showing of actual prejudice that makes the error manifest, allowing appellate
review. State v. O'Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 99,217 P.3d 756 (2009). A third formulation is
the facts necessary to adjudicate the claimed error must be in the record on appeal. State
v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322,333, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). To determine whether
Robertson has shown actual error resulting in prejudice, we look to the substance of her
claim.
"Washington Constitution article I, section 12, and the Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution guarantee that persons similarly situated with respect to the
legitimate purpose of the law must receive like treatment." State v. Manussier, 129
Wn.2d 652, 672, 921 P .2d 473 (1996). Washington courts have "consistently construed
the federal and state equal protection clauses identically and considered claims arising
under their scope as one issue." State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d at 672. "Strict scrutiny
applies when a classification affects a suspect class or threatens a fundamental right."
25
No. 34411-8-III
State v. Robertson
State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d at 672-73. "An as-applied challenge to the constitutional
validity of a statute is characterized by the 'allegation that application of the statute in the
specific context' is unconstitutional." State v. Shelton, 194 Wn. App. 660, 666, 378 P.3d
230 (2016), review denied, 187 Wn.2d 1002, 386 P.3d 1088 (2017) (quoting City of
Redmondv. Moore, 151 Wn.2d 664, 668-69, 91 P.3d 875 (2004). "Ifthe state action
does not threaten a fundamental or 'important' right, or if the individual is not a member
of a suspect or semisuspect class, we apply a rational relationship or rational basis test."
State v. Osman, 157 Wn.2d 474, 484, 139 P.3d 334 (2006).
In order to pursue an equal protection claim, the complaining person must
establish that he or she is similarly situated with other persons. State v. Handley, 115
Wn.2d 275, 289-90, 796 P.2d 1266 (1990). Equal protection does not require that all
persons be dealt with identically, but it does require that a distinction made have some
relevance to the purpose for which the classification is made. In re the Det. of Dydasco,
135 Wn.2d 943, 951, 959 P.2d 1111 (1998). "Whether a defendant is similarly situated is
an inquiry that is determined by and relative to the purpose of the challenged law." State
v. Pedro, 148 Wn. App. 932,946,201 P.3d 398 (2009) (citing State v. Manussier, 129
Wn.2d at 673).
Cassie Robertson fails to show that she is receiving different treatment than other
persons convicted of possession of marijuana with the intent to deliver. Instead, she
compares herself to the general public arguing citizens have the freedom to consume
26
No. 34411-8-111
State v. Robertson
marijuana openly and publicly. Nevertheless, the State does not infringe equal protection
when treating a convicted criminal differently than members of the public. Otherwise the
constitution would not allow any incarceration or punishment. Robertson has failed to
show an obvious error by the trial court or one of true constitutional magnitude.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Cassie Robertson's convictions for possession of methamphetamine
and cocaine and possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. We also affirm her
sentence enhancement and community custody conditions.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Fearing, C.J. r
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, J.
27
State of Washington v. Cassie Kay Robertson
Combined Opinion