IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
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No. 16-0096
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JULIE HERSH, PETITIONER,
v.
JOHN TATUM AND MARY ANN TATUM, RESPONDENTS
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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JUSTICE BOYD, concurring.
Although I join the Court’s judgment, its analysis improperly and unnecessarily limits the
scope and effect of the Texas Citizens Participation Act. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001–
.011. The Court gets distracted by the intriguing issue of whether a defendant can “show by the
preponderance of the evidence” that an action is “based on” her exercise of free speech when she
in fact denies making the statements on which the action is “based.” But here, Julie Hersh
indisputably established that the action “relates to” and “is in response to” her exercise of free
speech regardless of whether she made the statements on which the action is “based.” The Court
focuses solely on the statute’s “based on” language and ignores the “relates to” and “in response
to” standards. Because the Court thus construes the TCPA more narrowly than its plain language
requires or permits, I respectfully concur.
John and Mary Tatum sued Hersh for intentional infliction of emotional distress, alleging
that Hersh, a suicide-prevention advocate, spoke to a reporter and encouraged him to write about
the death of the Tatums’ son, Paul. Hersh moved to dismiss the claim under the TCPA. To prevail
on her dismissal motion, Hersh had to “show[] by a preponderance of the evidence” that the
Tatums’ claim “is based on, relates to, or is in response to [her] exercise of . . . the right of free
speech,” meaning her “communication . . . made in connection with a matter of public concern.”
Id. §§ 27.001(3), .005(b)(1) (emphasis added).
Hersh admitted that she spoke to the reporter about suicide-awareness issues but denied
that she ever said anything about Paul or the Tatums. The Tatums argued, and the court of appeals
held, see — S.W.3d —, —, that the Act imposes an evidentiary burden on Hersh, requiring her to
show “by a preponderance of the evidence” that their claim is in fact based on her communications
regarding a matter of public concern. They do not agree that Paul’s death is a matter of public
concern, but even if it were, they contend that Hersh had to actually submit evidence, or at least
submit their pleadings as evidence under rule 801 of the Rules of Evidence, to establish that their
claim is based on her exercise of free speech regarding Paul’s death. See TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(2)
(excluding from the definition of hearsay an admission by a party-opponent). Because Hersh did
not submit testimony or their pleadings as evidence that she spoke to the reporter about Paul’s
death, the Tatums contend Hersh did not meet her burden.
Focusing solely on the statute’s “based on” language, the Court agrees that Hersh had to
show that the Tatums’ action is “based on” her statements about Paul’s death. Ante at ___.The
Court then holds that Hersh met this burden, even though she “denies making the communication
on which the Tatum’s suit is based,” ante at __ (emphasis added), simply by pointing to “the
language used in the Tatums’ pleadings.” Ante at __. In the Court’s view, Hersh showed “by a
preponderance of the evidence” that the Tatums’ claim is based on Hersh’s exercise of free speech
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by showing that the Tatums “alleged” that she made a communication regarding Paul’s death, even
though she denied making any such communication. Ante at __.
I agree with the Court’s result, but for different reasons. The Act did not require Hersh to
show by a preponderance of the evidence that her exercise of free speech is “the basis of [the
Tatums’] action against her.” Ante at __. It required her to show that their claim “is based on,
relates to, or is in response to [her] exercise of . . . the right of free speech.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE § 27.005(b) (emphasis added). Hersh showed by a preponderance of the evidence that
she communicated with a reporter about suicide awareness, stigmatization, and prevention. These
are matters of public concern. See id. § 27.001(3), (7) (including in the definition of “free speech”
communications regarding “a matter of public concern,” such as health or safety and community
well-being). Although the Tatums’ claim may be “based on” communications she allegedly made
about Paul’s death, their claim nevertheless “relates to” and “is in response to” her communications
with the reporter about suicide awareness and prevention. Regardless of whether Hersh admits or
denies discussing Paul’s death during those communications, she established by a preponderance
of the evidence that the Tatums’ claim relates to or is in response to her exercise of the right of
free speech.
The outcome might or might not be different if Hersh denied ever communicating with the
reporter. Hersh would be hard-pressed to “show by a preponderance of the evidence” that the
Tatums’ claim is based on her exercise of the right of free speech if she denied exercising that right
at all. Like the court of appeals in this case, other courts that have addressed the issue have
concluded that “a defendant who denies making any communication may not obtain dismissal by
also simultaneously claiming that he was exercising his right of free speech by making a
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communication.” Rauhauser v. McGibney, 508 S.W.3d 377, 386 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014,
no pet.); see Pickens v. Cordia, 433 S.W.3d 179, 188 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) (“Given
that he has denied sending the email, we conclude chapter 27 does not apply to this cause of
action.”); see also Culbertson v. Lykos, 790 F.3d 608, 632 (5th Cir. 2015) (concluding that
Rauhauser and Pickens “are persuasive”).
The Court disagrees with these decisions, concluding that Hersh showed by a
preponderance of the evidence that the Tatums’ claim is based on Hersh’s communications with
the reporter about Paul’s death—even though Hersh denies that she ever spoke to the reporter
about Paul’s death—because the Tatums’ allege that she spoke to the reporter about Paul’s death.
Ante at __. According to the Court, “When it is clear from the plaintiff’s pleadings that the action
is covered by the Act, the defendant need show no more.” Ante at __. Yet the TCPA expressly
requires the defendant to make the required showing “by a preponderance of the evidence,” and
we have made clear that, generally, “pleadings are not competent evidence, even if sworn or
verified.” Laidlaw Waste Sys. Inc. v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 660 (Tex. 1995). “Pleadings
simply outline the issues; they are not evidence, even for summary judgment purposes.” Hidalgo
v. Sur. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 462 S.W.2d 540, 535 (Tex. 1971).
An opposing party’s pleadings can constitute a judicial admission that may substitute for
evidence that has a “conclusive effect and bars the admitting party from later disputing the
admitted fact.” Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562, 568 (Tex. 2001)
(citing Gevinson v. Manhattan Constr. Co., 449 S.W.2d 458, 467 (Tex. 1969)). A party’s judicial
admission “relieves his adversary from making proof of the fact admitted but also bars the party
himself from disputing it.” Gevinson, 449 S.W.2d at 466. So it may be that a defendant can rely
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solely on the plaintiff’s pleaded facts to “show by a preponderance of the evidence” that a claim
is based on, relates to, or is in response to” the exercise of free speech. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE § 27.005(b)(1). But to qualify as a judicial admission, a pleaded fact must be “clear and
unequivocal,” Wolf, 44 S.W.3d at 569 (citing Gevinson, 449 S.W.2d at 467), and “not plead in the
alternative.” Hous. First Am. Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764, 767 (Tex. 1983). Hersh never relied
on the Tatums’ pleadings as a judicial admission.
But we need not reach that intriguing issue here. Even if the Tatums’ action is “based on”
alleged statements about Paul’s death, Hersh met her burden by proving that the Tatums’ action
“relates to” or “is in response to” her communications with the reporter about suicide awareness
and prevention. She did so by submitting as evidence deposition excerpts of her testimony
regarding her views on suicide and the reporter’s testimony that he spoke to Hersh about that
“topic” while he was working on the article, entitled “Shrouding suicide in secrecy leaves its
dangers unaddressed,” which she also submitted as evidence. So we need not—and thus we should
not—decide whether the Act requires evidence—as opposed to mere allegations—that Hersh
communicated about Paul’s death. I would wait and address that question when a proper case
presents it. Focusing on the Act’s text itself, I would simply apply its plain language and hold that
Hersh met her burden.
The burden thus shifted to the Tatums to establish by “clear and specific evidence a prima
facie case for each essential element of” their claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.005(c). For the reasons the Court explains, I agree that
they failed to meet that burden. I therefore respectfully concur in the Court’s judgment.
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_____________________
Jeffrey S. Boyd
Justice
Opinion delivered: June 30, 2017
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Julie Hersh v. John Tatum and Mary Ann Tatum
Combined Opinion