In re Estate of Radford

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
11/17/2017 09:15 AM CST

- 748 -
Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

In re Estate of Sheila Foxley R adford, deceased.
Provident Trust Company et al., appellees,
v. M ary R adford, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___

Filed September 15, 2017. No. S-16-415.

 1. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
tion of law, for which an appellate court has an obligation to reach
an independent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the
court below.
 2. Trusts: Equity: Appeal and Error. Absent an equity question, an
appellate court reviews trust administration matters for error appear-
ing on the record; but where an equity question is presented, appellate
review of that issue is de novo on the record.
 3. Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a review de novo on the record, an
appellate court reappraises the evidence as presented by the record and
reaches its own independent conclusions on the matters at issue. When
evidence is in conflict, the appellate court considers and may give
weight to the fact that the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses
and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.
 4. Judgments: Records: Appeal and Error. Meaningful appellate review
requires a record that elucidates the factors contributing to the lower
court’s decision.
 5. Evidence: Records: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. An appellate record
typically contains the bill of exceptions, used to present factual evidence
to an appellate court, and the transcript, used to present pleadings and
orders of the case to the appellate court.
 6. Evidence: Records: Appeal and Error. A bill of exceptions is the only
vehicle for bringing evidence before an appellate court; evidence which
is not made a part of the bill of exceptions may not be considered.
 7. Trial: Testimony: Evidence. At a hearing, testimony must be under
oath and documents must be admitted into evidence before being con-
sidered by the trial court.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

 8. Trial: Stipulations: Judgments: Time. While no particular form of
stipulation is required when made orally in open court, except that it be
noted in the minutes, its terms must be definite and certain in order to
render the proper basis for a judicial decision.
 9. Pleadings: Evidence: Waiver. Judicial admissions and stipulations
constitute a substitute for evidence, thereby waiving or dispensing with
the need to produce evidence by conceding for the purpose of litigation
that a proposition of fact is true.
10. Pleadings: Evidence. Judicial admissions must be unequivocal, deliber-
ate, and clear, and not the product of mistake or inadvertence.
11. Pleadings: Intent. An admission does not extend beyond the intend-
ment of the admission as clearly disclosed by its context.
12. Judicial Notice: Evidence. Judicial notice of an adjudicative fact is a
species of evidence.
13. Judicial Notice: Records: Appeal and Error. Papers requested to
be judicially noticed must be marked, identified, and made a part of
the record. Testimony must be transcribed, properly certified, marked,
and made a part of the record. The trial court’s ruling should state and
describe what it is the court is judicially noticing. Otherwise, a meaning-
ful review of its decision is impossible.
14. Judicial Notice: Rules of the Supreme Court: Evidence. A court will
take judicial notice of its own records. However, under Neb. Evid. R.
201(2), Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-201(2) (Reissue 2016), judicially noticing
its own proceedings and judgment is proper only where the same matters
have already been considered and determined.
15. Pleadings: Evidence: Records: Presumptions. In the absence of a bill
of exceptions, an appellate court presumes that any issue of fact raised
by the pleadings received support from the evidence.
16. Records: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. When a transcript, containing
the pleadings and order in question, is sufficient to present the issue for
appellate disposition, a bill of exceptions is unnecessary to preserve an
alleged error of law regarding the proceedings under review.
17. Pleadings: Proof. Pleadings alone are not proof but mere allegations of
what the parties expect the evidence to show.
18. Pleadings: Trial: Evidence. Pleadings and their attachments which
are not properly admitted into evidence cannot be considered by the
trial court.
19. Records: Pleadings. An application and its attachments are not evi-
dence, and the allegations therein remain controverted facts until proved
by evidence incorporated in the bill of exceptions.
20. Records: Appeal and Error. It is incumbent upon the appellant to
present a record supporting the errors assigned; absent such a record,
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

an appellate court will affirm the lower court’s decision regarding
those errors.
21. Records: New Trial: Appeal and Error. When a record is deficient
through no fault of the appellant, an appellate court will remand for a
new trial if the deficiency in the record prevents the court from pro-
viding the appellant meaningful appellate review of the assignments
of error.
22. Evidence: Proof: Presumptions: Appeal and Error. When, on appeal,
an appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient on a point for which
the appellee bore the burden of proof, an appellate court will not pre-
sume there was evidence before the lower court, when the filed bill of
exceptions indicates that no evidence was offered.

Appeal from the County Court for Douglas County:
Stephanie R. H ansen, Judge. Reversed and remanded for fur-
ther proceedings.
Richard A. DeWitt and Steven G. Ranum, of Croker, Huck,
Kasher, DeWitt, Anderson & Gonderinger, L.L.C., for appellant.
Jeffrey J. Blumel and Kelsey M. Weiler, of Abrahams,
Kaslow & Cassman, L.L.P., for appellee Brigid Radford.
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
Funke, J.
I. NATURE OF CASE
Mary Radford appeals from a county court order concern-
ing the distribution of the Sheila Foxley Radford Trust (Trust).
Applying Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2350 (Reissue 2016), the court
ruled that a gift from Sheila Foxley Radford to Mary, which
preceded the Trust’s restatement but was acknowledged by
Mary as an inheritance in a contemporaneous writing, was in
satisfaction of Mary’s inheritance from the Trust.
We find that the county court had insufficient evidence
upon which it could base its findings. Accordingly, we
reverse, and remand for a new hearing on the trustee’s motion
for direction.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

II. FACTS
In November 2015, Provident Trust Company, trustee for
the Trust, filed an application for direction asking whether the
doctrine of ademption by satisfaction applied to Sheila’s gift to
Mary, which it alleged Mary had contemporaneously acknowl-
edged as an inheritance under § 30-2350. Attached to the appli-
cation were copies of the Trust document, Sheila’s will, and
Mary’s handwritten note.
The trustee set forth the following factual allegations in
the application. On May 30, 2007, Mary signed a handwritten
note stating: “This letter acknowledges that Sheila Radford,
also known as ‘mom’, is affording me $200,000 for pur-
chase of a home and is recognized by me as inheritance. I
sign here recognizing that this is true.” On June 11, Sheila
wire-transferred $200,000 from her bank account to a title
company, stating, “re: Mary Radford.” Then, on April 6,
2010, Sheila updated her will and amended and restated the
Trust. Sheila’s will contained a “pour-over” provision for
the Trust. The Trust’s residuary was to be distributed among
Sheila’s four children upon her death: one-half to appellee,
Brigid Radford, and one-sixth each to Mary, William Radford,
and Christopher Radford. However, the Trust’s restatement
made no mention of the gift to Mary. Sheila passed away on
October 5, 2014.
At hearings on the case, the trustee did not appear, but was
represented by legal counsel. Mary appeared telephonically as
a self-represented litigant. Neither party submitted any exhib-
its, no witnesses were sworn, nor was any testimony adduced.
Instead, counsel asked the court “to take judicial notice of
the record,” to which the court responded that it would “take
judicial notice of the record.” Further, the trustee’s counsel
made several statements which summarized the issues pre-
sented by the application, relevant legal authority, and the
facts. Counsel’s statements included the following: On May
30, 2007, Mary signed a handwritten note “basically” stat-
ing: “Sheila Radford, also known as ‘Mom,’ is affording me
$200,000 for purchase of a home and is recognized by me as
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

an inheritance. I sign here recognizing this as true.” Counsel
further stated, “There was a wire transfer. Money was given
at that time. So, that actually happened.” When discussing
the issue of ademption by satisfaction, counsel stated that “if
she’d already gotten that $200,000,” then the court would
“take it away.” Counsel stated that 3 years later, the will and
Trust were “done” and that Sheila’s will contained a “pour-
over” provision for the Trust. The Trust’s residuary was to
be distributed among Sheila’s four children upon her death:
one-half to Brigid, and one-sixth each to Mary, William, and
Christopher.
After her statements, the trustee’s attorney added, “I don’t
think there was any dispute as to the facts of the order of
things or anything like that, right, Mary?” Mary replied, “No,
there isn’t.” Mary then told the court about conversations with
Sheila shortly before her death regarding Sheila’s intent for the
Trust’s devises.
The court’s order stated: “At the hearing, the court was
advised that the facts are not in dispute and the sole issue is to
resolve a question of law.” Nevertheless, the order’s statement
of facts was more comprehensive than what counsel presented
at the hearing and was buttressed by the facts contained in
the application.
The court determined that § 30-2350 required it to con-
sider Mary’s contemporaneous writing acknowledgment and
disregard parol evidence concerning the gift or its effect.
Accordingly, the court ruled that the gift was an advancement
of inheritance under § 30-2350 and reduced Mary’s share of
the residuary from the Trust accordingly. Under the court’s
decision, Mary was not entitled to any distribution from the
Trust because a one-sixth share of the residuary was less than
$200,000. Mary appealed.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Mary assigns, restated, that the court erred in (1) apply-
ing § 30-2350 to a trust, (2) finding that the doctrine of
ademption by satisfaction—whether under the common law or
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

§ 30-2350—applies to a gift made before the execution of the
trust instrument, (3) disregarding Sheila’s intent to give Mary
a one-sixth interest in the Trust—as expressed in the plain lan-
guage of the trust instrument; and (4) determining that Mary’s
share of the Trust should be adeemed by the gift.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law, for
which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an inde-
pendent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the
court below.1
[2,3] Absent an equity question, an appellate court reviews
trust administration matters for error appearing on the record;
but where an equity question is presented, appellate review of
that issue is de novo on the record.2 In a review de novo on
the record, an appellate court reappraises the evidence as pre-
sented by the record and reaches its own independent conclu-
sions on the matters at issue.3 When evidence is in conflict, the
appellate court considers and may give weight to the fact that
the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted
one version of the facts rather than another.4
V. ANALYSIS
1. Insufficient Evidence Was Offered
to Support Court’s Findings
[4] Before assessing Mary’s assignments of error, it is
necessary to determine the scope of the evidence set forth in
the record. Generally, meaningful appellate review requires
a record that elucidates the factors contributing to the lower
court’s decision.5

 1
Hargesheimer v. Gale, 294 Neb. 123, 881 N.W.2d 589 (2016).
 2
In re Robert L. McDowell Revocable Trust, 296 Neb. 565, 894 N.W.2d 810
(2017).
 3
Bergmeier v. Bergmeier, 296 Neb. 440, 894 N.W.2d 266 (2017).
 4
Id.
 5
Hynes v. Good Samaritan Hosp., 285 Neb. 985, 830 N.W.2d 499 (2013).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

[5,6] An appellate record typically contains the bill of excep-
tions, used to present factual evidence to an appellate court,
and the transcript, used to present pleadings and orders of the
case to the appellate court.6 A bill of exceptions is the only
vehicle for bringing evidence before an appellate court; evi-
dence which is not made a part of the bill of exceptions may
not be considered.7
[7] In the instant case, a bill of exceptions was prepared by
the county court and was considered by us on appeal. The bill
of exceptions shows that at the trial level, no exhibits were
entered into evidence, nor did any witnesses testify under oath.
We have previously recognized, in other matters, that at a
hearing, “‘testimony must be under oath and documents must
be admitted into evidence before being considered’” by the
trial court.8
However, the trial court’s statement at the hearing, that it
would “take judicial notice of the record,” and its statement in
its order, that it was “advised that the facts are not in dispute,”
suggest that the court relied on substitutes for exhibit evidence.
Accordingly, we must consider whether the bill of exceptions
elucidates any substitute evidence which contributed to the
lower court’s decision either through judicial notice or as a
result of a stipulation or admission by the parties. Absent a
complete bill of exceptions, we must determine whether the
transcript is sufficient to support the court’s judgment.
(a) Parties Neither Stipulated to Nor Admitted
Facts That Would Have Obviated Need
for Evidence in This Case
[8] Neb. Ct. R. § 6-1404 permits parties to make infor-
mal oral stipulations in open court during trial without the

 6
See City of Lincoln v. Nebraska Pub. Power Dist., 9 Neb. App. 465, 614
N.W.2d 359 (2000).
 7
In re Estate of Panec, 291 Neb. 46, 864 N.W.2d 219 (2015).
 8
Richards v. McClure, 290 Neb. 124, 132, 858 N.W.2d 841, 848 (2015),
quoting Mahmood v. Mahmud, 279 Neb. 390, 778 N.W.2d 426 (2010).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

requirement of reducing the stipulation to a writing signed
by the parties or counsel for the parties. “While no particu-
lar form of stipulation is required when made orally in open
court, except that it be noted in the minutes, its terms must be
definite and certain in order to render the proper basis for a
judicial decision.”9
In regard to stipulations to factual issues, we have stated:
“An express waiver, made in court or preparatory to trial,
by the party or his attorney, conceding for the purposes
of the trial the truth of some alleged fact, has the effect
of a confessory pleading, in that the fact is thereafter to
be taken for granted; so that the one party need offer no
evidence to prove it, and the other is not allowed to dis-
prove it. This is what is commonly termed a solemn—i. e.
ceremonial or formal—or judicial admission, or stipula-
tion. It is, in truth, a substitute for evidence, in that it does
away with the need for evidence.”10
[9-11] As recognized above, a judicial admission is a for-
mal act done in the course of judicial proceedings which is
a substitute for evidence, thereby waiving or dispensing with
the production of evidence by conceding for the purpose of
litigation that the proposition of fact alleged by the opponent
is true.11 Similar to a stipulation, judicial admissions must
be unequivocal, deliberate, and clear, and not the product of
mistake or inadvertence.12 Additionally, an admission does not

 9
73 Am. Jur. 2d Stipulations § 2 at 532 (2012), citing All Star Const. Co.,
Inc. v. Koehn, 741 N.W.2d 736 (S.D. 2007), and State v. Parra, 122 Wash.
2d 590, 859 P.2d 1231 (1993).
10
LeBarron v. City of Harvard, 129 Neb. 460, 468-69, 262 N.W. 26, 31
(1935). See 9 John Henry Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law
§ 2588 (James H. Chadbourn rev. 4th ed. 1981). See, also, Watkins v. Lake
Charles Memorial Hosp., 144 So. 3d 944 (La. 2014).
11
Reicheneker v. Reicheneker, 264 Neb. 682, 651 N.W.2d 224 (2002);
Sempek v. Sempek, 198 Neb. 300, 252 N.W.2d 284 (1977).
12
City of Ashland v. Ashland Salvage, 271 Neb. 362, 711 N.W.2d 861
(2006).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

extend beyond the intendment of the admission as clearly dis-
closed by its context.13
At the conclusion of the trustee’s attorney’s summary of the
facts, issues, and law, she stated, “I don’t think there was any
dispute as to the facts of the order of things or anything like
that, right, Mary?” Mary replied, “No, there isn’t.” While the
parties may have agreed that there was no dispute as to the
facts of the case, we cannot view the parties’ act of agreeing
that no dispute existed as a substitute for evidence.
Mary’s response was not definite or clear as to what the
facts in the case were. Though she agreed that the facts and
the order of events in the case were not disputed, she did not
say she agreed that counsel’s statement of the facts was com-
plete and accurate or that such statement of the facts should
stand in lieu of evidence in the case. In fact, Mary attempted
to provide additional facts to the court. Therefore, we do not
read Mary’s acknowledgment to be a stipulation that counsel’s
statement of the facts would act as a substitute for exhibit
evidence or that she was making an admission as to the truth
of such facts.
Further, counsel’s statements themselves were not definite
or clear on the facts in the case and the context suggests that
it was not to be in lieu of actual evidence. Near the beginning
of her statements, counsel requested the court to take judicial
notice of the record taken. Before and after doing so, counsel
requested the court to look at the various documents which
she was discussing. Overall, the attorney’s summation of the
facts was brief and omitted important details alleged in the
application. Accordingly, counsel’s statements of the facts were
neither clear nor definite. Instead, the context suggests that
she intended the court to rely on documents judicially noticed,
rather than her statements alone. Therefore, the statements by
counsel and Mary set forth in the bill of exceptions did not

13
Id.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

establish a substitute for evidence that obviated the need for
actual evidence.

(b) No Evidence Was Incorporated Into
Bill of Exceptions Through
Judicial Notice
[12] Judicial notice of an adjudicative fact “‘is a species
of evidence.’”14 Under Neb. Evid. R. 201(2), Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 27-201(2) (Reissue 2016), a court may take judicial notice
of adjudicative facts that are not subject to reasonable dispute,
because they are either (1) generally known within the territo-
rial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate
and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned.15 When neither of the alter-
native tests is satisfied, judicial notice of an adjudicative fact
is improper.16
[13] We have stated that care should be taken by a court to
identify the fact it is noticing and its justification for doing
so.17 Specifically,
“‘[p]apers requested to be [judicially] noticed must
be marked, identified, and made a part of the record.
Testimony must be transcribed, properly certified,
marked and made a part of the record. [The t]rial court’s
ruling . . . should state and describe what it is the court
is judicially noticing. Otherwise, a meaningful review [of
its decision] is impossible.’”18

14
Wolgamott v. Abramson, 253 Neb. 350, 356, 570 N.W.2d 818, 823 (1997).
15
See id. See, also, Strunk v. Chromy-Strunk, 270 Neb. 917, 708 N.W.2d 821
(2006).
16
Gottsch v. Bank of Stapleton, 235 Neb. 816, 458 N.W.2d 443 (1990).
17
Strunk, supra note 15.
18
Everson v. O’Kane, 11 Neb. App. 74, 79, 643 N.W.2d 396, 401 (2002),
quoting In re Interest of C.K., L.K., and G.K., 240 Neb. 700, 484 N.W.2d
68 (1992). See, also, Strunk, supra note 15.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
297 Nebraska R eports
IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

[14] Generally, a court will take judicial notice of its own
records.19 However, in In re Interest of N.M. and J.M.,20 we
recognized that “judicially notic[ing] ‘its own proceedings
and judgment [is proper only] where the same matters have
already been considered and determined.’” There, on a motion
to terminate parental rights, the court took judicial notice of
exhibits from previous review hearings. However, during the
previous hearings, one of the parents was without counsel.
Further, the facts set forth in the exhibits were not information
generally known within the jurisdiction or capable of being
accurately and readily determined. Accordingly, we reasoned
that the facts contained in such reports had not been con-
sidered and determined, but, instead, remained controverted.
Therefore, we held that the court erred in taking judicial
notice of the reports, despite being part of the court’s record.21
We note that In re Interest of N.M. and J.M. demonstrates
why it is important that a court mark, identify, and make each
document it notices part of the record so that we may review
the admissibility of each noticed document.
In this matter, the court should have identified what it con-
sidered to be “the record” by individually marking and intro-
ducing into evidence each document that it considered relevant
and competent. Since these steps were not taken, no evidence
has been preserved in the record for appellate review.

(c) Transcript Was Insufficient to
Support Court’s Judgment
[15,16] In the absence of a bill of exceptions, an appellate
court presumes that any issue of fact raised by the pleadings

19
See Rhodes v. Yates, 210 Neb. 14, 312 N.W.2d 680 (1981).
20
In re Interest of N.M. and J.M., 240 Neb. 690, 699, 484 N.W.2d 77, 83
(1992) (emphasis omitted). See § 27-201(2) (“[a] judicially noticed fact
must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is . . . (b) capable
of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned”).
21
Id.
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IN RE ESTATE OF RADFORD
Cite as 297 Neb. 748

received support from the evidence.22 When the transcript,
containing the pleadings and order in question, is sufficient to
present the issue for appellate disposition, a bill of exceptions
is unnecessary to preserve an alleged error of law regarding
the proceedings under review.23
In this matter, we do have a bill of exceptions to consider,
which indicates that no evidence was adduced through the
testimony of sworn witnesses or exhibits received. As a result,
the only information available for review are the pleadings, the
attachments to the pleadings, and the court’s order.
[17-19] We have previously held that the pleadings alone
are not proof but mere allegations of what the parties expect
the evidence to show.24 We have further held that pleadings
and their attachments which were not properly admitted into
evidence could not be considered by the trial court. An appli-
cation is a form of pleading.25 Therefore, an application and
its attachments are not evidence, and the allegations therein
remain controverted facts until proved by evidence incorpo-
rated in the bill of exceptions.
Again, in this matter, the court received no evidence which
would have proved the allegations of the trustee’s motion. As
a result, the transcript before us is not sufficient to support the
decision of the county court.
2. M atter Must Be R emanded
for New H earing
[20,21] As a general proposition, it is incumbent upon the
appellant to present a record supporting the errors assigned;
absent such a record, an appellate court will affirm the lower
court’s decision regarding those errors.26 However, when a

22
Stewart v. Heineman, 296 Neb. 262, 892 N.W.2d 542 (2017).
23
Murphy v. Murphy, 237 Neb. 406, 466 N.W.2d 87 (1991).
24
Wilson v. Wilson, 238 Neb. 219, 469 N.W.2d 750 (1991).
25
See Richards, supra note 8.
26
Ginger Cove Common Area Co. v. Wiekhorst, 296 Neb. 416, 893 N.W.2d
467 (2017).
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record is deficient through no fault of the appellant, this gen-
eral rule does not apply.27 Instead, we will remand for a new
trial if the deficiency in the record prevents us from providing
the appellant meaningful appellate review of the assignments
of error.28
[22] When, on appeal, an appellant argues that the evidence
is insufficient on a point for which the appellee bore the bur-
den of proof, we will not presume there was evidence before
the lower court, when the filed bill of exceptions indicates that
no evidence was offered.29
The trustee was the moving party. As a result, the trustee
possessed the burden to provide sufficient evidence for the
court to consider when determining the motion. The trustee’s
failure to elicit any evidence was through no fault of Mary.
To affirm the lower court’s decision based upon the lack of
evidence in the record would be tantamount to rewarding the
trustee for failing to meet its burden. Therefore, the matter
must be remanded for a new hearing to allow evidence to be
properly considered by the county court.
VI. CONCLUSION
As a court of record, the county court erred in failing to cre-
ate a record which contained the factors it relied on to reach
its decision. As a result, upon our de novo review, we find that
the county court had insufficient evidence upon which it could
base its findings. Therefore, we reverse, and remand for a new
hearing on the trustee’s motion for direction.
R eversed and remanded for
further proceedings.

27
Hynes, supra note 5.
28
Id.
29
Stewart, supra note 22.