NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0294-16T3
MAXTRADE, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
POWERSPORTS WAREHOUSE, LLC,
a/k/a POWERSPORTS WAREHOUSE or
POWERSPORT WAREHOUSE,
SCOOTERLANDUSA, LLC, a/k/a
SCOOTERLAND OR SCOOTERLAND USA,
TAI LUU, a/k/a TOM LUU and
MAI LIN NGUYEN, a/k/a LYNN LUU,
doing business as POWERSPORT
WAREHOUSE and SCOOTERLANDUSA,
Defendants-Respondents.
___________________________________
Submitted October 2, 2017 – Decided November 20, 2017
Before Judges Whipple and Rose.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. L-
8191-13.
Greg Riley, attorney for appellant.
Gerard J. Jackson, attorney for respondents.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Maxtrade, LLC appeals from the trial court’s August
12, 2016 order denying its motion to amend the judgment, pursuant
to the terms of a settlement agreement with defendants Powersports
Warehouse, LLC, a/k/a Powersports Warehouses or Powersport
Warehouse (“Powersports”), ScooterlandUSA, LLC, a/k/a Scooterland
or Scooterland USA ("Scooterland"), Tai Luu a/k/a Tom Luu ("Luu"),
and Mai Lien Nguyen, a/k/a Lynn Luu ("Nguyen"),1 d/b/a Powersport
Warehouse and ScooterlandUSA. Having reviewed the record in light
of applicable principles of law, we affirm.
We recite the following key facts and procedural history from
the motion record. The underlying lawsuit arises from a dispute
between two commercial entities. In December 2012, plaintiff
agreed to sell ninety-one all-terrain vehicles to defendants for
the sum of $41,401. Following an initial payment of $10,000,
defendants failed to pay the remaining balance.
In December 2013, plaintiff filed a complaint against
Powersports and Luu, alleging causes of action for book account
(count one), breach of contract (count two), quantum meruit/unjust
enrichment (count three), personal liability of Luu (count four),
and fraud (count five). In September 2015, plaintiff filed its
1
Luu and Nguyen are husband and wife. We use Nguyen's presumed
maiden name to avoid confusion. We mean no disrespect in so doing.
2 A-0294-16T3
first amended complaint, naming Scooterland and Nguyen, and
revising and adding the following counts: conversion by
Scooterland (count four), personal liability of Luu (count five),
fraud (count six), and conversion by Luu and Nguyen (count seven).
Plaintiff moved for partial summary judgment on counts one
and two. By order entered January 9, 2015, the court granted the
motion and entered judgment in the amount of $32,629. Despite
various orders entered by the court, relating to enforcement of
the judgment, the full amount of the judgment remained unsatisfied.
On November 6, 2015, three days prior to trial on the
remaining claims, the parties entered into a written settlement
agreement, providing as follows:
1. The total amount of the settlement is $20,000.
2. Defendants will make payments as follows:
a) $10,000 upon receipt of the closing
documents which shall be a Release and a
Stipulation of Dismissal
b) $5,000 to be paid on January 1, 2016.
c) $2,500 to be paid on April 1, 2016.
d) $2,500 to be paid on July, 1, 2016.
3. All payments shall be made payable to Greg
Riley Trust Account.
4. Upon receipt, deposit, and after allowance of
sufficient time to clear, [p]laintiff will
provide [d]efendants with a Warrant in
Satisfaction of the Judgment entered on
January 9, 2015.
5. In the event of a material default by the
[d]efendants, [p]laintiff shall have the right
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to amend the Judgment entered on January 9,
2015, to include [Nguyen] as a judgment
debtor.
6. Defendants shall be in material default of the
settlement if any payment is not received
within ten (10) days of the due date.
7. This settlement includes any and all claim
[sic] against the [d]efendants.
[(Emphasis added)].
On November 18, 2015, plaintiff's counsel delivered to
defense counsel the closing documents referenced in paragraph 2(a)
of the settlement agreement. Contrary to the settlement terms,
defendants did not remit payment within ten days. By
correspondence dated December 14, 2015, plaintiff's counsel
notified defense counsel that defendants had breached the
settlement agreement by failing to make the first payment.
The following day, by correspondence dated December 15, 2015,
plaintiff's counsel acknowledged receipt of a $10,000 check from
Scooterland, and indicated the second payment of $5,000 was due
on January 1, 2016.
By correspondence dated January 26, 2016, plaintiff's counsel
notified defense counsel that the second payment had not been
made, and as such, defendants were in default, pursuant to the
terms of the settlement agreement. On or about February 5, 2016,
4 A-0294-16T3
plaintiff's counsel deposited into his trust account a check from
Scooterland in the amount of $5,000.
Defendants failed to make the remaining two payments. On
July 13, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion to amend the judgment to
add Nguyen as a judgment debtor, pursuant to paragraph 5 of the
settlement agreement. Plaintiff sought to execute on assets owned
jointly by Luu and Nguyen.
On July 26, 2016, plaintiff's counsel received, and accepted,
a check in the amount of $5,000 from Scooterland, representing the
total amount due under the third and fourth payments.
On August 12, 2016, the trial court entered an order denying
plaintiff’s motion to amend the judgment. The trial court did not
issue findings of fact or an opinion. However, following the
filing of the instant appeal, the court issued a statement of
reasons, pursuant to Rule 2:5-1(b), finding plaintiff by accepting
payment had waived its rights to repudiate the settlement
agreement.
On appeal, plaintiff argues: it did not waive its rights
under the settlement agreement; the trial court failed to enforce
the settlement agreement; and the trial court rewrote the
settlement agreement to provide defendants with a better bargain.
Having fully considered these contentions, we affirm.
5 A-0294-16T3
A settlement agreement is subject to the ordinary principles
of contract law. Thompson v. City of Atlantic City, 190 N.J. 359,
374 (2007). "Interpretation and construction of a contract is a
matter of law for the court subject to de novo review." Fastenberg
v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 309 N.J. Super. 415, 420 (App. Div.
1998). "Accordingly, we pay no special deference to the trial
court's interpretation and look at the contract with fresh eyes."
Kieffer v. Best Buy, 205 N.J. 213, 223 (2011); see Manalapan
Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm., 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995) ("A trial
court's interpretation of the law and the legal consequences that
flow from established facts are not entitled to any special
deference.").
A party waives its right to sue for breach of contract where
it continues performance under the contract, even after a breach
has occurred. See, e.g., Garden State Bldgs., L.P. v. First Fid.
Bank, N.A., 305 N.J. Super. 510, 524 (App. Div. 1997), certif.
denied, 153 N.J. 50 (1998). "Waiver is the voluntary
relinquishment of a known right." Clarke v. Clarke ex rel.
Costine, 359 N.J. Super. 562, 571 (App. Div. 2003). It "must
occur by a 'clear[,] unequivocal and decisive act.'" Borough of
Closter v. Abram Demaree Homestead, Inc., 365 N.J. Super. 338,
354, certif. denied, 179 N.J. 372 (2004)(quoting W. Jersey Title
& Guar. Co. v. Indus. Tr. Co., 27 N.J. 144, 152 (1958)). "The
6 A-0294-16T3
intent to waive need not be stated expressly, provided the
circumstances clearly show that the party knew of the right and
then abandoned it, either by design or indifference." Knorr v.
Smeal, 178 N.J. 169, 177 (2003).
Waiver can also be "'found if the conduct of [an entity]
after information of . . . breach of contract is such as to justify
an inference of affirmation rather than rescission of the
contract.'" Iafelice ex rel. Wright v. Arpino, 319 N.J. Super.
581, 588 (App. Div. 1999)(quoting Bonnet v. Stewart, 68 N.J. 287,
294 (1975)). In terms of waiver of rights or enforcement of
rights, a party must elect which course it wishes to follow; it
cannot pursue both. Merchants Indem. Corp. v. Eggleston, 37 N.J.
114, 130-31 (1962).
Guided by these principles, we find plaintiff's acceptance
of the late payments constitutes a waiver of any claimed breach
pursuant to paragraph 6 of the settlement agreement. Rather than
rejecting each untimely payment, plaintiff accepted payment,
reminding defendants of the upcoming due dates for the next
payments. By warning defendants of their breach, more than once,
and nonetheless accepting late payments after the breach had
occurred each time, plaintiff voluntarily relinquished its rights
under the settlement agreement "by a clear[,] unequivocal and
decisive act." Abram, supra, 365 N.J. Super. at 354. In so doing,
7 A-0294-16T3
plaintiff waived its rights to enforce the terms of the settlement
agreement. Arpino, supra, 319 N.J. Super. at 588.
Because we are satisfied plaintiff waived its rights under
the settlement agreement, plaintiff's contention that the court
failed to enforce the agreement likewise fails. Plaintiff cannot
waive its rights under the settlement agreement, by accepting late
payments, and seek to enforce the settlement agreement, by
attempting to amend the January 9, 2015 judgment. Merchants,
supra, 37 N.J. at 130-31.
Similarly, plaintiff's claim that, by denying its motion to
amend the judgment the trial court rewrote the settlement agreement
in defendants’ favor, lacks merit. Courts do not, and cannot,
rewrite contracts in order to provide a better bargain than
contained in their writing. Christafano v. N.J. Mfg. Ins. Co.,
361 N.J. Super. 228, 237 (App. Div. 2003). Rather, courts allow
experienced commercial parties to negotiate for themselves, and
"do not seek to 'introduce intolerable uncertainty into a carefully
structured contractual relationship' by balancing equities."
Brunswick Hills Racquet Club, Inc. v. Route 18 Shopping Ctr.
Assocs., 182 N.J. 210, 230 (2005) (quoting Brick Plaza Inc. v.
Humble Oil & Ref. Co., 218 N.J. Super. 101, 105 (App. Div. 1987)).
Here, the trial court did not rewrite the settlement
agreement. Instead, the court interpreted the agreement under
8 A-0294-16T3
principles of contract law and waiver, correctly ruling plaintiff
had waived its rights under the settlement agreement. Furthermore,
the parties are commercial entities that bargained at arm's length,
with the assistance of counsel. The parties agreed to the due
date for each payment, and the definition of a material default.
Plaintiff waived its rights to enforce the material default
provision of the settlement agreement by accepting untimely
payments that were not in conformance with the settlement
agreement.
Moreover, there was no provision in the settlement agreement
stating that acceptance of a late payment would not constitute a
waiver of plaintiff's rights. Nor did plaintiff accept defendants'
untimely payments under protest. As such, we have no basis to
address the effectiveness of doing so.
We are satisfied the trial judge appropriately denied
plaintiff's motion to amend the judgment, finding plaintiff
assented to the untimely payments, and defendant ultimately paid
the entire amount due under the terms of the settlement agreement.
Affirmed.
9 A-0294-16T3
MAXTRADE, LLC VS. POWERSPORTS WAREHOUSE, LLC(L-8191-13, MIDDLESEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion