FILED
NOVEMBER 21, 2017
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division Ill
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 34637-4-111
Respondent, )
)
V. )
)
WILLIE C. RITCHEY, ) OPINION PUBLISHED IN PART
)
Appellant. )
KORSMO, J. - Willie Ritchey appeals from his conviction for theft of a motor
vehicle, arguing that the trial court erred by failing to give a limiting instruction and in
refusing to give a lesser included offense instruction. In the published portion of this
opinion, we conclude that second degree taking a motor vehicle without permission
(TMV) is not an included offense of theft of a motor vehicle. In the remainder of the
opinion, we conclude that Mr. Ritchey has not established prejudicial error and affirm.
FACTS
Mr. Ritchey was charged in the Spokane County Superior Court with one count of
theft of a motor vehicle, RCW 9A.56.065. At trial, the defense sought an instruction on
the lesser crime of second degree taking a motor vehicle without permission, RCW
9A.56.075. The trial court declined to give the instruction.
No. 34637-4-111
State v. Ritchey
Mr. Ritchey had been arrested by Spokane Police Department Officer Stephanie
Kennedy, who was undercover driving a minivan and posing as a soccer mom at a park in
an area well known for abandoning stolen vehicles. When initially contacted by the
officer, Mr. Ritchey claimed to have permission to use the vehicle. After the officer
explained that it had been reported stolen, he told the officer, "I'll tell you the truth" and
advised the officer that he had stolen the key for the vehicle from a friend's key ring the
previous evening.
When asked to describe Mr. Ritchey's demeanor at the time of this admission, the
officer answered "he appeared truthful." Defense counsel objected and asked for a
limiting instruction. The court sustained the objection and struck the statement at the
request of the prosecutor, but declined to give a limiting instruction.
Mr. Ritchey took the stand in his own defense and claimed to have permission to
use the vehicle, which he stated he was in the midst of returning. He was impeached by'
nine convictions for dishonesty. During cross-examination by the prosecutor, Mr.
Ritchey admitted that he was willing to lie if it would help him out.
The jury convicted Mr. Ritchey as charged. He timely appealed to this court,
where a panel considered the matter without oral argument.
ANALYSIS
We first address the contention that the trial court erred in failing to include an
instruction on the offense of second degree taking a motor vehicle without permission
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before turning to an argument that the trial court erred in failing to give a limiting
instruction.
Included Offense
Mr. Ritchey argues that second degree taking a motor vehicle without permission
is an included offense of the crime of theft of a motor vehicle and that there was a factual
basis for instructing on the lesser crime. We conclude that the two offenses do not stand
in a lesser included relationship.
The law governing this issue is very well settled. By statute, either party in a
criminal case is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense in appropriate
circumstances. RCW 10.61.006. 1 In order to instruct on an included offense, the crime
actually must be an included offense and there must be a factual basis for believing that
the lesser crime was committed. State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382
(1978). These are known as the "legal" and "factual" prongs. State v. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d
541, 545-46, 947 P.2d 700 (1997).
The factual prong is satisfied when there is affirmative evidence showing that only
the lesser crime actually was committed. State v. Speece, 115 Wn.2d 360, 362-63, 798
P.2d 294 (1990); State v. Fowler, 114 Wn.2d 59, 67, 785 P.2d 808 (1990). The factual
prong is not established merely by the fact that the jury might disregard some of the
1
Statutes also provide that parties are entitled to instructions on inferior degree
offenses and attempted crimes. RCW 10.61.003, .010.
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State v. Ritchey
evidence in the case. "Instead, some evidence must be presented which affirmatively
establishes the defendant's theory on the lesser included offense before an instruction will
be given." Fowler, 114 Wn.2d at 67.
In order for one crime to be an included offense under the legal prong, every
element of the lesser offense must be an element of the greater crime. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d
at 548. That test is sometimes stated a second way-if it is possible to commit the
greater crime without committing the lesser offense, the two offenses do not stand in a
lesser included relationship. State v. Crittenden, 146 Wn. App. 361,366, 189 P.3d 849
(2008).
TMV is not an included offense of vehicle theft because not every element of that
offense is an element of the greater offense of vehicle theft. The definition of the crime
of vehicle theft is very straight forward: "A person is guilty of theft of a motor vehicle if
he or she commits theft of a motor vehicle." RCW 9A.56.065. 2 "Theft," in tum, can be
committed in several different ways. As most commonly relevant, theft means to
"wrongfully obtain or exert unauthorized control over the property ... of another ...
with intent to deprive him or her of such property." RCW 9A.56.020(1)(a). Theft also
can arise when, with the intent to deprive the owner of the property, one takes control
2
This statute was enacted by Laws of 2007, ch. 199, § 2.
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over the property of another by deception or by appropriating lost or misdirected
property. RCW 9A.56.020(l)(b), (c).
The crime of second degree taking a motor vehicle without permission is defined:
A person is guilty of taking a motor vehicle without permission in the
second degree if he or she, without the permission of the owner or person
entitled to possession, intentionally takes or drives away any automobile or
motor vehicle ... that is the property of another, or he or she voluntarily
rides in or upon the automobile or motor vehicle with knowledge of the fact
that the automobile or motor vehicle was unlawfully taken.
RCW 9A.56.075(1). 3 This offense can be committed either by (1) taking a motor vehicle
without permission or by (2) riding in a motor vehicle with knowledge that it has been
stolen. The word "taking" is not defined by statute or case law. In such instances, we
apply a dictionary definition. State v. Fuentes, 183 Wn.2d 149, 160, 352 P.3d 152
(2015). The word is defined, most relevantly for this circumstance, as "seizing."
WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2333 (1993).
Limiting our consideration of the TMV statute to the "taking" prong, the two
offenses have varied elements that are not necessarily proved by the other offense. 4 To
commit theft of a motor vehicle, one must exert unauthorized control with the intent to
3
This version of the statute was enacted by Laws of 2003, ch. 53, § 73. The
statute has its origins in Laws of 1915, ch. 155.
4
As noted in Berlin: "All statutory alternatives of the requested lesser offense are
not a part of the Workman [State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 584 P.2d 382 (1978)]
analysis." 133 Wn.2d at 551 n.2. Only the requested alternative lesser offense is
considered.
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State v. Ritchey
deprive the owner of the property. In contrast, one can take a motor vehicle without
permission by intentionally driving it away; no intent to deprive the owner is necessary.
The concept of "taking" denotes a less severe deprivation than that of "theft;" it
represents an unauthorized use of a vehicle without the goal of exercising a more lasting
control over it. The specific intents of the two offenses differ-one is intent to deprive,
while the other is intent to drive without permission.
However, the question presented here is whether one can commit theft of a vehicle
without committing TMV by taking. Under each of the three definitions of "theft," it is
possible to deprive an owner of his or her car without driving it away. One could
embezzle a vehicle belonging to another; one could hide a lost vehicle so that the true
owner could not find it. One could even commit theft of a car by towing it away instead
of driving it. In each instance, theft could be proved by establishing the intent to deprive
the owner without the defendant ever driving the vehicle.
Accordingly, it is possible to commit theft of a vehicle without committing TMV.
Therefore, TMV is not an included offense of vehicle theft. 5 The trial court correctly
5 In Crittenden, Division One reached the same result, for a different reason, under
the theft statute. There the court concluded that while a TMV necessarily involves the
taking of a vehicle, the crime of theft applied to all property and was not limited to
vehicles, so it was quite possible to commit theft without committing TMV. 146 Wn.
App. at 366.
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concluded that Mr. Ritchey was not entitled to an instruction on TMV as a lesser included
offense of theft of a vehicle. 6
A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this
opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder
having no precedential value shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it
is so ordered.
Limiting Instruction
Mr. Ritchey also contends that the court committed significant error by failing to
include a limiting instruction when it struck the officer's testimony that Mr. Ritchey was
"honest" when admitting that he took the key without permission. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in remedying this error.
"A witness's expression of personal belief about the veracity of another witness is
inappropriate opinion testimony in criminal trials." State v. Perez-Valdez, 172 Wn.2d
808, 817, 265 P.3d 853 (2011). In determining whether this type of trial irregularity
requires a new trial, courts will look at three factors: "( 1) the seriousness of the
irregularity; (2) whether the statement was cumulative of evidence properly admitted; and
(3) whether the irregularity could be cured by an instruction." State v. Post, 118 Wn.2d
596, 620, 826 P.2d 172, 837 P.2d 599 (1992). These factors are considered "with
6
Iri view of this disposition, we need not consider whether the parties' arguments
concerning whether the factual prong was satisfied.
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deference to the trial court" under the abuse of discretion standard. Perez-Valdez, 172
Wn.2d at 818. Discretion is abused when it is exercised on untenable grounds or for
untenable reasons. State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971).
This standard is similar to that used to assess the need for a mistrial when other
types of inadmissible testimony are put before the jury. State v. Weber, 99 Wn.2d 158,
164, 659 P.2d 1102 (1983) (the trial court should declare a mistrial if the irregularity, in
light of all of the evidence in the trial, so tainted the proceedings that the defendant was
deprived of a fair trial). A ruling on a motion for a mistrial is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Id. at 166.
However, Mr. Ritchey never sought a mistrial over the officer's statement. In
such circumstances, courts often will assume that no further relief was deemed necessary.
State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613,661, 790 P.2d 610 (1990). Nonetheless, we will consider
his claim that a limiting instruction was necessary under the same standards in accord
with Perez-Valdez.
The evidence was stricken. Although the jury was not immediately told to
disregard the testimony, it received the same substantive advice later during instructions.
Instruction 1; CP at 81 ("If I have ruled that any evidence is inadmissible, or if I have
asked you to disregard any evidence, then you must not discuss that evidence during your
deliberations or consider it in reaching your verdict."). It is presumed that jurors follow a
judge's instructions to disregard evidence. Weber, 99 Wn.2d at 166.
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In light of the actions taken and the fact that it would give a substantively similar
instruction in closing that would apply to all evidentiary rulings, the trial court had very
tenable grounds for not giving an immediate instruction to disregard the testimony. The
court could reasonably conclude that no further remedy was necessary and that an
additional instruction at that time would merely highlight the stricken testimony. While it
could have approached the problem in a different manner, Mr. Ritchey has not shown that
the trial court had to do more.
The court did not abuse its discretion in its handling of this irregularity. 7
The conviction is affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, J.
7 We thus need not consider the argument that any error was also harmless.
9
State of Washington v. Willie Charles Ritchey
Combined Opinion